1. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It was passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. 2. The key principles of the Indian constitution are sovereignty, democracy, secularism, and socialism. Sovereignty means India is an independent country. Democracy means a government elected by adult franchise. Secularism means equal treatment of all religions. Socialism means achieving economic and social equity. 3. The constitution establishes fundamental rights for citizens and directive principles of state policy for governance. Fundamental rights include equality, freedom of speech and religion. Directive principles guide the state in matters of social justice, education and economic policies.

1. 1. 1. THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
2. 2. Constitution of India भारतीय संविधान • The Supreme law of India. • A living document,
an instrument which makes the government system work. • Passed by the Constituent
Assembly on 26 November 1949, it came into effect on 26 January 1950. • Contain 395
articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 94 amendments, for a total of 117,369 words.
3. 3. Principles of Our Constitution The Preamble has clearly states that our country is
now Sovereign in all matters. The ultimate source of all power is ‘ THE PEOPLE ’ I.
Sovereignty ii. Democracy iii. Secularism and iv. Socialism are basic principles of our
constitution.
4. 4. Cont.. 1) Sovereignty: This is the main feature of the Indian constitution. India is
completely an independent country now. We are not subordinate or slave to any country
in external or internal matters. 2) Democracy: Democracy means a government which is
run by representatives who are elected on the basis of adult franchise.
5. 5. Cont… 3) Secularism: The state gives equal treatment to all religions. It does not favor
any particular religion. The constitution gives complete freedom to its citizens to practice
and preach their own religion. 4) Socialism: the achievement of socialism, based on
economic and social equity, is the chief goal of our constitution. It provides equal
opportunities in education, employment, justice to all.
6. 6. THE STATE
7. 7. Definition • The Government and Parliament of India and • The Government and the
Legislature of each of the states and • All local or other authorities within the territory of
India or under the control of the Government of India.
8. 8. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
9. 9. Right to Equality (Article 14-18) • Equality before law (Article 14). • Prohibition of
discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15). •
Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16). • Abolition of
Untouchability (Article 17). • Abolition of titles (Article 18).
10. 10. Right to Freedom • Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
(Article 19). • Protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20). • Protection of
life and personal liberty (Article 21). • Right to education (Article 21A). • Protection
against arrest and detention in certain cases (Article 22).
11. 11. Right against Exploitation • Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
(Article 23). • Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. (Article 24).
12. 12. Right to Freedom of Religion • Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice
and propagation of religion (Article 25). • Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26).
• Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion (Article 27). •
Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain
educational institutions (Article 28).
13. 13. Cultural and Educational Rights • Protection of interests of minorities (Article 29). •
Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).
14. 14. Right to Constitutional Remedies • Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred
(Article 32)
15. 15. Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) • To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals
and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; • To cherish and follow the
noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; • To uphold and protect the
sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; • To defend the country and render national
service when called upon to do so.
16. 16. Cont… • To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India; • to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; • To
protect and improve the natural environment; • To develop the scientific temper,
humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; • To safeguard public property and to
abjure violence.
17. 17. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
18. 18. 1. State to secure a social order based on justice (art.38):- • Promote the welfare of
the people; • Minimize the inequalities in income, status, facilities & opportunities. 2.
Principles of policy to be followed by the state for securing economic justice (art. 39):- •
Equal right of men & women;

2. 19. 19. Cont… • Distribution of ownership & control of the material resource; • To ensure that
the economic system should not result in concentration of wealth; • Equal pay for equal
work for both men & women; • To protect health & strength of workers and tender age of
children;
20. 20. Cont… • Children are given opportunities & facilities to develop in a healthy manner.
3. Equal justice and free legal aid (art. 39A). 4. Organization of village panchayats (art.
40). 5. Securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of
unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement (art. 41).
21. 21. Cont… 6. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief (art.
42). 7. Living wage, etc., for workers (art. 43). 8. Participation of workers in management
of industries (art. 43A). 9. Uniform civil code for all the citizens (art. 44). 10. Provision for
free and compulsory education for children (art. 45).
22. 22. Cont… 11. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections (art. 46). 12. Primary duty to raise the level
of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health (art. 47). 13.
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines (art. 48).
23. 23. Cont… 14. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests
and wild life (art. 48A). 15. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
importance (art. 49). 16. Separation of judiciary from executive (art. 50).
24. 24. 17. Promotion of international peace and security (art. 51):- • Promote international
peace and security; • Maintain just and honorable relations between nations; • Foster
respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized people
with one another; and • Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
25. 25. THE UNION-- THE PRESIDENT
26. 26. • There shall be a President of India. • The executive power of the Union shall be
vested in the President. • The Supreme command of the Defence Forces of the Union. •
Elected by the members of an electoral college. • Shall hold office for a term of five years.
27. 27. Cont… • No person shall be eligible for election as President unless he: a) a citizen of
India, b) has completed the age of thirty-five years, c) is qualified for election as a
member of the is House of the People.
28. 28. Cont… • A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office
of profit under the Government of India. • Shall not be a member of either House of
Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State. • To take oath in presence of
Chief Justice of India.
29. 29. THE VICE PRESIDENT
30. 30. • There shall be a Vice-President of India. • Shall be ex officio Chairman of the
Council of States • to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual
vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President. • Eligibility and term of office
criteria same as of President.
31. 31. Cont… • Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or
commute sentences. • The Union have the Power to make Laws.
32. 32. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
33. 33. Definition • Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise
the President • Not Exceed 15% of the total number of members of the House of the
People. • The President shall administer to them the oaths of office.
34. 34. Conduct of Government Business • All executive action of the Government of India
shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President. • The President shall make
rules for the more convenient transaction of the business • Duties of Prime Minister: – To
communicate all decisions relating to the administration of the affairs.
35. 35. Cont… – To furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs – To
submit the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has
been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council
36. 36. Parliament President The Council of States The House of the People
37. 37. The Council of States 12 members to be nominated by the President 238
representatives of the States Max. 250 Members

3. 38. 38. 12 members to be nominated by the President Have special knowledge or practical
experience in Literature, science, art and social service 238 representatives of the States
Elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State
39. 39. House of the People 20 members to represent UT 530 representatives of the States
Max. 550 Members
40. 40. 530 representatives of the States Elected by direct election from territorial
constituencies in the States Allotment of Seats or number of constituencies in the State is
the ratio between that number and the population of the State
41. 41. Duration of Houses of Parliament The Council of States Not be subject to dissolution
1/3rd of members retire on expiration of every 2nd Year The House of the People
Dissolves After 5 years from the date appointed for its first meeting
42. 42. Officers of the Parliament The Council of States Ex-Officio Chairman Deputy
Chairman The House of the People Speaker Deputy Speaker Officers have the right to
speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of the House
43. 43. LIST OF COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
44. 44. Serial No. Portfolio Name of Minister 1. Prime Minister and also In-Charge of the
Ministries/Departments viz: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions;
Ministry of Planning; Ministry of Water Resources; Department of Atomic Energy; and
Department of Space Dr. Manmohan Singh 2. Minister of Finance Shri Pranab Mukherjee
3. Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
Shri Sharad Pawar 4. Minister of Defence Shri A.K. Antony 5. Minister of Home Affairs
Shri P. Chidambaram 6. Minister of Railways Km. Mamata Banerjee 7. Minister of
External Affairs Shri S.M. Krishna 8. Minister of Steel Shri Virbhadra Singh 9. Minister of
Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Shri Vilasrao Deshmukh 10. Minister of Health
and Family Welfare Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad 11. Minister of Power Shri Sushil Kumar
Shinde 12. Minister of Law and Justice Shri M. Veerappa Moily 13. Minister of New and
Renewable Energy Dr. Farooq Abdullah 14. Minister of Urban Development Shri S.
Jaipal Reddy 15. Minister of Road Transport and Highways Shri Kamal Nath 16. Minister
of Overseas Indian Affairs Shri Vayalar Ravi
45. 45. 17. Minister of Textiles Shri Dayanidhi Maran 18. Minister of Communications and
Information Technology Shri A. Raja 19. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas Shri Murli
Deora 20. Minister of Information and Broadcasting Smt. Ambika Soni 21. Minister of
Labour and Employment Shri Mallikarjun Kharge 22. Minister of Human Resource
Development Shri Kapil Sibal 23. Minister of Mines and Minister of Development of North
Eastern Region Shri B.K. Handique 24. Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Anand
Sharma 25. Minister of Rural Development and Minister of Panchayati Raj Shri C.P.
Joshi 26. Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Minister of Tourism
Kum. Selja 27. Minister of Food Processing Industries Shri Subodh Kant Sahay 28.
Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Dr. M.S. Gill 29. Minister of Shipping Shri G.K.
Vasan 30. Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Shri Pawan K. Bansal 31. Minister of Social
Justice and Empowerment Shri Mukul Wasnik 32. Minister of Tribal Affairs Shri Kantilal
Bhuria 33. Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers Shri M.K. Alagiri
46. 46. Ministers of State with Independent Charge Serial No. Portfolio Name of Minister 1.
Ministry Civil Aviation Shri Praful Patel 2. Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of
Earth Sciences; and Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office; Minister of State in
the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions; and Minister of State in the
Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Shri Prithviraj Chavan 3. Ministry of Coal and Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation Shri Sriprakash Jaiswal 4. Ministry of
Corporate Affairs and Ministry of Minority Affairs Shri Salman Khursheed 5. Ministry of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Shri Dinsha J. Patel 6. Ministry of Women and
Child Development Smt. Krishna Tirath 7. Ministry of Environment and Forests Shri
Jairam Ramesh
47. 47. Ministers of State 1. Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Shri Srikant Jena 2.
Ministry of Railways Shri E. Ahamed 3. Ministry of Home Affairs Shri Mullappally
Ramachandran 4. Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Shri V.
Narayansamy 5. Ministry of Commerce and Industry Shri JyotiradityaScindia 6. Ministry
of Human Resource Development Smt. D. Purandeswari 7. Ministry of Railways Shri

4. K.H. Muniyappa 8. Ministry of Home Affairs Shri Ajay Maken 9. Ministry of Textiles Smt.
Panabaka Lakshmi 10. Ministry of Finance Shri Namo Narain Meena 11. Ministry of
Defence Shri M.M. Pallam Raju 12. Ministry of Urban Development Shri Saugata Ray 13.
Ministry of Finance Shri S.S. Palanimanickam 14. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Shri Jitin Prasad 15. Ministry of Steel Shri A. Sai Prathap
48. 48. 16. Ministry of External Affairs Smt. Preneet Kaur 17. Ministry of Communications
and Information Technology Shri Gurdas Kamat 18. Ministry of Labour and Employment
Shri Harish Rawat 19. Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food &
Public Distribution Professor K.V. Thomas 20. Ministry of Power Shri Bharatsinh Solanki
21. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Shri Mahadev S. Khandela 22. Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare Shri Dinesh Trivedi 23. Ministry of Rural Development Shri
Sisir Adhikari 24. Ministry of Tourism Shri Sultan Ahmed 25. Ministry of Shipping Shri
Mukul Roy 26. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Shri Mohan Jatua 27. Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment Shri D. Napoleon 28. Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting Dr. S. Jagathrakshakan 29. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Shri S.
Gandhiselvan 30. Ministry of Tribal Affairs Shri Tusharbhai Chaudhary
49. 49. 31. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Shri Sachin Pilot 32.
Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Shri Arun Yadav 33 Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports Shri Pratik Prakashbapu Patil 34. Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways Shri R.P.N. Singh 35. Ministry of External Affairs Shri Shashi Tharoor (Now
Resigned from his post) 36. Ministry of Water Resources Shri Vincent Pala 37. Ministry of
Rural Development Shri Pradeep Jain 38. Ministry of Rural Development Ms. Agatha
Sangma
50. 50. Disqualifications for membership • Holds any office of profit under the Government; •
Of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; • An undischarged
insolvent; • Is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign
State,
51. 51. Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members • Freedom of
speech in Parliament. • Not liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of any thing
said or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee. • Members of either House
of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time
to time be determined by Parliament by law.
52. 52. The Union Judiciary Supreme Court of India Not more than 25 other Judges
(including CJI) Chief Justice of India To be appointed by the President and shall hold
office until he attains the age of 65 years
53. 53. Cont… • A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme
Court unless he is a citizen of India and: a. has been for at least five years a Judge of a
High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession; b. has been for at least ten
years an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession;
54. 54. Cont… c. is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist. • The law declared
by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India. • The
Supreme Court may from time to time, with the approval of the President, make rules for
regulating generally the practice and procedure of the Court.
55. 55. Cont… • CJI can make appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court. •
Expenses shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India, and any fees or other
moneys taken by the Court shall form part of that Fund.
56. 56. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
57. 57. Comptroller and Auditor- General of India (art. 148):- • Appointed by the President; •
Shall make and subscribe before the President, an oath or affirmation according to the
form set in the Third Schedule. • The salary and other conditions of service shall be
determined by Parliament;
58. 58. Cont… • Shall not be eligible for further Government office after he has ceased to
hold his office; • The administrative powers shall be such as may be prescribed by rules
made by the President after consultation with him. • The administrative expenses of the
office shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India. • Duties and powers of the
Comptroller and Auditor-General

5. 59. 59. Audit reports (art.151) • relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the
President, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament. • relating to
the accounts of a State shall be submitted to the Governor of the State, who shall cause
them to be laid before the Legislature of the State.
60. 60. THE STATES
61. 61. • Definition (art.152): Does not include the state of Jammu & Kashmir. • The Governor
(art.153): Same person can be a Governor for two or more States. • Executive Power of
States (art.154): Either directly or through officers subordinate to him.
62. 62. • Appointment of Governor (art.155): Appointed by the President by warrant under his
hand and seal. • Term of office of Governor (art.156): – By writing under his hand
addressed to the President, may resign his office; – Term of Five years.
63. 63. Qualifications for appointment as Governor (art.157):- • a citizen of India. • completed
the age of thirty-five years.
64. 64. Conditions of Governor's office (art.158) • The Governor shall not be a member of
either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature; • shall not hold any other
office of profit; • shall be entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may
be determined by Parliament; • Emoluments and allowances shall not be diminished
during his term of office.
65. 65. Oath or affirmation by the Governor (art.159) • In the presence of the Chief Justice of
the High Court. • Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
(art.160). • Power to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in
certain cases (art.161).
66. 66. Council of Ministers • There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at
the head to aid and advise the Governor. • The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the
Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the
Chief Minister. • The total number of Ministers, in the Council of Ministers in a State shall
not exceed 15%.
67. 67. States of Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
Legislative Assembly Other States Legislative Assembly
68. 68. Duration of State Legislatures Legislative Council Not be subject to dissolution 1/3rd
of members retire on expiration of every 2nd Year Legislative Assembly Dissolves After 5
years from the date appointed for its first meeting
69. 69. Legislative Council 1/4th of Legislative Assembly but not less than 40 1/3rd elected
by electorates consisting of members of municipalities, district boards and such other
local authorities 1/12th elected by electorates consisting of persons residing in the State
who have been for at least three years graduates 1/12th shall be elected by electorates
consisting of persons who have been for at least three years engaged in teaching 1/3rd
shall be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly Remainder shall be
nominated by the Governor
70. 70. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature A person shall not be qualified
to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless he- – is a citizen of India, –
is, in the case of Legislative Assembly, not less than twenty-five years of age and, in the
case of a seat in the Legislative Council, not less than thirty years of age; and
71. 71. Cont… • possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by
or under any law made by Parliament.
72. 72. Officers Legislative Assembly Speaker Deputy Speaker Legislative Council Chairman
Deputy Chairman
73. 73. The high courts in the states • Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall
have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish High Court Chief
Justice Other Judges
74. 74. Cont… • Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President. • Age limit
is 62 Years. • There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court such salaries as may
be determined by Parliament by law.
75. 75. Subordinate Courts • Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion
of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State • not less than
seven years an advocate or a pleader and is recommended by the High Court for
appointment.

6. 76. 76. PANCHAYATS
77. 77. Definitions a) “District” means a district in a State; b) “Gram Sabha” means a body
consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within
the area of Panchayat at the village level;
78. 78. Cont… c) “Intermediate level” means a level between the village and district levels
specified by the Governor of a State by public notification to be the intermediate level for
the purposes of this Part;
79. 79. Cont.. d)“Panchayat” means an institution of self-government for the rural areas; e)
“Panchayat area” means the territorial area of a Panchayat;
80. 80. Cont.. f) “Population” means the population as ascertained at the last preceding
census of which the relevant figures have been published; g) “Village” means a village
specified by the Governor by public notification to be a village for the purposes of this
Part and includes a group of villages so specified.
81. 81. Constitution of Panchayats  There shall be constituted in every State, Panchayats
at the village, intermediate and district levels.  Panchayats at the intermediate level may
not be constituted in a State having a population not exceeding twenty lakhs.
82. 82. Composition of Panchayats  Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions
with respect to the composition of Panchayats.  All the seats in a Panchayat shall be
filled by persons chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the Panchayat
area.
83. 83. Cont..  Provided that the ratio between the population of the territorial area of a
Panchayat at any level and the number of seats in such Panchayat to be filled by election
shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout the State.
84. 84. Reservation of Seats.  Seats shall be reserved for- (a) the Scheduled Castes; and
(b) the Scheduled Tribes,  Not less than one-third of the total number of seats reserved
shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be,
the Scheduled Tribes.
85. 85. Cont…  Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women
belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of
seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat shall be reserved for women and
such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat.
86. 86. Duration of Panchayats  Every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved under any law
for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first
meeting and no longer.
87. 87. Cont…  No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall have the effect of
causing dissolution of a Panchayat at any level, which is functioning immediately before
such amendment, till the expiration of its duration.  An election to constitute a
Panchayat shall be completed before the expiry of its duration.
88. 88. Cont…  A Panchayat constituted upon the dissolution of a Panchayat before the
expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period for which the
dissolved Panchayat would have continued had it not been so dissolved.
89. 89. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats (a) the preparation of plans for
economic development and social justice; (b) the implementation of schemes for
economic development and social justice as may be entrusted to them.
90. 90. Elections to the Panchayats  The superintendence, direction and control of the
preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Panchayats shall
be vested in a State Election Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner to
be appointed by the Governor
91. 91. Cont…  The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to all
matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the Panchayats.
92. 92. Cont…  The Governor of a State shall, when so requested by the State Election
Commission, make available to the State Election Commission such staff as may be
necessary for the discharge of the functions conferred on the State Election Commission.
93. 93. THE MUNICIPALITIES
94. 94. Definitions (a) “Committee” means a Committee (b) “district” means a district in a
State; (c) “Metropolitan area” means an area having a population of ten lakhs or more,

7. comprised in one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or
Panchayats or other contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification.
95. 95. Cont… (d)“Municipal area” means the territorial area of a Municipality as is notified by
the Governor; (e) “Municipality” means an institution of self government (f) “Panchayat”
means a Panchayat which has been defined in the PANCHAYAT section. (g) “population”
means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant
figures have been published
96. 96. Constitution of Municipalities  There shall be constituted in every State,: (a) a Nagar
Panchayat for a transitional area, that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to
an urban area; (b) a Municipal Council for a smaller urban area and (c) a Municipal
Corporation for a larger urban area.
97. 97. Cont…  In this article, “a transitional area”, “a smaller urban area” or “a larger urban
area” means such area as the Governor may, having regard to the: a) Population of the
area, b) The density of the population therein, c) The revenue generated for local
administration, d) The percentage of employment in non-agricultural activity
98. 98. Composition of Municipalities  All the seats in a Municipality shall be filled by
persons chosen by direct election from the territorial constituencies in the Municipal area
and for this purpose each Municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies to
be known as wards.
99. 99. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees (1) There shall be constituted
Wards Committees, consisting of one or more wards, within the territorial area of a
Municipality having a population of three lakhs or more. (2) The Legislature of a State
may, by law, make provision with respect to :
100. 100. Cont… (a) the composition and the territorial area of a Wards Committee;
(b) the manner in which the seats in a Wards Committee shall be filled. (3) A member of
a Municipality representing a ward within the territorial area of the Wards Committee shall
be a member of that Committee.
101. 101. Cont… (4) Where a Wards Committee consists of: (a) one ward, the
member representing that ward in the Municipality; or (b) two or more wards, one of the
members shall be Chairperson. (5) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to prevent the
Legislature of a State from making any provision for the constitution of Committees in
addition to the Wards Committees.
102. 102. Reservation of seats  Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes in every Municipality.  Not less than one-third of the total
number of seats reserved, shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled
Castes or the Scheduled Tribes.
103. 103. Cont….  Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved
for women belonging to the SC and the ST) of the total number of seats to be filled by
direct election in every Municipality shall be reserved for women and such seats may be
allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Municipality.
104. 104. Cont…  The offices of Chairpersons in the Municipalities shall be reserved
for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the
Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.  Nothing shall prevent the Legislature of a
State from making any provision for reservation of seats in any Municipality or offices of
Chairpersons in the Municipalities in favour of backward class of citizens.
105. 105. Duration of Municipalities  Every Municipality, unless sooner dissolved
under any law for the time being in force, shall continue for five years from the date
appointed for its first meeting.  An election to constitute a Municipality shall be
completed before the expiry of its duration.
106. 106. Cont… • A Municipality constituted upon the dissolution of a Municipality
before the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period for
which the dissolved Municipality would have continued.
107. 107. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities  The Legislature of
a State may, by law, endow: (a) the Municipalities with such powers and authority as may
be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government and such law
may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities upon
Municipalities.

8. 108. 108. Cont…  the Committees with such powers and authority as may be
necessary to enable them to carry out the responsibilities conferred upon them.
109. 109. Elections to the Municipalities  The superintendence, direction and control
of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the
Municipalities shall be vested in the State Election Commission.  Subject to the
provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision
with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the Municipalities.
110. 110. THE UNION TERRITORIES
111. 111. Administration of Union territories  Every Union territory shall be
administered by the President acting, to such extent as he thinks fit, through an
administrator to be appointed by him with such designation as he may specify.
112. 112. Cont…  The President may appoint the Governor of a State as the
administrator of an adjoining Union territory, and where a Governor is so appointed, he
shall exercise his functions as such administrator independently of his Council of
Ministers.
113. 113. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain
Union territories.  Parliament may by law create:- (a) a body, whether elected or partly
nominated and partly elected, to function as a Legislature for the Union territory, (b) a
Council of Ministers, or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case,
as may be specified in the law.
114. 114. High Courts for Union territories  Parliament may by law constitute a High
Court for union territory or declare any court in any such territory to be a High Court for all
or any of the purposes of this Constitution.
115. 115. Nibha Goyal Prabhjot Kaur Robin Inderpal Singh Thank You!