Presentation by Charles Ess at the Internet Research Ethics preconference workshop on 10/20/2010. Part of Internet Research 11.0, the 11th annual conference of the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR).
Elizabeth Buchanan is the director of the Center for Information Policy Research at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. She gave a presentation at the 2010 OHRP Research Forum in Chicago on internet research ethics and institutional review boards (IRBs). Her presentation discussed how the internet can be both a tool for research and a medium/location of research. It highlighted emerging issues for IRBs around topics like anonymity, consent, and methodology in internet research. Her research with Ess received NSF funding to survey US IRBs on their experiences reviewing internet research.
Revisiting Digital Media and Internet Research Ethics. A Process Oriented App...Nele Heise
Keynote talk at the Workshop "Research Ethics for Data and Digital Methods", hosted on November 29, 2016 by the Institute for Cultural Inquiry (ICON) at the University of Utrecht and Data School Utrecht
This document discusses the ethics of conducting internet research. It begins with an introduction to ethical frameworks like Kant versus Mill and discusses challenges like ensuring anonymity, informed consent, and avoiding harm when directly interacting with individuals online. It also addresses analyzing interactions in virtual environments and issues around privacy, identity disclosure, and data capture. Big data research ethics are covered, including issues of total knowledge, manipulation, and the difference between academic and commercial contexts. The document emphasizes the importance of sensitivity to context, not overburdening participants, taking responsibility, and writing transparently about ethical decision making in internet research.
This document discusses issues related to conducting qualitative online research involving human subjects and gaining IRB approval. It raises questions about how IRB policies address digital research methods and the relationship between regulatory definitions of research and ethnographic practices. Specifically, it explores tensions between viewing online content as either public data exempt from IRB versus social interactions that require consideration of privacy and potential harm. The document also questions whether U.S. IRB standards are more restrictive than other countries due to litigiousness and discusses challenges around classifying adolescent participants.
Introduction To Critical Enquiry ResearchTerry Flew
This document provides an introduction to approaches and methodologies for critical enquiry research in the creative industries. It discusses key concepts like defining problems, gathering evidence, analyzing evidence, and drawing conclusions. It also outlines various qualitative research techniques like action research, interviews, surveys, case studies, ethnography, and discourse analysis. Finally, it touches on entering the research industry by discussing how to present research, apply for funding, and manage projects and timelines.
Elizabeth Buchanan is the director of the Center for Information Policy Research at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. She gave a presentation at the 2010 OHRP Research Forum in Chicago on internet research ethics and institutional review boards (IRBs). Her presentation discussed how the internet can be both a tool for research and a medium/location of research. It highlighted emerging issues for IRBs around topics like anonymity, consent, and methodology in internet research. Her research with Ess received NSF funding to survey US IRBs on their experiences reviewing internet research.
Revisiting Digital Media and Internet Research Ethics. A Process Oriented App...Nele Heise
Keynote talk at the Workshop "Research Ethics for Data and Digital Methods", hosted on November 29, 2016 by the Institute for Cultural Inquiry (ICON) at the University of Utrecht and Data School Utrecht
This document discusses the ethics of conducting internet research. It begins with an introduction to ethical frameworks like Kant versus Mill and discusses challenges like ensuring anonymity, informed consent, and avoiding harm when directly interacting with individuals online. It also addresses analyzing interactions in virtual environments and issues around privacy, identity disclosure, and data capture. Big data research ethics are covered, including issues of total knowledge, manipulation, and the difference between academic and commercial contexts. The document emphasizes the importance of sensitivity to context, not overburdening participants, taking responsibility, and writing transparently about ethical decision making in internet research.
This document discusses issues related to conducting qualitative online research involving human subjects and gaining IRB approval. It raises questions about how IRB policies address digital research methods and the relationship between regulatory definitions of research and ethnographic practices. Specifically, it explores tensions between viewing online content as either public data exempt from IRB versus social interactions that require consideration of privacy and potential harm. The document also questions whether U.S. IRB standards are more restrictive than other countries due to litigiousness and discusses challenges around classifying adolescent participants.
Introduction To Critical Enquiry ResearchTerry Flew
This document provides an introduction to approaches and methodologies for critical enquiry research in the creative industries. It discusses key concepts like defining problems, gathering evidence, analyzing evidence, and drawing conclusions. It also outlines various qualitative research techniques like action research, interviews, surveys, case studies, ethnography, and discourse analysis. Finally, it touches on entering the research industry by discussing how to present research, apply for funding, and manage projects and timelines.
Este documento explica cómo se utiliza el estilo indirecto para informar sobre lo que otra persona ha dicho. Al cambiar una frase al estilo indirecto, los verbos suelen pasar de un tiempo presente a pasado. También señala que los verbos "say" y "tell" cambian al estilo indirecto y proporciona ejemplos de frases en estilo directo e indirecto.
The song tells a story of a woman who meets a man at 3am and doesn't even know his last name. She regrets this encounter, asking herself "what have I done?" multiple times. The chorus repeats the line "hey cutie, where ya from?" emphasizing that she doesn't know basic details about this man she's with. It serves as a cautionary tale about moving too fast into intimacy without properly getting to know someone first.
This document summarizes research on modeling the vibration of prestressed membrane structures in air. It begins with an analytical solution for an infinite flat membrane that derives equations showing air introduces an added mass that depends on the membrane and air wave numbers. Experiments on triangular membranes measured resonant frequencies and modes in air. A finite element method is then presented and validated against the analytical solution and experiments. The method accurately models air-membrane interaction and can simplify ground testing of large deployable structures by simulating behavior in air rather than requiring vacuum chambers.
Este documento explica cómo se utiliza el estilo indirecto para informar sobre lo que otra persona ha dicho. Al cambiar una frase al estilo indirecto, los verbos suelen pasar de un tiempo presente a pasado. También señala que los verbos "say" y "tell" cambian al estilo indirecto y proporciona ejemplos de frases en estilo directo e indirecto.
Presentation by Michael Zimmer at the Internet Research Ethics preconference workshop on 10/20/2010. Part of Internet Research 11.0, the 11th annual conference of the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR).
Este documento es la hoja de vida de Yenny Bautista Trujillo. Presenta sus datos personales como su nombre, identificación, fecha de nacimiento y estado civil. Además, detalla sus estudios realizados en tecnología en administración de empresas agropecuarias en el SENA y educación secundaria en el Colegio Cooperativo Campestre. Finalmente, incluye dos referencias personales con sus nombres, ocupaciones, lugares de residencia y números de contacto.
The document discusses the benefits of volunteering for those who are unemployed or underemployed. It notes that volunteering can help build your network, keep your skills current, provide references, boost your self-esteem, and potentially lead to paid work. The document provides examples of people who obtained jobs after excelling as volunteers. It encourages finding meaningful, ongoing volunteer opportunities that match your interests and skills.
This document provides guidance on using LinkedIn to help find a new job. It emphasizes that networking is important for job searching, with less than a 10% chance of finding a job without connections. It outlines how to establish goals for your LinkedIn profile, develop a professional online presence, connect with contacts, search for jobs and groups, and etiquette for online networking. The document stresses that building relationships takes time but can uncover job opportunities through an expanded professional network.
Este documento explica cómo se utiliza el estilo indirecto para informar sobre lo que otra persona ha dicho. Al cambiar una frase al estilo indirecto, los verbos suelen pasar de un tiempo presente a pasado. También señala que los verbos "say" y "tell" cambian al estilo indirecto y proporciona ejemplos de frases en estilo directo e indirecto.
Rhenus Logistics Asia-Pacific Ltd. is a subsidiary of Rhenus AG, one of Europe's leading logistics providers. The presentation provides an overview of Rhenus' Asian network and the services offered in various Asian countries and regions, including sea freight, air freight, trucking, customs clearance, and supply chain management solutions. Key facts about Rhenus' Asia-Pacific operations, licenses, and industry solutions are also summarized for major locations across Asia.
This document outlines a plan for urban renewal and integrated transportation in Fort Collins, Colorado. The plan aims to reduce sprawl, increase density, improve environmental quality, and enhance community. Key elements include re-zoning areas for mixed-use development, establishing urban renewal districts, and integrating public school buses with the city transit system. The goals are to concentrate development, preserve open space, and provide more efficient transportation options. Benefits cited include reduced emissions, improved mobility, economic development, and enhanced quality of life. Challenges include restrictions on growth and potential increases in population density.
This presentation discusses the intersection of social media and human subjects research regulations. It provides an overview of the scope and requirements of HHS regulations for protecting human subjects. It then examines how these regulations apply to using social media for subject recruitment and as a research tool, as well as conducting research on social media. Key issues addressed include informed consent, privacy/confidentiality, risks/benefits, and challenges for IRBs in evaluating this type of research.
This document provides a summary of the solar photovoltaic markets and technology publication for December 2016. It includes the following sections:
- Markets & Trends: Reviews the year 2016 including SunEdison's bankruptcy, China's policy changes, and record-low module prices. It also examines forecasts for 2017 and the potential impacts of Donald Trump's presidency.
- Applications & Installations: Features stories on solar vehicles, utility-scale projects in Spain with prices as low as €0.038/kWh, and asset performance analysis.
- Industry & Suppliers: Includes segments on DC optimizer trends, survival strategies for small solar firms, Industry 4.0 technologies, and the global inverter
This document provides information about Elizabeth Buchanan, the principal investigator of the Internet Research Ethics Commons, and her presentation to the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections in July 2010. It discusses how the internet is used both as a tool for research and as a medium or location of research. It also outlines some of the key issues in internet research ethics that IRBs have been grappling with, such as anonymity, consent, and ownership of online data.
The document discusses methods for analyzing material culture, documents, and quantitative data in historical research. It makes the following key points:
1) Historians must immerse themselves in primary and secondary sources to gain thorough context before formulating research questions. Questions should be open-ended and testable.
2) Researchers must authenticate sources by establishing their origins and credibility. Primary sources like records and relics require examining motivations and contexts.
3) Both traditional documentary analysis of sources and quantitative content analysis are useful, with the latter adding rigor. Historians interpret sources in their original contexts to draw defensible inferences.
This document discusses sociological research methods. It begins by outlining the scientific method and how sociologists use it in their research. Some key aspects of the scientific method covered include formulating hypotheses, defining variables, ensuring reliability and validity. It also discusses the interpretive framework approach. The document then describes four common research methods: surveys, field research, experiments, and secondary data analysis. It provides details on how surveys are conducted, including developing questionnaires and interviews.
This document provides an overview of sociological research approaches, including the scientific method and interpretive frameworks. It discusses key aspects of the scientific method such as formulating questions, reviewing existing literature, developing hypotheses about relationships between independent and dependent variables, and emphasizing reliability and validity. Interpretive frameworks are also covered, noting they seek to understand social worlds through in-depth perspectives rather than generalizable results. Research methods like surveys, experiments, and field research are mentioned as tools sociologists use to systematically study human behavior.
This document discusses various types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and comparisons of these different approaches. For basic qualitative studies, the goal is to understand a phenomenon or experience from the participant's perspective through techniques like interviews and observation. Case study research provides an in-depth look at a single unit or case using multiple data sources. Content analysis examines written or visual materials to describe their characteristics and identify themes. Ethnographic research studies culture and social behavior of a group in their natural setting through immersion and observation.
The document discusses 8 types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and examples of each method, focusing on the goals, data collection techniques, and key characteristics of basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, and grounded theory research. The document is intended to inform readers about these common qualitative research approaches.
Este documento explica cómo se utiliza el estilo indirecto para informar sobre lo que otra persona ha dicho. Al cambiar una frase al estilo indirecto, los verbos suelen pasar de un tiempo presente a pasado. También señala que los verbos "say" y "tell" cambian al estilo indirecto y proporciona ejemplos de frases en estilo directo e indirecto.
The song tells a story of a woman who meets a man at 3am and doesn't even know his last name. She regrets this encounter, asking herself "what have I done?" multiple times. The chorus repeats the line "hey cutie, where ya from?" emphasizing that she doesn't know basic details about this man she's with. It serves as a cautionary tale about moving too fast into intimacy without properly getting to know someone first.
This document summarizes research on modeling the vibration of prestressed membrane structures in air. It begins with an analytical solution for an infinite flat membrane that derives equations showing air introduces an added mass that depends on the membrane and air wave numbers. Experiments on triangular membranes measured resonant frequencies and modes in air. A finite element method is then presented and validated against the analytical solution and experiments. The method accurately models air-membrane interaction and can simplify ground testing of large deployable structures by simulating behavior in air rather than requiring vacuum chambers.
Este documento explica cómo se utiliza el estilo indirecto para informar sobre lo que otra persona ha dicho. Al cambiar una frase al estilo indirecto, los verbos suelen pasar de un tiempo presente a pasado. También señala que los verbos "say" y "tell" cambian al estilo indirecto y proporciona ejemplos de frases en estilo directo e indirecto.
Presentation by Michael Zimmer at the Internet Research Ethics preconference workshop on 10/20/2010. Part of Internet Research 11.0, the 11th annual conference of the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR).
Este documento es la hoja de vida de Yenny Bautista Trujillo. Presenta sus datos personales como su nombre, identificación, fecha de nacimiento y estado civil. Además, detalla sus estudios realizados en tecnología en administración de empresas agropecuarias en el SENA y educación secundaria en el Colegio Cooperativo Campestre. Finalmente, incluye dos referencias personales con sus nombres, ocupaciones, lugares de residencia y números de contacto.
The document discusses the benefits of volunteering for those who are unemployed or underemployed. It notes that volunteering can help build your network, keep your skills current, provide references, boost your self-esteem, and potentially lead to paid work. The document provides examples of people who obtained jobs after excelling as volunteers. It encourages finding meaningful, ongoing volunteer opportunities that match your interests and skills.
This document provides guidance on using LinkedIn to help find a new job. It emphasizes that networking is important for job searching, with less than a 10% chance of finding a job without connections. It outlines how to establish goals for your LinkedIn profile, develop a professional online presence, connect with contacts, search for jobs and groups, and etiquette for online networking. The document stresses that building relationships takes time but can uncover job opportunities through an expanded professional network.
Este documento explica cómo se utiliza el estilo indirecto para informar sobre lo que otra persona ha dicho. Al cambiar una frase al estilo indirecto, los verbos suelen pasar de un tiempo presente a pasado. También señala que los verbos "say" y "tell" cambian al estilo indirecto y proporciona ejemplos de frases en estilo directo e indirecto.
Rhenus Logistics Asia-Pacific Ltd. is a subsidiary of Rhenus AG, one of Europe's leading logistics providers. The presentation provides an overview of Rhenus' Asian network and the services offered in various Asian countries and regions, including sea freight, air freight, trucking, customs clearance, and supply chain management solutions. Key facts about Rhenus' Asia-Pacific operations, licenses, and industry solutions are also summarized for major locations across Asia.
This document outlines a plan for urban renewal and integrated transportation in Fort Collins, Colorado. The plan aims to reduce sprawl, increase density, improve environmental quality, and enhance community. Key elements include re-zoning areas for mixed-use development, establishing urban renewal districts, and integrating public school buses with the city transit system. The goals are to concentrate development, preserve open space, and provide more efficient transportation options. Benefits cited include reduced emissions, improved mobility, economic development, and enhanced quality of life. Challenges include restrictions on growth and potential increases in population density.
This presentation discusses the intersection of social media and human subjects research regulations. It provides an overview of the scope and requirements of HHS regulations for protecting human subjects. It then examines how these regulations apply to using social media for subject recruitment and as a research tool, as well as conducting research on social media. Key issues addressed include informed consent, privacy/confidentiality, risks/benefits, and challenges for IRBs in evaluating this type of research.
This document provides a summary of the solar photovoltaic markets and technology publication for December 2016. It includes the following sections:
- Markets & Trends: Reviews the year 2016 including SunEdison's bankruptcy, China's policy changes, and record-low module prices. It also examines forecasts for 2017 and the potential impacts of Donald Trump's presidency.
- Applications & Installations: Features stories on solar vehicles, utility-scale projects in Spain with prices as low as €0.038/kWh, and asset performance analysis.
- Industry & Suppliers: Includes segments on DC optimizer trends, survival strategies for small solar firms, Industry 4.0 technologies, and the global inverter
This document provides information about Elizabeth Buchanan, the principal investigator of the Internet Research Ethics Commons, and her presentation to the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections in July 2010. It discusses how the internet is used both as a tool for research and as a medium or location of research. It also outlines some of the key issues in internet research ethics that IRBs have been grappling with, such as anonymity, consent, and ownership of online data.
The document discusses methods for analyzing material culture, documents, and quantitative data in historical research. It makes the following key points:
1) Historians must immerse themselves in primary and secondary sources to gain thorough context before formulating research questions. Questions should be open-ended and testable.
2) Researchers must authenticate sources by establishing their origins and credibility. Primary sources like records and relics require examining motivations and contexts.
3) Both traditional documentary analysis of sources and quantitative content analysis are useful, with the latter adding rigor. Historians interpret sources in their original contexts to draw defensible inferences.
This document discusses sociological research methods. It begins by outlining the scientific method and how sociologists use it in their research. Some key aspects of the scientific method covered include formulating hypotheses, defining variables, ensuring reliability and validity. It also discusses the interpretive framework approach. The document then describes four common research methods: surveys, field research, experiments, and secondary data analysis. It provides details on how surveys are conducted, including developing questionnaires and interviews.
This document provides an overview of sociological research approaches, including the scientific method and interpretive frameworks. It discusses key aspects of the scientific method such as formulating questions, reviewing existing literature, developing hypotheses about relationships between independent and dependent variables, and emphasizing reliability and validity. Interpretive frameworks are also covered, noting they seek to understand social worlds through in-depth perspectives rather than generalizable results. Research methods like surveys, experiments, and field research are mentioned as tools sociologists use to systematically study human behavior.
This document discusses various types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and comparisons of these different approaches. For basic qualitative studies, the goal is to understand a phenomenon or experience from the participant's perspective through techniques like interviews and observation. Case study research provides an in-depth look at a single unit or case using multiple data sources. Content analysis examines written or visual materials to describe their characteristics and identify themes. Ethnographic research studies culture and social behavior of a group in their natural setting through immersion and observation.
The document discusses 8 types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and examples of each method, focusing on the goals, data collection techniques, and key characteristics of basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, and grounded theory research. The document is intended to inform readers about these common qualitative research approaches.
The document discusses an exam on information literacy that contains multiple choice questions. It covers topics like citing sources in MLA format, academic integrity policies, and fair use exemptions to copyright law. It also includes a discussion question about reflecting on an academic integrity policy and how it relates to the reader.
Qualitative Research: Importance in Daily LifeIndayManasseh
Here are brief explanations for the test questions:
1. Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on understanding and interpreting how people make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, perceptions and experiences.
2. The three basic types of research approaches are:
- Scientific approach - deals with empirical data and allows control of variables. Uses quantitative methods.
- Naturalistic approach - people-oriented and focuses on understanding real meanings and social relations. Uses qualitative methods.
- Triangulation/mixed method - combines research designs, data collection and analysis techniques to enhance validity.
The naturalistic approach is people-oriented and focuses on
Here are brief explanations for the test questions:
1. Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on understanding and interpreting how people make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.
2. The three types of approach to research are:
- Scientific approach - Uses empirical data, controls variables, and presents findings quantitatively
- Naturalistic approach - Focuses on understanding real human behavior and social relations qualitatively
- Triangulation/mixed method - Combines research designs, data collection, and analysis techniques to enhance validity
The naturalistic approach focuses on discovering the real meanings behind people's lifest
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research conducted in everyday life. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research people do in their everyday lives. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
This document provides an overview of primary research methods for first-year writing courses. It discusses ethical considerations in primary research involving human subjects and outlines the key stages of planning, collecting, analyzing and writing up primary research. Specifically, it covers common primary research methods like observations, surveys and interviews. It also provides examples of student projects using primary research and discusses how to develop research questions and create a timeline to plan a primary research project.
Filter bubble and information behaviour, ISIC 2018, keynote speechSabina Cisek
The document discusses the concept of filter bubbles and their potential relevance for information behavior research. It defines filter bubbles as the intellectual isolation that can occur when websites selectively present information to users based on their past behavior and location. This personalization may limit exposure to opposing viewpoints. However, some research has questioned whether strong filter bubbles actually exist or whether personalization has significant negative effects. The document also explores filter bubbles from psychological, socio-cultural, and epistemological perspectives and provides some suggestions for how to mitigate the effects of filter bubbles, such as developing critical thinking skills and using different search tools and engines.
This document discusses research ethics from an Islamic perspective. It begins by defining ethics and exploring ethics in Islam's history. It then discusses ethics in different aspects of research, including objectives of research ethics, ethics that should be followed at different research stages, and ethical issues like informed consent, privacy, and deception. The document also examines sources of tension in research ethics between principles like beneficence and human dignity. It outlines researchers' responsibilities to participants and the research community, such as protecting safety, reputation and enabling further research. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of awareness and understanding of ethical issues in research.
Information in practiceEthical issues in qualitative resea.docxjaggernaoma
This document discusses ethical issues in conducting qualitative research using internet communities. It notes that while internet postings provide a rich source of qualitative data on patient experiences, such research raises privacy and informed consent issues. Specifically:
- Internet communities may be perceived as either public or private spaces, and obtaining informed consent is important if they are viewed privately. However, the boundaries are sometimes blurred.
- Researchers passively analyzing postings without involvement may not need explicit consent if data is anonymized, but they must consider potential harms to the community.
- Obtaining consent from community members directly is preferred to just getting approval from moderators, but it can be challenging. Researchers must be sensitive to perceived intrusions.
This document summarizes Dexter Chapin's approach to teaching cultural anthropology at Seattle Academy of Arts and Sciences. He designs the course to be flexible and relevant to current issues. Students write a paper comparing their own worldview to concepts from anthropological works. They also do assignments like writing creation myths. The course fits into the school's curriculum by promoting understanding of different perspectives in a community that is open to people of all backgrounds.
This document provides information about how sociologists conduct research, including the steps they take to decide what to study, collect data, and analyze their findings. It discusses 1) how sociologists choose research topics based on their interests, current debates, and practical considerations like time and funding, 2) common methods for collecting data such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, case studies and longitudinal studies, and 3) important considerations for sociologists in collecting a sample and ensuring it is representative of the overall population. The document also defines key terms and concepts in sociological research.
Sociologists follow several steps when deciding what to research:
1. They choose a topic influenced by their interests, current debates, and practical issues like time and resources.
2. They read previous research on the topic.
3. They form a hypothesis or research question to focus the study.
4. They prepare a research design which may involve collecting primary or secondary data using various methods like surveys, observation, existing statistics, and documents. Sample selection is important to make generalizations about the overall population.
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Blogs: Public, Private, and the "Intimsphere" - A Danish Example
1. Blogs: Public, Private, and the Intimsphere- A Danish Example* Dr. Charles Ess Department of Information- and Media Studies (IMV) Aarhus University <charles.ess@gmail.com> * My profound thanks to an anonymous researcher who generously shared the core material and text of this case-study. Both the general details and direct quotes are used by permission.
2. Overview Parameters, details Main ethical challenge: What the researcher elected to do and what happened Why I think the decision was a good one – though different ones, especially in different context and national cultures, might also be ethically legitimate Pluralism, cross-cultural differences, and ethical judgment 2
3. But first … A very brief history of Internet research ethics … (see: E. Buchanan, “Internet Research Ethics: Past, Present, and Future,” in M. Consalvo & C. Ess (eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Internet Studies, 83- 108.) 1990s (“First Age”) – from hard “virtual / real” // online / offline distinction to: yes, real harm can be enacted online (Dibbell, 1993) occasional articles and a special issue of The Information Society (12, 1996) with articles by C. Allen, S. Boehlefeld, S. King (see AoIR Ethics Document, 2002, References, pp. 11ff.) 2000-2002: AoIR ethical guidelines working committee, first AoIR Ethics Document 2003: NESH guidelines and an explosion of books (Buchanan, 2004; Johns, Chen & Hall 2004; Thorseth, 2003) and articles 2005-present (“the Buchanan Era”): continued development, including ever-more international discussion – the AoIR pre-conference workshops and panels – important NSF grants – McKee & Porter’s The Ethics of Internet Research (2009) AoIR ethical guidelines 2.0 3
4. Parameters, details Researcher follows, captures both main blogger’s contributions and various respondents’ postings over several months. Very popular blog – small “community” / network of active respondents. Topics are primarily domestic life of the blogger, the blogger’s responses to both domestic and, occasionally, larger events in Denmark. Researcher follows up with interviews with blogger, selected respondents. 4
5. Parameters, details Research Questions focus on micro-sociological analysis of conventions and negotiations pertaining to the communicative spaces. Goal is to provide thick, contextualized descriptions – thus requiring quotes from the collected material. At the same time: Researcher did not see the blogs as ‘public’ – but rather as “potentially quite personal spaces” – belonging to the Intimsphere, a shared social space constructed by close ‘intimates’. In particular: many of the blogger’s and respondents’ comments – especially as surrounding a major episode of explosively angry comment and response – are seen in the Danish context to be private, not public. 5
6. Main ethical challenges What to do with contents of blog, responses, interviews in write-up for publication? Issue: protecting privacy and anonymity of material from the Intimsphere. To begin with: “Granting anonymity and giving users pseudonyms would be useless” – i.e., simple string search would uncover the texts and identify the authors 6
7. Main ethical challenges Issue: protecting privacy and anonymity of material from the Intimsphere. Further reflections: The lack of anonymity has of course meant that I am trying to be extremely careful with what I use as excerpts – in trying to be sensitive to what the participants may find too private and to what I as a researcher feel uncomfortable about addressing (as for instance the spring episode among the bloggers when I felt like I was suddenly too close to something that I was not supposed to) … I still struggle to find appropriate ways of dealing with the personal material that occasionally does pop up in the data and analytic process. 7
8. What the researcher elected to do and what happened I felt a moral responsibility to ask permission to use their blogs as part of my data material and therefore made informed consent agreements with them all before beginning to archive feeds and interview them. In the consent agreement: they have the right to withdraw at any moment in the research process; They give the Researcher permission to use their material publicly as long as they are still ‘in the project’ (i.e., if one withdraws now, Researcher would not be able to use the data and analysis at all). 8
9. What the researcher elected to do and what happened Further: I have talked to them about the analysis that I’ve done – and volunteered to share the analyses with them so they can check if there is something that they feel uncomfortable about having shared. In such a case, I revise and do not share. NB - the ethics-method interface: the decision to ask for consent was valuable for establishing a relationship with the participants for the interviews: By showing this ethical care from the beginning of the research, I think it helped me enter a more conversational mode with them, i.e. both I and they felt more comfortable talking openly about their personal feelings and experiences in the interviews. 9
10. Why I think the decision was a good one – though different ones, especially in different context and national cultures, might also be ethically legitimate 1. Shows cultural/contextual sensitivity, beginning with (distinctively?) Danish notion of the Intimsphere as a shared but private rather than public communicative space. 2. Shows absolute respect for the privacy and autonomy of her subjects, including not simply their expectations (whether justified or not) while posting on the blog, but also their subsequent reflections, feelings, and decisions regarding their postings as now reused in a public context. 3. Is consistent with earlier instances of participant-observation research – including feminist / communitarian approaches – that, even if not required by law or code, place highest ethical value on respecting autonomy and wishes for privacy of the research “subjects.” 4. Is consistent with the range of approaches to informed consent presented by Lawson, 2004. 10
11. Why I think the decision was a good one – though different ones, especially in different context and national cultures, might also be ethically legitimate Other decisions might be ethically legitimate – especially in different national-cultural contexts, e.g. Elizabeth Buchanan (Air list, 18. October 2010): From a research ethics perspective, in the United States, research conducted using a blog as a data source would not be reviewable by an IRB. For instance, if a researcher used only text from a blog, as part of an analysis, and did not interact with the blog author through, e.g., interviews or surveys, no IRB review or approval would be needed, as it is not considered "human subjects" under the federal definition (45cfr46.102f): “Human subject means a living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research obtains(1) Data through intervention or interaction with the individual, or (2) Identifiable private information.” “Identifiable private information” is “information about behavior that occurs in a context in which an individual can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place, and information which has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and which the individual can reasonably expect will not be made public (for example, a medical record).” Therefore, if a researcher is getting data from a blog that is public, then it would not meet the criteria for review as set forth in the US regulatory documents. 11