The document discusses modernizing Java applications for cloud native environments. It suggests that modernization can be both evolutionary and revolutionary. Evolution involves incrementally updating existing Java systems, while revolution involves rewriting systems using new technologies. The document advocates for an evolutionary approach of gradually modernizing applications using Java and related technologies like MicroProfile and Vert.x that are suited for cloud native architectures and container deployment. This allows leveraging existing Java skills and investments while improving agility, scalability and portability.