Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms (microbes), which are defined as any living organism that is either a single cell (unicellular), a cell cluster, or has no cells at all (acellular). This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms (microbes), which are defined as any living organism that is either a single cell (unicellular), a cell cluster, or has no cells at all (acellular). This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Microbiology Lab
Do you want a footer?
Is this evidence of an
infection?
Which colony is the
“important” one?
Why does the bacteria
causing disease need
to be identified to
treat the infection?
Why not just give
antibiotics?
These are questions asked and
answered by the microbiology lab.
3. Investigation of disease in the Clinical
Microbiology Lab
Do you want a footer?
In a clinical microbiology lab, experienced clinical
microbiologists begin their investigation of disease by
using microscopy to examine smears of original
samples to obtain important early information.
The arrows are
pointing to
bacteria…but the
identification is
near impossible at
this point.
4. General Sequence of Events in Identifying Bacteria
List of steps toward identifying the cause of infection:
1) Microscopic examination of specimen to determine
if there’s bacteria present
2) Gram stain to determine type of bacteria
3) Growth of bacteria in broth
4) Plate broth bacteria on media plate (culture)
5) Select isolated pathogen
6) Perform biochemical testing
7) Perform antibiotic susceptibility
5. Thoughts on Identification of Bacteria
o you want a footer?
Maybe we need to go back a bit. The entire reason to
identify a bacteria that we suspect is causing disease
is to be able to treat it. Bacteria is almost always
treated with antibiotics – but they must be specific to
the bacteria. One antibiotic won’t work for all
bacteria.
When a specimen arrives in the micro lab, it’s looked
at microscopically and gram stained, but then it
needs to grow outside the body so that we can work
with it.
6. Thoughts along with Videos…
Video on Gram staining (the lady in this video refers to their
lecture and lab manual – don’t be confused, these are theirs, not
yours!)
Gram Stain Video
Inoculating a broth with the bacteria is almost
always the first step in growing it.
Video on isolating bacteria
Isolating Bacteria
7. Thoughts…
Do you wnt a footer?
Once there’s sufficient growth (8-12 hours) the
bacteria present is put on a petri dish of media.
There is likely a number of bacteria in the broth, the
pathogenic ones need to be isolated out.
This process sometimes requires that steps be
repeated because the bacteria to be tested needs to
be absolutely pure.
8. Gram Stain
After looking at the specimen under the microscope,
a Gram stain is done.
The Gram stain is a technique for staining and
detecting bacteria and yeasts. It is the most
commonly performed procedure in the clinical
microbiology laboratory.
Four reagents are used to perform a Gram stain:
crystal violet, Gram's
iodine, acetone-alcohol,
and safranin.
9. Gram Stain
Grams stains are used to differentiate types of
bacteria. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
stain differently because of the structure of their cell
walls.
Gram negative = red or pink
Gram positive = purple
10. Gram Stain
Do you want a footer?
Gram stain results can have a dramatic effect on
patient care. Hospitalization may be required when
the Gram stain indicates bacteria are present in a
normally sterile body fluid.
Sterile body fluids include blood and CSF. It’s very dangerous
to have bacteria in these fluids.
Remember, the point of all this work is to identify
the pathogenic bacteria so that it can be treated. The
initial choice of antibiotic therapy can be guided by
the Gram stain results.
11. Gram Stain
Once a gram stain identification is made a culture
plate (or petri dish) is set up so that the bacteria can
grow. Gram Stain Video
12. Gram Stained Bacteria
Another use of Gram stain is observing the
arrangement of its colonies as it grows.
Both of these characteristics are helpful when
identifying bacteria.
13. Gram Positive Cocci
The Gram-positive coccus (singular) is a spherical
bacterium. Gram-positive cocci may appear in four
clinically significant groupings: dipplo (two cells growing
very close to one another), chain, tetra (4 cells close),
cluster.
14. Gram positive dipplococci for example is frequently
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
See how these cells
are growing in pairs?
That’s what dipplococci
look like.
15. Another example of the importance of knowing the
shape and arrangement of bacteria would be the
differences seen between Strep. anginosus which
grows in chains and Staph. epidermidis.
While both are gram positive cocci, S. anginosus is often the
cause of oral infections and very pathogenic. Staph.
epidermidis is found in great numbers on our skin and is not
pathogenic at all.
See how the
arrangement
of cells look
different?
16. Gram Positive Bacilli
The Gram-positive bacilli is a rod shaped bacteria.
Gram-positive bacilli may also appear in four
clinically significant groupings...
Long, wide
Long, narrow,
often chaining
Coccobacillius
Branched
17. Gram Negative Cocci
Gram-negative cocci may appear in two clinically
significant groupings...
Cocci
Dipplococci
18. Gram Negative Bacilli
The Gram-negative rod or bacillus is a rectangular
shaped bacterium. Rods are variable in length,
width, and staining characteristics. There are five
clinically significant shapes of Gram-negative rods...
Long, narrow
Coccobacilli
Curved rod
Fusiform
Spiral rods
Technologists in
Micro use these
adjectives to
describe what they
see on the Gram stain.
because these
descriptions are used
universally, the doctor
has a good idea about the
identification of the
bacteria.
19. Colony Morphology
Once the bacteria is grown in a broth, it is put on a
specific media in a petri dish, or culture plate.
Cultures are generally incubated at 37◦ C in special
atmospheres to maximize growth of pathogens.
Along with the arrangement of growing colonies,
colony morphology, or the shape of a colony after
growth on the plate is often diagnostic.
21. Colony morphology
This is an
interesting
picture because
it shows the
same bacteria
Gram stained
and on the plate.
22. Describing Bacteria
If we were going to describe the isolated bacteria on
the preceding slide we might say something like,
“Gram positive bacilli, small, round, slightly
mucoid (wet looking), slightly raised colonies.”
23. Colony morphology
So, the technologist actually uses these observations
to describe and identify disease causing bacteria.
Some bacterias hemolyse blood in this media (BAP
media) during growth. The degree of hemolysis can
be used to describe and identify the bacteria.
This is a great illustration of three
types of hemolysis: alpha hemolysis,
beta hemolysis, and gamma
hemolysis.
24. Using these two images and the following
descriptors, describe the bacteria seen here
Gram stain -
Morphology -
Colony type -
Hemolysis -
Mixed culture Pure culture
25. Pathogenic bacteria
Often the source of the specimen determines if the
bacteria is pathogenic.
For example, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a
pathogen in the blood, but considered a normal
inhabitant of the throat. Normal inhabitants are
called normal flora. The gut has thousands of
species of bacteria as normal flora.
Techs need to know where specific bacterias
should be (therefore normal) or shouldn’t be,
(therefore pathogenic).
26. Biochemical Identification
Do you want a footer?
One of the most distinguishing features of
bacteria is their biochemical versatility. The
types of biochemical reactions each organism
undergoes acts as a
"thumbprint" for its
identification.
This is based on the following chain of logic:
27. Biochemical Identification
Each different species of bacterium has a different
molecule of DNA (i.e., DNA with a unique series of
nucleotide bases).
Since DNA codes for protein synthesis, then different
species of bacteria must, by way of their unique DNA, be
able to synthesize different protein enzymes.
Enzymes catalyze all the various chemical reactions of
which the organism is capable. This in turn means that
different species of bacteria must carry out different
and unique sets of biochemical reactions.
28. Biochemical Identification
The battery of biochemical tests used is dependent
upon the gram stain of the bacteria. Testing can be
manual
or automated. This panel is read on an instrument using
something very similar to spectrophotometry.
29. Antibiotic Susceptibility
Once the pathogenic bacteria is identified, the doctor
will want to know how to treat the patient.
Obviously, certain antibiotics are more effective
against some bacterias than others. They are often
chosen by the degree of their selective toxicity.
The selective toxicity of antibiotics means that they
must be highly effective against the microbe but have
minimal or no toxicity to humans.
30. Antibiotic Susceptibility
Remember that certain bacteria are normal and even
helpful in certain locations. If normal flora is killed,
health is compromised. This makes selecting the
right antibiotic at the right does very important.
31. Antibiotics That Work
Antibiotics are chosen depending upon the gram
stain of the bacteria. In other words, an antibiotic
will be effective against a gram positive bacteria, but
not against gram negative bacteria.
Discs with particular antibiotics are placed on a plate
with a pure culture of the bacteria.
32. Antibiotic Susceptibility
Discs with antibiotic
The antibiotic works if there is a
zone of inhibited growth. These
zones are measured giving the
doctor a clue to which antibiotic
may be most effective.
Would this antibiotic be
effective against this bacteria?
34. Microbiology lab
All of this testing in the micro lab generally takes
only 48 hours.
Some rare labs, in large hospitals, are using PCR for
screening of disease-causing bacteria that is highly
contagious. This enables the lab to report the
identification of the bacteria in less than 12 hours.
35. Review Questions
True or false: The first thing done when a specimen
is received in micro is the Gram stain.
What color is a Gram negative bacteria?
What color is a Gram positive bacteria?
Why does pathogenic bacteria need to be isolated?
Define normal flora.
Briefly explain the benefit of doing biochemical tests
on unknown bacteria.
What is the purpose of performing antibiotic
susceptabilities?