The document outlines the objectives of a lecture on clinical laboratory methods, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate tests, understanding results, and interpreting them for effective disease diagnosis and management. It details the roles of medical laboratories in improving healthcare through accurate diagnosis, screening, and cost-effective treatment while also highlighting the various types of laboratory tests and their applications. Reliable laboratory services are crucial for public health, disease prevention, and planning healthcare priorities.

2. Objectives:
By the end of the lecture you will be able to:
select appropriate laboratory tests
understand the meaning of laboratory test
results
evaluate & interpret the results

3. clinical lab. methods
Dfn. clinical laboratory is :facility that performs laboratory
tests on specimen derived from human for the purpose of
providing information for the diagnosis, detection ,
identification & treatment of disease.

4. clinical lab methods
Is a scientific approaches used by the laboratories for
disease detection, diagnosis, identification, treatment,
monitoring and maintaining health
Laboratories uses a variety of methods to perform the
vast ranges of tests.

5. clinical lab methods…
 clinical lab methods by its nature related to all
disciplines of laboratory medicine.
 functions of the clinical lab. is to perform qualitative &
quantitative analysis on specimens from patients that
includes, blood, urine,csf , stool & others.

6. Content outlines:
Introduction to:
Lab & lab equip.
Hematology and hematological tests
Clinical chemistry tests
Serology and serological tests
Immunohematological testing
Bacteriological tests
Parasitological tests
Urinalysis and body fluid tests

7. laboratory services
• play an essential role in disease:
 Surveillances (supervision/inspection)
 screening
 dx(diagnosis)
 prevention
 control & management

8. Laboratory has an important role
 in improving health care service
 achieving efficiency and cost effectiveness in health care
system
 it maintains
 quality
 efficiency
 cost effectiveness
 planning and management of the health care system .

9. Medical Laboratory and Its Function
A. The role of laboratory in providing quality health care
1.laboratory investigation increase the accuracy of diseas
diagnosis.
• Many infectious disease and serious illness can b
diagnosed by using the laboratory.
E.g. error in diagnosis of malaria is high when diagnosi
is on clinical symptoms alone.
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10. Medical Laboratory and Its Function ………..
2. Laboratory has essential role in screening for ill health
and assessing response to treatment.
– Assess a patients response to drug therapy
– Screen individuals with infectious disease. E.g. TB,
sexually transmitted diseases
– Screen whole blood and blood product for transfusion
transmitted pathogen
– Screen pregnant women for anemia, infections which
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11. Medical Laboratory and Its Function ………..
3. The laboratory is needed to work with other in reducing
infection in the community and investigating epidemics rapidly.
 Detecting source of infection, identifying carries
contact tracing
 Participating in epidemiological surveys
 On site testing and collection and dispatch of
specimens when an epidemic occurs
 Participating in health education
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12. Function of the lab...
B. The role of laboratory in achieving efficiency
and cost effectiveness in health care system.
1. The laboratory reduce the expenditure of
money on drugs.
• Drugs can be used more selectively and
only when needed
• Drug resistance can be identified more
rapidly and monitored

13. Medical Laboratory and Its Function in ………
2.Laboratory lowers health care costs by identifying disease
at an early stage.
• Reduce number of times a patient may need to seek
medical care for same illness.
• Prevent complications
• Avoid hospitalization and further costly investigation
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14. Medical Laboratory and Its Function …
3.saving can be made when laboratory participate in local
disease surveillance and control. this is because
source of infection and disease carriers can be
identified
the spread of infectious disease can be
controlled
disease control measures can be selected and
targeted more effectively

15. Medical Laboratory and Its Function in ………..
C. The role of laboratory in achieving good health planning and management
1.Reliable laboratory test result with relevant patient data, provide
information on the health status of a community, health pattern and
disease trend. This information is needed to establish health care
priority and plan:
– Health care program
– Training of health personnel and delivery of health service
– Treatment schedule and change in drug usage
2. Public heath laboratories provide accurate epidemiological information
for health planning
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16. Medical Laboratory and Its Function in ……
without reliable lab support:
I. Patients less likely to receive the best possible care
II. resistance to essential drugs will to continue to spread
III. the source of disease may not be identified correctly
IV. epidemics and spread of major communicable diseases
will not be checked reliably
V. Valuable financial and human resource may not use
properly.
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17. Medical Laboratory and Its Function ………
• Indications (importance) of requesting lab examinations are:
 To make a diagnosis of pathogen.
 Confirm a clinical impressions
 To rule out (R/o)a disease and diagnosis
 To provide prognostic information
 To provide therapeutic guidance so that:
– Drugs can be used more selectively
– Patterns of emerging drug resistance can be identified
– Side effects and progress are monitored.
– To screen for disease.
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18. Function & use of different medical laboratory
department/units
• Hematology- deals with examination of the constituent of blood.
• Clinical chemistry – deals with measurement of various bio-chemicals
changes in serum and body fluids.
• Medical microbiology - deals with microorganisms of medically important,
performing different diagnostic and research activities on micro organisms and
parasites . Microbiology includes the following sub disciplines
 Bacteriology is a science dealing with bacteria
 Virology is the study of virus and viral disease
 Mycology is the study of fungi
 Parasitology: is the study of parasites.
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19. Function & use of different medical laboratory…….
 Immunohematology- deals with blood banking and
transfusion medicine.
 Serology- is the study of antigen and antibody and
their interaction in vitro.
 Urinalysis and body fluid analysis- deals with the
analysis of their constituent.
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20. Function & use cont’....
 Molecular biology :branch of biology that seeks to
understand the molecular basis of life. In particular, it
relates the structure of specific molecules of biological
importance—such as proteins, enzymes, and the nucleic
acids DNA and RNA—to their functional roles in cells and
organisms.

21. Interpretation of test results
 Results are interpreted according to:
 Patients case
 Site of the case
 Types of the case
 Types of the specimen
 Age of the patients
 Sex of the patients
 Risk factors of the case
 Geographic area

22. Patients Approaches
 In order to make nice relationship with the patients
approaches are more necessary than your treatments thus
there should be Ethical based approaches with your
patients
 You have to identify the right patients with the right
samples at the right times for the right treatments.

23. Unit summary:
Clinical lab methods encompasses:
• Methods in :
• Clinical hematology
• Clinical bacteriology
• Clinical parasitology
• Clinical microbiology
• Clinical virology
• Clinical immunology

24. Unit two
Introduction to hematology and hematological
tests
Haima-blood
Logous-study
Is the branch of science that deals with the study
of blood and its components

25. Hematologic disorders
• Red blood cells disorders
• White blood cells disorders
• Platelets disorders
• Coagulation problems