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Clinical Chemistry_Lecture 1.pptx
- 1. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY By: MarthaTusabe Jjuuko George William
- 2. •What are yourexpectations in this course? •What do think clinical chemistry is?
- 3. Introduction to Clinicalchemistry • Clinical chemistry • Biochemical analysis of body fluids to aid in disease diagnosis and treatment • Testing utilizes chemical reactions to measure levels of chemical compounds in body fluids • Aims • To provide students with knowledge, attitude and skills for • Performing clinical chemistry investigations correctly • Proper use and maintenance of equipment • Providing sound advice to clinicians about the equipment used
- 4. Importance of clinicalchemistry • Provides the bases for diagnostic, prognostic, forensic and drug monitoring • Points out special areas of interest in human health and indicators of impending diseases • Instrumentation made laboratory testing more efficient and productive with reduced turn around time.
- 5. Diseases diagnosed usingclinical chemistry • Cardiac failure • Liver Cirrhosis • Cancer • Acute liver failure • Alcoholic liver disease • Renal failure • Hepatitis • Meningitis • Hormone imbalance READ ABOUT THEM
- 6. Clinical chemistry tests •Cardiac markers • Lipid profile • Cancer markers • Liver function tests • Renal function tests • Urinalysis • Glycosylated hemoglobin READ ABOUT THEM
- 7. Components identified inclinical chemistry tests • Most common specimens used • Blood • Urine • Many different tests to detect and measure almost any type of chemical component • Blood glucose • Electrolytes • Enzymes • Hormones • lipids (fats) • other metabolic substances and proteins
- 8. Components and theirindications • Blood glucose/ sugar • Indicate how the body handles glucose • Diagnose diabetes or hypoglycemia • Electrolytes – sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium • Indicate metabolic and kidney disorders • Maintain electrical neutrality in cells and generate and conduct action potentials in nerves and muscles • Enzymes • Released into the blood by organs that are damaged or diseased • Type of enzyme released indicates which organ is affected
- 9. Methods of Clinicalchemistry • Clinical chemistry methods used in laboratories include: • Electrophoresis • Colorimetry • Spectrophotometry • Flame emission • Atomic absorption and emission • Test kits using ready-made reagents. • Rapid solid phase (dry reagent) technologies, e.g. reagent strip tests. • ELIZA – Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay • Direct read-out analyzers
- 10. The International Systemof Units/ Systeme International (SI) d’Unites • All measurements depend on units • Serve as reference standards • In the signs, distances are listed as numbers with no units. • It is impossible to communicate measurements without units • Must assign correct units when you make a measurement • The standards of measurement used in science are those of the metric system. • SI is a revised version of the metric system
- 11. Measuring with SIUnits • There are five SI base units that chemists commonly use • Meter, kilogram, kelvin, second, and mole.
- 12. Units and Quantities Whatmetric units are commonly used to measure length, volume, mass, temperature and energy?
- 13. Units of Length •The basic unit of length or linear measure in SI is meter (m) • For very large or and very small lengths use a unit of length that has a prefix. • Common metric units of length include the centimeter, meter, and kilometer.
- 14. Units of Volume •SI unit of volume is cubic meter (m)3 • Space occupied by a cube of 1m x 1m x 1 m • Most commonly used unit is liter – non-SI unit. • Volume of a cube that is 10 cm along each edge • 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm = 1000 cm3 = 1 L • Common metric units of volume – liter, milliliter, cubic centimeter, and microliter • The volume of 20 drops of liquid from a medicine dropper is approximately 1 mL.
- 15. Units of Mass •The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg) • A gram (g) is 1/1000 of a kilogram • The mass of 1 cm3 of water at 4°C is 1 g. • Common metric units of mass – kilogram, gram, milligram, and microgram. • Weight is a force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity
- 16. Units of Temperature •Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is. • Measured using thermometers • Two equivalent units of temperature used by scientists are degree Celsius and the kelvin. • The freezing and boiling points of water are 0°C and 100°C on the Celsius scale • They are 273.15k and 373.15 K on the Kelvin scale • One degree on the Celsius scale is equivalent to one kelvin on the Kelvin scale • Converting to Kelvin – simply add or subtract 273 • Absolute zero (0 K) is equal to 273.15 °C
- 17. Converting from Celsiusto Kelvin Scale
- 18. Units of Energy •Energy is the capacity to do work or to produce heat • The SI unit for energy is joule (J) • The common metrics for energy are joule and calorie • One calorie (cal) is the quantity of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of pure water by 1°C.
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