The document differentiates between weather, defined as short-term atmospheric conditions, and climate, which refers to long-term patterns over large areas. It discusses regional climatic variations in India, highlighting temperature extremes and precipitation differences influenced by altitude, latitude, and wind patterns. Additionally, it details factors affecting India's climate, including geographical features, monsoon winds, and jet streams.

1. DIFFERNTIATE BETWEEN WEATHER AND CLIMATE.
weather
• Atmospheric condition changes for a short
period of time(from a few hours -2 days) and in
a small area it is called weather.
• Weather is sudden and is unexpected
• Weather changes are expressed as clear sky,
sunny day, cloudy, windy, pleasant day etc.
climate
• Atmospheric conditions for a very long period
(35-50 yrs.) over a very large area is called
Climate.
• Climate is expected people wait for seasons to
change.
• India has a Monsoon type of Climate where
different seasons follow each other in a rrythmic
cycle.

2. 2-DISCUSS THE REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN THE CLIMATIC
CONDITION OF INDIA WITH THE HELP OF SUITABLE EXAMPLES.
• Ans 2. India has Monsoon type of climate but there are perceptible variations in climatic conditions
from region to region . For eg.
• Mercury touches 50*c during summers in the deserts of Rajasthan whereas at the same time it is 20*c
in Pahalgam in J&K.
• The temperature may go as low as -45*c in Drass in Ladakh on a winter night whereas it is 22*c in
Tiruvananthpuram at the same time.
• In Himalayas precipitation is in the form of snowfall whereas the rest of the country receives rainfall.
• The durinal range of temperature is high in Rajasthan as compared to coastal regions of India.
• Most of India receives rainfall from June –September whereas T.N coastal area receives rainfall in the
months of October –November.
• Annual precipitation varies from 400cms. In MEGHALAYA to less than 10cms in western Rajasthan.

3. EXPLAIN DIFFERENT FACTORS AFFECTING THE
CLIMATE OF A PLACE.
• LATITUDE: AS TEMPERATURE DECREASES FROM
THE EQUATOR TOWARDS THE POLAR AREAS
HENCE THE PLACES WHICH ARE LOCATED IN THE
EQUATORIAL REGIONS TEND TO BE HOTTER AS
COMPARED TO PLACES AWAY FROM IT.
• IT IS BECAUSE THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR ENERGY
RECEIVED VARIES DUE TO THE CURVATURE OF
THE EARTH.

4. 2-ALTITUDE = HEIGHT OF A PLACE ABOVE THE SEA
LEVEL
• AS THE TEMPERATURE DECREASESS 1* CELSIUS
FOR EVERY 165 METERS OF ASCENT HENCE
PLAINS ARE WARMER THAN HILLY AREAS
• THIS IS BECAUSE AS WE GO TO HIGHER
ALTITUDES THE ATMOSPHERE BECOMES LESS
DENSE AND SO IT CANNOT HOLD THE HEAT
HENCE IT BECOMES COLDER WITH INCREASE IN
ALTITUDE.

5. 3-PRESSURE AND WIND CONDITIONS
• AS WINDS BLOW FROM HIGH PRESSURE (COLD
REGIONS) TO LOW PRESSURE (HOT REGIONS)
AREAS THEY INFLUENCE THE TEMPERATURE
AND RAINFALL OF AN AREA.
• PRESSURE AND WIND CONDITIONS OF AN AREA
DEPEND UPON THE LATITUDINAL AND
ALTITUDINAL LOCATION OF A PLACE OR ON THE
TEMPERATURE OF A PLACE.

6. 4- DISTANCE FROM THE SEA- DUE TO THE
MODERATING INFLUENCE OF THE SEA THE COASTAL
AREAS HAVE MODERATE CLIMATE WHEREAS THE
LANDLOCKED AREAS HAVE EXTREME CLIMATE.

7. 5-OCEAN CURRENTS
• THE WARM AND COLD OCEAN
CURRENTS TEND TO WARM OR COOL
THE TEMPERATURE OF COASTAL AREAS
IF THE WINDS ARE ONSHORE

8. 6-RELIEF FEATURES
• IF A RELIEF FEATURE LIKE A HIGH MOUNTAIN LIE
IN THE PATH OF RAIN BEARING WINDS THE
WINDWARD SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN RECEIVES
RAINFALL WHEREAS DRY WINDS BLOW
TOWARDS THE LEEWARD SIDE OF THAT
MOUNTAIN AND THEREFORE IT IS ALSO CALLED
A RAINSHADOW AREA.
• THEY ACT AS A BARRIER FOR COLD AND HOT
WINDS
• HENCE HIGH MOUNTAINS ACT AS A CLIMATIC
DIVIDE AND AFFECT THE CLIME OF A PLACE.

9. FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE OF INDIA
1- LATITUDE
• TROPIC OF CANCER THAT PASSES THROUGH THE
CENTER OF INDIA DIVIDES IT INTO TWO CLIMATIC
ZONES.
• THE LATITUDINAL LOCATION OF INDIA IS SUCH THAT
THE NORTHERN HALF OF THE COUNTRY WHICH IS
ABOVE THE TROPIC OF CANCER EXPERIENCES SUB-
TROPICAL CLIMATE WHEREAS THE SOUTHERN HALF
OF INDIA WHICH IS TO THE SOUTH OF TROPIC OF
CANCER EXPERIENCES TROPICAL CLIMATE.

10. 2-ALTITUDINAL VARIATION
• India has mountains to the north, which have
an average height of about 6000 METRES.
• India also has a vast coastal area where the
Maximum elevation is about 30 metres.
• The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from
Central ASIA from entering the subcontinent.
• It is because of these mountains that INDIA
experiences comparatively milder winters as
compared to central Asia.

11. 3-PRESSURE AND SURFACE WINDS
INDIA LIES IN A REGION WHERE WINDS BLOW FROM N.ELY DIRECTION. FROM LAND TO SEA. SO THEY ARE DRY
WINDS. BUT DURING SUMMERS THE LAND BECOMES A HIGHLY LOW PRESSURE AREA. SO A COMPLETE REVERSAL
OF WIND DIRECTION TAKES PLACE AND FROM JUNE THE MOISTURE LADEN WIND CROSSES THE EQUATOR AND
STARTS BLOWING TOWARDS INDIA CAUSING WIDESPREAD RAINFALL IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT. THESE ARE
CALLED SOUTH-WEST MONSOON WINDS.

12. 4- UPPER AIR CIRCULATION= JET STREAMS
• THEY ARE LOCATED OVER 27-30 * NORTH OF
EQUATOR.
• THEY BLOW TO THE SOUTH OF THE HIMALAYAS
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR EXCEPT SUMMERS.
• THEY CAUSE WESTERN CYCLONIC
DISTURBANCES IN THE NORTH AND N.W PART
OF INDIA
• THEY BLOW OVER PENINSULAR INDIA OVER 14*
N LATITUDE.
• THEY COME TO INDIA DURING SUMMER
MONTHS. (AMPHAN)
• THEY CAUSE CYCLONES AND HEAVY RAINFALL TO
THE COASTAL AREAS OF INDIA
• SUB-TROPICAL WESTERLY JET
STREAMS
• SUB-TROPICAL EASTERLY JET STREAM
THESE ARE VERY HIGH SPEED WINDS 110-184 KM PER HR. THEY BLOW IN A NARROW BELT AT VERY HIGH ALTITUDE(12000 Mts.)

13. SUBTOPICAL WESTERLY AND EASTERLY JET STREAMS

14. 5-CYCLONIC DISTURBANCES
WESTERN CYCLONIC
DISTURBANCE
EASTERN CYCLONIC
DISTURBANCE
• THEY ARE HIGH ALTITUDE WINDS THAT
ORIGINATE OVER THE MEDITERRANNIAN SEA.
• THEY ARE MOIST WINDS AND THEY BLOW
TOWARDS NORTH AND NORTHWESTERN INDIA.
• THESE CYCLONES BRING RAINS DURING WINTER
MONTHS IN THE NORTH AND NORTH WESTERN
PARTS OF INDIA
• TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS ORIGINATE OVER THE
ANDAMAN SEA ATTRACTS THE WINDS FROM
THE EAST.
• THESE ARE VERY STRONG WINDS THAT BLOW
TOWARDS THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA.
• THESE WINDS CAUSES VERY HEAVY RAINFALL ,
THEY ARE DESTRUCTIVE AND HITS THE EASTERN
COASTAL REGIONS IN THE MONTHS OF
OCTOBER- NOVEMBER.