The document discusses solid waste management, focusing on various waste disposal methods and the environmental issues caused by improper waste handling. It highlights the composition of municipal solid waste in Pakistan, major problems related to waste management, and the health hazards associated with it. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of the '3 R's'—reduce, reuse, recycle—as effective strategies to address the solid waste problem.

1. SOLID WASTE

2. Brainstorming:
• Write list of different ways to dispose of garbage

3. Learning Objectives
After this lesson, students should be able to:
• Understand and explain different methods of waste
disposal.
• Explain some of the major problems caused by waste
disposal and use of landfills.
• Understand and explain the role of engineers in solid
waste management.
• Suggest ways to reduce the amount of solid waste
going to a landfill.

4. Vocabulary
Read some of the terms in Vocabulary list
• Solid waste
• Land fills
• Composition
• Mathene
• MSW

5. Solid waste
• Paper is the largest category of trash that we throw away.
Can you think of some paper items you have thrown away
just today (e.g., paper bags, candy or other wrappers,
newspapers, writing paper, etc.).
• We call this trash that we throw away in great
amounts solid waste. It can be very harmful to the
environment. As plastics and other garbage break down
and begin to rot, there can be many negative effects to the
environment: a dangerous gas — methane — can be
released into the air, chemicals that are in or on the
garbage might leak out into the ground during rainstorms,
and germs, flies, vultures and other nuisances are often
attracted to the continual build up of solid waste.

6. Solid waste

7. Land fill

8. Compositions

9. Composition
The solid waste composition varies from region to region and time to time.
There are following different types of solid waste:
• Biodegradable waste i.e. could be decomposed naturally such as food and
kitchen waste, green waste, paper, etc.
• Recyclable material i.e. could be recycled again and again; such as paper,
glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, batteries etc.
• Inert waste i.e. not liable to decompose; such as construction and
demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris, etc.
• Electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE); such as electrical
appliances, TVs, computers, screens, etc.
• Composite wastes; such as waste clothing, tetra packs, waste plastic, etc.
• Domestic hazardous waste and toxic waste medication; such as paints,
chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
containers, shoe polish, etc.

10. Composition pits

11. Methane gas

12. Methane is used to produce heat and light, and to manufacture organic
chemicals.
Sources
• Methane can be produced naturally through the decay of natural materials, or
by human activities:
• Natural sources: Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane.
• Human activities: The largest sources of methane are agriculture, fossil
fuels, and the decomposition of landfill waste.
Greenhouse gas
• Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change:
• Global warming: Methane is the second-largest contributor to climate
warming after carbon dioxide.
• Global Warming Potential: Methane has a Global Warming Potential that is
about 80 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period

14. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• n Pakistan, MSW is made up of a variety of materials,
including:
• Ash, bricks, and dirt, Glass, Textile, Cardboard, Food
wastes, Leather, Paper, Plastic, Rubber, and Metal.

16. Types
The most common types of solid waste are:
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW )
• Industrial Waste
• Agricultural Waste
• Hazardous Waste

17. Problems
• Solid waste generation in Pakistan ranges between 0.8 to
0.612 kg/capita/day and the waste generation growth rate
is 2.4% per year.
Main problems regarding solid waste management in
Pakistan are:
• There is no proper waste collection system
• Waste is dumped on the streets
• Different types of waste are not collected separately
• There are no controlled sanitary landfill sites
• Citizens are not aware of the relationship between ways
of disposing of wastes and the resulting environmental
and public health problems

18. Effects
The unavailability of proper disposal methods and resources for solid waste
management results in various environmental and human health hazard effects.
Health Hazards
• Some common health hazards caused by solid waste are mentioned in the
following:
• Skin and eye infections are common
• Dust in the air at dumpsites can cause breathing problems in children and
adults
• Flies breed on uncovered piles of rotting garbage and spread diseases like
diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis, and cholera
• Mosquitoes transmit many types of diseases like malaria and yellow fever
• Dogs, cats and rats living around carry a variety of diseases including plague
and flea born fever
• Intestinal, parasitic and skin diseases are found in workers engaged in
collecting refuse

19. groundwater Pollution
• The most serious problem is groundwater contamination. As water filters
through any material, chemicals in the material may dissolve in the water, a
process called leaching. The resulting mixture is called leachate. As water
percolates through Municipal Solid Waste, it makes a leachate that consists of
decomposing organic matter combined with iron, mercury, lead, zinc, and other
metals from rusting cans, discarded batteries and appliances. It may also
contain paints, pesticides, cleaning fluids, newspaper inks, and other
chemicals. Contaminated water can have a serious impact on all living
creatures including humans in an ecosystem.
• There is a serious kind of dangerous gas that is formed when things rot in
landfills is called methane.
Air Pollution
• When waste is burnt heavy metals like lead, toxic gases, and smoke spread
over residential areas. The wind also carries waste, dust and gases caused by
decomposition. Putrefaction of waste in sunlight during daytime results in bad
smells and reduced visibility.

20. groundwater Pollution

21. Solution - Solid Waste Management
• The public and local
municipal authorities
need to work together.
• It is important to make
people become
conscious of the need to
deal with this problem.

22. Legislation
• Pakistan has responded to its environmental problems by
developing laws, establishing government agencies and
accepting technical assistance from donors, including the
World Bank.
• Despite this, the response remains broke and
environmental institutions, laws, and other initiatives do
not solve the whole problem

23. Install Waste Disposal Facilities
• There is lack of waste disposal facilities in the country.
Currently, individuals dispose of wastes by throwing away
plastic bags, wrappers, fruit peels, cigarette butts, etc. in
public places.

24. Following must be a course of action to deal this
issue:
• Littering spreads pollution and ends up clogging drains
and causing sanitation problems, this can be controlled by
making roadside dustbins or proper disposal of waste at
home
• If proper waste management is practiced, this waste could
be converted into useful products

25. 3 Rs

26. Reduce
• The best way to reduce waste is not to produce it in the first place. Everyone
should try to reduce his / her consumption of goods as much as possible. For
example, choose products with minimum packaging and instead of accepting
plastic bags when shopping, use cloth / canvas bags.
Reuse
• Items should not just be thrown away after use if they can be used again. Items
like glass jars, bottles, and plastic bags can be reused.
Recycle
• Recycling results in creating new things from already used items. Almost 20-30
percent of MSW contains materials which could be recycled. For instance:
• Paper can be re-pulped and reprocessed into recycled paper, cardboard and
other paper products
• Broken glass can be crushed, re-melted and made into containers, some forms of
plastic can be re-melted and fabricated into carpet fiber or cloth
• Food wastes and yard wastes can be composted to produce fertilizers and soil
conditioners

27. Pakistan projects

28. Group Activity 1

29. Poem : We are plooters
we are plooters we don't care
we make messes everywhere
we strip forests bare of trees
we dump garbage in the seas
we are plooters we injoy finding beauty to destroy
we intrude where creatures thrive soon there's little left
alive underwater, underground nothings safe when were
around
we spew poisons in the air
we are plooters we dont care

30. Activity 2
Reducing Waste: What You
Can Do

31. Tips for Students and Schools
• Students, parents, and teachers can all make a difference in reducing waste at school. By
practicing the "3 R's" of waste reduction—reduce, reuse, and recycle—we can all do our part.
• Green School Supplies
• Think green before you shop. Before starting the new school year, look through last year’s
materials. Many items can be reused or recycled.
• Purchase and use school supplies made from recycled products, such as pencils made from old
blue jeans and binders made from old shipping boxes.
• Keep waste out of landfills by using school supplies wrapped in minimal packaging, and buying in
bulk when possible.
• Save packaging, colored paper, egg cartons and other items for arts and crafts projects. Look for
other ways that you can reduce the amount of packing that you throw away.
• Maintain new school supplies. Keep track of pens and pencils. Make an effort to put your things in a
safe place every day. This will not only reduce waste, but save you money in the long run.
• In the Cafeteria
• If you bring your lunch to school, package it in reusable containers instead of disposable ones.
Carry food in reusable plastic or cloth bags, and bring drinks in a thermos instead of disposable
bottles or cartons
• When buying lunch, grab only what you need. Too often extra ketchup packets and napkins go to
waste.
• Remember to recycle your cans and bottles after you finish eating.
• Work with your teachers to set up a composting program at school.
• Make posters that remind students what can be composted or recycled.

32. • Facts
• • One person produces, on average, one ton of garbage
per year.
• • One ton is equal to 2,000 pounds.
• • One garbage truck holds one ton of garbage.

33. Quiz
• Questions 1.
How much garbage do ten people
make? Ten people make
____________________ tons of
garbage.

34. Question 2
What type of item
makes up the majority of
the garbage that we
throw into our landfills?
(write the correct
answer)
a. Food b.
Plastic c. Paper
d. Metal

35. Question 3
2. The kind of dangerous
gas that is formed when
things rot in landfills is
called _________________.
(write the correct answer)
a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide c.
Nitrogen d. Methane

36. Question 4
3. List 2 ways that solid waste
is harmful to our environment.
a.
b.