Durkheim and Weber both analyzed the social function of religion in their works. Durkheim viewed religion as inherent to society, arising from collective effervescence. He saw religious rituals and symbols as serving to unite individuals and reinforce social solidarity. Weber argued that Protestantism influenced the rise of capitalism by promoting the values of hard work, profit, and worldly asceticism. Though their theories differed in focus, they both saw religion as shaping social order and the individual's relationship to the collective. Durkheim emphasized religion's role in creating social cohesion while Weber explored how it could drive social and economic change.
The document summarizes several classical and modern sociological theories about the role and purpose of religion in society. It discusses functionalism, which views religion as a conservative force that promotes social stability. It also examines Marxism, which sees religion as legitimizing social inequality and disguising exploitation. The document then analyzes Durkheim's functionalist perspective that religion symbolizes society and reinforces social solidarity through collective rituals and beliefs like totemism.
There are three main theories of defining religion: substantive, functional, and social constructionist. Substantive definitions focus on religious beliefs like belief in God or the supernatural, but are accused of Western bias for excluding religions like Buddhism. Functional definitions define religion by the social or psychological functions it serves for individuals or society, like social integration. Social constructionist definitions argue it is not possible to have a single universal definition of religion, as different groups define it differently; what constitutes a religion can be contested. Feminist and Marxist theories also offer perspectives, with feminism seeing religion as patriarchal and Marxism viewing it as supporting class exploitation and conflict under capitalism.
This document introduces a course on religion in America by discussing definitions of religion and approaches to studying it. It explores definitions from sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers, and theologians. It also outlines several theories of how religion originated, such as being based on animism, nature worship, or addressing human needs. The document concludes by proposing approaches to understanding religion in America through church history, lived religion, revitalization movements, and an ecological metaphor. It raises questions about pluralism, consensus, secularization, and the relationship between religion and American identity.
The document discusses a pneumatological philosophical theology perspective for interreligious dialogue. Some key points:
1) It embraces Christological and pneumatological approaches from various Catholic traditions while emphasizing non-hierarchical models of faith practice.
2) It describes reality and human experiences using categories like intraobjective identity and intersubjective intimacy to analyze relationships.
3) It sees all of reality as engaged in a journey inspired by the Holy Spirit, with culture, history, society, economics and politics manifesting varying degrees of cooperation with the Spirit.
Jesus Christ calls people to follow him in order to save souls through the spirit of Christ and service. His message was one of peace, love, and selfless service to others by giving all of oneself.
Jill M. Weathington is a neuroscientist who received her Ph.D. from Georgia State University in 2015. Her research focuses on physiological and behavioral effects of sex differences in the nervous system, and how early life stress affects neural substrates related to stress and behavior. She has published several papers on these topics and presented her work at numerous conferences.
Bhupendra S. Pancholi is a textile chemist and marketing professional with over 30 years of experience in the technical textile industry. He currently works as a Marketing Executive at Manmade Textile Research Association in Surat, Gujarat, where he contributes to the growth of technical textiles through marketing, research, and technical expertise. Pancholi has extensive experience in targeted marketing, cost analysis, negotiations, and technical knowledge of materials, processes, and products in technical textiles.
This document is a resume for Nina Baker that outlines her professional experience and skills. She has over 15 years of experience in EDI, data analysis, and operations roles in the healthcare industry. Her resume highlights technical skills like proficiency with Microsoft Office, databases, and EDI file formats. It also emphasizes soft skills such as communication, problem solving, attention to detail, and the ability to work independently or as part of a team.
The document summarizes several classical and modern sociological theories about the role and purpose of religion in society. It discusses functionalism, which views religion as a conservative force that promotes social stability. It also examines Marxism, which sees religion as legitimizing social inequality and disguising exploitation. The document then analyzes Durkheim's functionalist perspective that religion symbolizes society and reinforces social solidarity through collective rituals and beliefs like totemism.
There are three main theories of defining religion: substantive, functional, and social constructionist. Substantive definitions focus on religious beliefs like belief in God or the supernatural, but are accused of Western bias for excluding religions like Buddhism. Functional definitions define religion by the social or psychological functions it serves for individuals or society, like social integration. Social constructionist definitions argue it is not possible to have a single universal definition of religion, as different groups define it differently; what constitutes a religion can be contested. Feminist and Marxist theories also offer perspectives, with feminism seeing religion as patriarchal and Marxism viewing it as supporting class exploitation and conflict under capitalism.
This document introduces a course on religion in America by discussing definitions of religion and approaches to studying it. It explores definitions from sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers, and theologians. It also outlines several theories of how religion originated, such as being based on animism, nature worship, or addressing human needs. The document concludes by proposing approaches to understanding religion in America through church history, lived religion, revitalization movements, and an ecological metaphor. It raises questions about pluralism, consensus, secularization, and the relationship between religion and American identity.
The document discusses a pneumatological philosophical theology perspective for interreligious dialogue. Some key points:
1) It embraces Christological and pneumatological approaches from various Catholic traditions while emphasizing non-hierarchical models of faith practice.
2) It describes reality and human experiences using categories like intraobjective identity and intersubjective intimacy to analyze relationships.
3) It sees all of reality as engaged in a journey inspired by the Holy Spirit, with culture, history, society, economics and politics manifesting varying degrees of cooperation with the Spirit.
Jesus Christ calls people to follow him in order to save souls through the spirit of Christ and service. His message was one of peace, love, and selfless service to others by giving all of oneself.
Jill M. Weathington is a neuroscientist who received her Ph.D. from Georgia State University in 2015. Her research focuses on physiological and behavioral effects of sex differences in the nervous system, and how early life stress affects neural substrates related to stress and behavior. She has published several papers on these topics and presented her work at numerous conferences.
Bhupendra S. Pancholi is a textile chemist and marketing professional with over 30 years of experience in the technical textile industry. He currently works as a Marketing Executive at Manmade Textile Research Association in Surat, Gujarat, where he contributes to the growth of technical textiles through marketing, research, and technical expertise. Pancholi has extensive experience in targeted marketing, cost analysis, negotiations, and technical knowledge of materials, processes, and products in technical textiles.
This document is a resume for Nina Baker that outlines her professional experience and skills. She has over 15 years of experience in EDI, data analysis, and operations roles in the healthcare industry. Her resume highlights technical skills like proficiency with Microsoft Office, databases, and EDI file formats. It also emphasizes soft skills such as communication, problem solving, attention to detail, and the ability to work independently or as part of a team.
To create a PowerPoint presentation, click the PowerPoint icon to open the program. Once open, you can add text to slides by clicking within the text box and typing. You can also change the theme of the presentation by clicking the Design tab and selecting a new theme. Additional slides can be created by clicking the New Slide icon, and images can be inserted by going to the Insert tab and selecting an online or personal image. Transitions between slides can be added by going to the Transitions tab and choosing an effect. When complete, the slide show can be viewed by clicking the Slide Show tab and selecting From Beginning.
Steven G. Ammer is an organizational development leader with over 19 years of experience in the US Marine Corps in areas such as leadership, training, change management, and logistics. He has a bachelor's degree in organizational security and management and an associate's degree. His background includes roles as a curriculum developer and instructor where he designed new training programs. He also has experience managing large logistics operations, supervising over 50 people, and improving organizational processes. Currently he works as a curriculum developer and instructor for a fuel systems training course.
The document summarizes inventory levels for bulbs and trees at a Pasadena facility as of December 31. It provides total item counts, average prices, median prices, lowest and highest prices for each category. Bulbs have 2,847 total items in stock with an average price of $8.99 while trees have 3,503 total items with a higher average price of $33.43. The document combines this information to give an overall summary of the Pasadena inventory levels.
Héctor A. García-Morales is seeking an entry-level engineering position and has a Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering. He has experience in construction techniques, AutoCAD, modeling software, and Microsoft Office. He is bilingual in English and Spanish and also knows American Sign Language. His previous work includes experience as a merchandiser and cashier at Costco, a wheelchair attendant at an airport, and installer and trainer roles in telecommunications.
Ava Waddell has over 15 years of experience providing administrative and project support for engineering and construction companies. She has a background in accounting, document control, and international travel coordination. Her skills include MS Office, Adobe Acrobat, Visio, records management software, and digital photography. She has a 62-hour math degree from Paul Quinn College and certificates in word processing.
Riley Agnew is a recent college graduate seeking an entry-level position in education. She has a BA in Psychology with minors in Leadership Studies and Family Studies & Human Development from the University of Arizona. During college, she gained experience through internships facilitating discussions with teens and serving on an advisory board. She also has work experience in retail, human resources, and as a cheerleading coach. Agnew has strong communication and organization skills as well as community involvement experience working with schools and non-profits.
This document is a resume for Richard W. Bratcher that highlights his qualifications and experience in military intelligence, information technology, and security. He has over 10 years of experience in these fields, including combat experience in Iraq and Afghanistan. He holds multiple certifications and a Bachelor's degree in Computer Information Systems and an MBA. His professional experience includes roles in network security, as a help desk technician, and as a platoon leader and instructor for the military.
11. Religion and Society An Intro. and Sprituality and Social Work.pptxMichael Bautista
This document provides an overview of religion and spirituality from a sociological perspective. It discusses the definitions and approaches of prominent sociologists like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx in studying religion. It examines the functionalist, critical, and interactionist theories for understanding religion's role and influence in society. The document also explores types of religious organizations, the relationship between religion and social change, and the concepts of secularization and spirituality. It defines social work and discusses the importance of social workers in addressing social issues and promoting human rights.
FIGURE 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such as this large m.docxgreg1eden90113
FIGURE 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such as this large megachurch. (Credit: ToBeDaniel/Wikimedia
Commons)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
15.1 The Sociological Approach to Religion
15.2 World Religions
15.3 Religion in the United States
Why do sociologists study religion? For centuries, humankind has sought to understand and
explain the “meaning of life.” Many philosophers believe this contemplation and the desire to understand our
place in the universe are what differentiate humankind from other species. Religion, in one form or another,
has been found in all human societies since human societies first appeared. Archaeological digs have revealed
ritual objects, ceremonial burial sites, and other religious artifacts. Social conflict and even wars often result
from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must study its religion.
What is religion? Pioneer sociologist Émile Durkheim described it with the ethereal statement that it consists
of “things that surpass the limits of our knowledge” (1915). He went on to elaborate: Religion is “a unified
system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say set apart and forbidden, beliefs and
practices which unite into one single moral community, called a church, all those who adhere to them” (1915).
Some people associate religion with places of worship (a synagogue or church), others with a practice
(confession or meditation), and still others with a concept that guides their daily lives (like dharma or sin). All
these people can agree that religion is a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person
holds sacred or considers to be spiritually significant.
Does religion bring fear, wonder, relief, explanation of the unknown or control over freedom and choice? How
do our religious perspectives affect our behavior? These are questions sociologists ask and are reasons they
study religion. What are peoples' conceptions of the profane and the sacred? How do religious ideas affect the
real-world reactions and choices of people in a society?
15Religion
Religion can also serve as a filter for examining other issues in society and other components of a culture. For
example, after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and later in during the rise and predominant of the
terrorist group ISIS, it became important for teachers, church leaders, and the media to educate Americans
about Islam to prevent stereotyping and to promote religious tolerance. Sociological tools and methods, such
as surveys, polls, interviews, and analysis of historical data, can be applied to the study of religion in a culture
to help us better understand the role religion plays in people’s lives and the way it influences society.
15.1 The Sociological Approach to Religion
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
• Discuss the historical view of religion from a sociological perspective
• Describe how the major sociological paradigms vie.
15 ReligionFigure 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such .docxaulasnilda
15 Religion
Figure 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such as this large megachurch. (Photo courtesy of ToBeDaniel/Wikimedia Commons)
Learning Objectives
15.1. The Sociological Approach to Religion
• Discuss the historical view of religion from a sociological perspective
• Understand how the major sociological paradigms view religion
15.2. World Religions
• Explain the differences between various types of religious organizations
• Understand classifications of religion, like animism, polytheism, monotheism, and atheism
• Describe several major world religions
15.3. Religion in the United States
• Give examples of religion as an agent of social change
• Describe current U.S. trends including megachurches and secularization
Introduction to Religion
Why do sociologists study religion? For centuries, humankind has sought to understand and explain the “meaning of life.”
Many philosophers believe this contemplation and the desire to understand our place in the universe are what differentiate
humankind from other species. Religion, in one form or another, has been found in all human societies since human
societies first appeared. Archaeological digs have revealed ritual objects, ceremonial burial sites, and other religious
artifacts. Social conflict and even wars often result from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must
study its religion.
What is religion? Pioneer sociologist Émile Durkheim described it with the ethereal statement that it consists of “things
that surpass the limits of our knowledge” (1915). He went on to elaborate: Religion is “a unified system of beliefs and
practices relative to sacred things, that is to say set apart and forbidden, beliefs and practices which unite into one single
moral community, called a church, all those who adhere to them” (1915). Some people associate religion with places of
worship (a synagogue or church), others with a practice (confession or meditation), and still others with a concept that
Chapter 15 | Religion 333
guides their daily lives (like dharma or sin). All these people can agree that religion is a system of beliefs, values, and
practices concerning what a person holds sacred or considers to be spiritually significant.
Does religion bring fear, wonder, relief, explanation of the unknown or control over freedom and choice? How do our
religious perspectives affect our behavior? These are questions sociologists ask and are reasons they study religion. What
are peoples' conceptions of the profane and the sacred? How do religious ideas affect the real-world reactions and choices
of people in a society?
Religion can also serve as a filter for examining other issues in society and other components of a culture. For example,
after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, it became important for teachers, church leaders, and the media to educate
Americans about Islam to prevent stereotyping and to promote religious tolerance. Sociological tools and methods, suc ...
1. Durkheim believed that society can be studied scientifically and that social facts exist externally to individuals and influence their behavior.
2. He identified two types of social solidarity - mechanical based on similarity and organic based on differentiation and interdependence. Modern societies rely more on organic solidarity through an advanced division of labor.
3. Durkheim studied suicide rates to show how social integration and regulation influence behavior. He identified four types of suicide related to levels of integration and regulation in society.
The document discusses religion from several perspectives. It defines religion and explores its key components like beliefs, rituals, sacred and profane elements. It examines theories about the origin of religion such as fetishism, animism and totemism. It also looks at the structural aspects of religion including theologies, ceremonies and codes as well as the functional role of religion in providing experiences, social solidarity and control. Finally, it outlines some potential dysfunctions of religion such as inhibiting change, increasing conflict and promoting dependence.
The document discusses several key aspects of religion including definitions, beliefs, practices, and theories. It defines religion as a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to supernatural beings. It explores issues in defining religion across cultures and the dichotomy between the spiritual and natural worlds. The document also summarizes several major theoretical perspectives on religion including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it provides examples of religious patterns like animism, polytheism, and monotheism throughout history.
The document discusses sociological perspectives on religion from theorists such as Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. Some key points:
- Durkheim viewed religion as a social construct that binds society through shared beliefs and rituals. It represents a collective conscience that exists beyond individuals.
- Marx saw religion as promoting false consciousness and acceptance of unequal conditions, especially among the working class. It encourages resignation to earthly suffering.
- Weber linked the rise of Protestantism to the establishment of modern capitalism, as its doctrine of predestination influenced values like hard work and thrift.
Religion serves several important social functions according to different sociological perspectives:
Functionalists believe religion preserves social order by integrating people into communities through shared beliefs and values. Marxists argue religion is created by ruling classes to control masses by masking exploitation and distracting from social problems. Interactionists view religion as providing meaning and answers to life's fundamental questions like suffering, as well as addressing the "problem of theodicy" of reconciling evil and a believed good God.
This document discusses various definitions and perspectives on what constitutes religion. It examines substantive definitions that focus on the core beliefs and practices of religion, such as a belief in supernatural beings or relating to sacred concepts. It also looks at functional definitions that emphasize how religion strengthens social bonds and integration. The document notes criticisms of these approaches and alternatives like social constructionism. Examples are provided to illustrate how different definitions can lead to varying views on whether certain beliefs or practices are religious.
To create a PowerPoint presentation, click the PowerPoint icon to open the program. Once open, you can add text to slides by clicking within the text box and typing. You can also change the theme of the presentation by clicking the Design tab and selecting a new theme. Additional slides can be created by clicking the New Slide icon, and images can be inserted by going to the Insert tab and selecting an online or personal image. Transitions between slides can be added by going to the Transitions tab and choosing an effect. When complete, the slide show can be viewed by clicking the Slide Show tab and selecting From Beginning.
Steven G. Ammer is an organizational development leader with over 19 years of experience in the US Marine Corps in areas such as leadership, training, change management, and logistics. He has a bachelor's degree in organizational security and management and an associate's degree. His background includes roles as a curriculum developer and instructor where he designed new training programs. He also has experience managing large logistics operations, supervising over 50 people, and improving organizational processes. Currently he works as a curriculum developer and instructor for a fuel systems training course.
The document summarizes inventory levels for bulbs and trees at a Pasadena facility as of December 31. It provides total item counts, average prices, median prices, lowest and highest prices for each category. Bulbs have 2,847 total items in stock with an average price of $8.99 while trees have 3,503 total items with a higher average price of $33.43. The document combines this information to give an overall summary of the Pasadena inventory levels.
Héctor A. García-Morales is seeking an entry-level engineering position and has a Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering. He has experience in construction techniques, AutoCAD, modeling software, and Microsoft Office. He is bilingual in English and Spanish and also knows American Sign Language. His previous work includes experience as a merchandiser and cashier at Costco, a wheelchair attendant at an airport, and installer and trainer roles in telecommunications.
Ava Waddell has over 15 years of experience providing administrative and project support for engineering and construction companies. She has a background in accounting, document control, and international travel coordination. Her skills include MS Office, Adobe Acrobat, Visio, records management software, and digital photography. She has a 62-hour math degree from Paul Quinn College and certificates in word processing.
Riley Agnew is a recent college graduate seeking an entry-level position in education. She has a BA in Psychology with minors in Leadership Studies and Family Studies & Human Development from the University of Arizona. During college, she gained experience through internships facilitating discussions with teens and serving on an advisory board. She also has work experience in retail, human resources, and as a cheerleading coach. Agnew has strong communication and organization skills as well as community involvement experience working with schools and non-profits.
This document is a resume for Richard W. Bratcher that highlights his qualifications and experience in military intelligence, information technology, and security. He has over 10 years of experience in these fields, including combat experience in Iraq and Afghanistan. He holds multiple certifications and a Bachelor's degree in Computer Information Systems and an MBA. His professional experience includes roles in network security, as a help desk technician, and as a platoon leader and instructor for the military.
11. Religion and Society An Intro. and Sprituality and Social Work.pptxMichael Bautista
This document provides an overview of religion and spirituality from a sociological perspective. It discusses the definitions and approaches of prominent sociologists like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx in studying religion. It examines the functionalist, critical, and interactionist theories for understanding religion's role and influence in society. The document also explores types of religious organizations, the relationship between religion and social change, and the concepts of secularization and spirituality. It defines social work and discusses the importance of social workers in addressing social issues and promoting human rights.
FIGURE 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such as this large m.docxgreg1eden90113
FIGURE 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such as this large megachurch. (Credit: ToBeDaniel/Wikimedia
Commons)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
15.1 The Sociological Approach to Religion
15.2 World Religions
15.3 Religion in the United States
Why do sociologists study religion? For centuries, humankind has sought to understand and
explain the “meaning of life.” Many philosophers believe this contemplation and the desire to understand our
place in the universe are what differentiate humankind from other species. Religion, in one form or another,
has been found in all human societies since human societies first appeared. Archaeological digs have revealed
ritual objects, ceremonial burial sites, and other religious artifacts. Social conflict and even wars often result
from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must study its religion.
What is religion? Pioneer sociologist Émile Durkheim described it with the ethereal statement that it consists
of “things that surpass the limits of our knowledge” (1915). He went on to elaborate: Religion is “a unified
system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say set apart and forbidden, beliefs and
practices which unite into one single moral community, called a church, all those who adhere to them” (1915).
Some people associate religion with places of worship (a synagogue or church), others with a practice
(confession or meditation), and still others with a concept that guides their daily lives (like dharma or sin). All
these people can agree that religion is a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person
holds sacred or considers to be spiritually significant.
Does religion bring fear, wonder, relief, explanation of the unknown or control over freedom and choice? How
do our religious perspectives affect our behavior? These are questions sociologists ask and are reasons they
study religion. What are peoples' conceptions of the profane and the sacred? How do religious ideas affect the
real-world reactions and choices of people in a society?
15Religion
Religion can also serve as a filter for examining other issues in society and other components of a culture. For
example, after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and later in during the rise and predominant of the
terrorist group ISIS, it became important for teachers, church leaders, and the media to educate Americans
about Islam to prevent stereotyping and to promote religious tolerance. Sociological tools and methods, such
as surveys, polls, interviews, and analysis of historical data, can be applied to the study of religion in a culture
to help us better understand the role religion plays in people’s lives and the way it influences society.
15.1 The Sociological Approach to Religion
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
• Discuss the historical view of religion from a sociological perspective
• Describe how the major sociological paradigms vie.
15 ReligionFigure 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such .docxaulasnilda
15 Religion
Figure 15.1 Religions come in many forms, such as this large megachurch. (Photo courtesy of ToBeDaniel/Wikimedia Commons)
Learning Objectives
15.1. The Sociological Approach to Religion
• Discuss the historical view of religion from a sociological perspective
• Understand how the major sociological paradigms view religion
15.2. World Religions
• Explain the differences between various types of religious organizations
• Understand classifications of religion, like animism, polytheism, monotheism, and atheism
• Describe several major world religions
15.3. Religion in the United States
• Give examples of religion as an agent of social change
• Describe current U.S. trends including megachurches and secularization
Introduction to Religion
Why do sociologists study religion? For centuries, humankind has sought to understand and explain the “meaning of life.”
Many philosophers believe this contemplation and the desire to understand our place in the universe are what differentiate
humankind from other species. Religion, in one form or another, has been found in all human societies since human
societies first appeared. Archaeological digs have revealed ritual objects, ceremonial burial sites, and other religious
artifacts. Social conflict and even wars often result from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must
study its religion.
What is religion? Pioneer sociologist Émile Durkheim described it with the ethereal statement that it consists of “things
that surpass the limits of our knowledge” (1915). He went on to elaborate: Religion is “a unified system of beliefs and
practices relative to sacred things, that is to say set apart and forbidden, beliefs and practices which unite into one single
moral community, called a church, all those who adhere to them” (1915). Some people associate religion with places of
worship (a synagogue or church), others with a practice (confession or meditation), and still others with a concept that
Chapter 15 | Religion 333
guides their daily lives (like dharma or sin). All these people can agree that religion is a system of beliefs, values, and
practices concerning what a person holds sacred or considers to be spiritually significant.
Does religion bring fear, wonder, relief, explanation of the unknown or control over freedom and choice? How do our
religious perspectives affect our behavior? These are questions sociologists ask and are reasons they study religion. What
are peoples' conceptions of the profane and the sacred? How do religious ideas affect the real-world reactions and choices
of people in a society?
Religion can also serve as a filter for examining other issues in society and other components of a culture. For example,
after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, it became important for teachers, church leaders, and the media to educate
Americans about Islam to prevent stereotyping and to promote religious tolerance. Sociological tools and methods, suc ...
1. Durkheim believed that society can be studied scientifically and that social facts exist externally to individuals and influence their behavior.
2. He identified two types of social solidarity - mechanical based on similarity and organic based on differentiation and interdependence. Modern societies rely more on organic solidarity through an advanced division of labor.
3. Durkheim studied suicide rates to show how social integration and regulation influence behavior. He identified four types of suicide related to levels of integration and regulation in society.
The document discusses religion from several perspectives. It defines religion and explores its key components like beliefs, rituals, sacred and profane elements. It examines theories about the origin of religion such as fetishism, animism and totemism. It also looks at the structural aspects of religion including theologies, ceremonies and codes as well as the functional role of religion in providing experiences, social solidarity and control. Finally, it outlines some potential dysfunctions of religion such as inhibiting change, increasing conflict and promoting dependence.
The document discusses several key aspects of religion including definitions, beliefs, practices, and theories. It defines religion as a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to supernatural beings. It explores issues in defining religion across cultures and the dichotomy between the spiritual and natural worlds. The document also summarizes several major theoretical perspectives on religion including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it provides examples of religious patterns like animism, polytheism, and monotheism throughout history.
The document discusses sociological perspectives on religion from theorists such as Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. Some key points:
- Durkheim viewed religion as a social construct that binds society through shared beliefs and rituals. It represents a collective conscience that exists beyond individuals.
- Marx saw religion as promoting false consciousness and acceptance of unequal conditions, especially among the working class. It encourages resignation to earthly suffering.
- Weber linked the rise of Protestantism to the establishment of modern capitalism, as its doctrine of predestination influenced values like hard work and thrift.
Religion serves several important social functions according to different sociological perspectives:
Functionalists believe religion preserves social order by integrating people into communities through shared beliefs and values. Marxists argue religion is created by ruling classes to control masses by masking exploitation and distracting from social problems. Interactionists view religion as providing meaning and answers to life's fundamental questions like suffering, as well as addressing the "problem of theodicy" of reconciling evil and a believed good God.
This document discusses various definitions and perspectives on what constitutes religion. It examines substantive definitions that focus on the core beliefs and practices of religion, such as a belief in supernatural beings or relating to sacred concepts. It also looks at functional definitions that emphasize how religion strengthens social bonds and integration. The document notes criticisms of these approaches and alternatives like social constructionism. Examples are provided to illustrate how different definitions can lead to varying views on whether certain beliefs or practices are religious.
Outline and evaluate the functionalist perspective that religion acts as a co...NNunnSCLY
Functionalists view religion as a conservative force that reinforces societal norms and values, stabilizing society and maintaining the status quo. It preserves traditions and prevents dramatic change. However, Marxists disagree, arguing that religion is manipulated by the economic elite to legitimate the suffering of the poor and create a false class consciousness. While functionalists see religion encouraging hard work to get closer to God, Weber argued that human ideas, not just economic forces, shape society and religion can bring change, as seen in Protestantism fueling rational action and the industrial revolution.
This document discusses several theories of religion, including substantive, functional, and social constructionist definitions. It outlines Durkheim's functionalist view that religion serves to reinforce social solidarity and the collective conscience. Durkheim believed worship of sacred symbols and totems represented worship of society. The document also discusses Marxist views that religion acts as an ideology used by the ruling class to oppress workers, and feminist perspectives that see religion as reflecting and perpetuating patriarchal social structures and the subordination of women. Criticisms of several of these perspectives are also presented.
An Invitation to the Study of World Religions Chapter 1ProfessorWatson
The document discusses several key aspects of the academic study of religion:
1) It examines different approaches and definitions of religion proposed by scholars like Durkheim, James, and Tillich.
2) It explores what religions typically do, such as respond to human needs and provide explanations for ultimate reality.
3) It outlines Ninian Smart's model of the different dimensions of religion, including mythic, doctrinal, ethical, and social dimensions.
4) It discusses some challenges religions face in the modern world with modernization, urbanization, globalization, and secularization.
The End of Theological Education Presentation.pptxSteve Thomason
My visual book review of The End of Theological Education by Ted Smith. This was presented to the faculty of Luther Seminary in St. Paul, MN on October 25, 2023.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document provides an overview of sociological perspectives on religion. It discusses the work of early sociologists like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx who analyzed religion's role in society. Durkheim saw religion as promoting social cohesion, while Weber believed it could precipitate social change. Marx viewed religion as perpetuating inequality. The document also examines functionalism and conflict theory perspectives on how religion functions in society and social conflicts it may relate to. It provides learning objectives and introduces topics like world religions and religion in the US that will be covered.
Religion in Conservation and Management: A Durkheimian Viewliasuprapti
This document discusses how Durkheim viewed religion as serving to construct communities and encode their moral rules. It argues that many traditional societies use religion to teach environmental management and construct principles of sustainable use. Religion engages people emotionally and bonds them to their community. The document examines how conservation is viewed as a religious issue in most societies, with game disappearance seen as caused by disrespect offending spirits rather than just overhunting reducing populations.
Religious Beliefs & Social StratificationVan Dai Duong
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Adam Edwards
Student Number: 0402605
SOCI-210-A MO 9:00-10:50
March 22nd, 2010.
Comparing the Social Function of Religion
Both Emile Durkheim and Max Weber are classical sociological theorists whom discuss
the social function of religion in their works. Durkheim explains the social function of religion in
his work titled, “The Elementary Forms of Religious Life,” and Weber explains his theory of the
social faction of religion in his work titled, “The Spirit of Capitalism,” (Durkheim, 2008: 126-
139; Weber, 2008: 152-165). Both Theorists differ on some levels of their theory of the social
role of religion; however, it can be argued that they also have some similarities and comparisons
between their theories on religion (Durkheim, 2008: 126-139; Weber, 2008: 152-165). With that
said, it seems evident that the explanation for the social function of religion is comparable
between Durkheim and Weber’s perspective.
To start off, Durkheim explains the social function of religion through his work entitled,
“The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.” Durkheim sets out to explain the moral realm of
society by focusing on religion (Durkheim, 2008: 126). Durkheim claims that religious
ceremonies are in actuality, the worship of social life itself, and adds that “as long as there is
society, there is religion,” (Durkheim, 2008: 126). Social life is seen as inherently religious; a
collective and anonymous force, (Durkheim, 2008: 126). Durkheim also claims that the worship
of a God, or Gods, is the worship of a social group, and the force that the social group exerts on
each individual (Durkheim, 2008: 126). Durkheim broadly defines religion as it is not strictly a
“churchly” affair, but rather, a system of symbols and rituals for what is sacred which are
worshiped and practiced by a community of believers (Durkheim, 2008: 126). Religion focuses
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and reaffirms the groups’ feelings and ideas that hold the group together and bind participants
together to celebrate society (Durkheim, 2008: 127). Durkheim states that every society must
uphold and reaffirm at regular intervals to collective sentiments and ideas to make its unity and
personality which is done by reunions , assemblies and meetings where individuals being united
closely, reaffirm in a common way, their common sentiments (Durkheim, 2008: 127). The
communal function, or the group function, of religion is carried out by a process of ritualization
and symbolism (Durkheim, 2008: 127). Durkheim describes a ritual is a highly routinized act,
such as taking communion; which not only symbolizes a historical event of Jesus Christ, but also
symbolizes participation in togetherness among believers (Durkheim, 2008: 127). As practices,
rituals can unite a social group regardless of individual differentiation in beliefs or strength of
conflicts since the common experience focus’s and binds the participants together (Durkheim,
2008: 127). This means there is no difference between secular and religious events for
Durkheim. There is a similarity between praying and standing for the national anthem since both
are rituals that unite the individual to a social group (Durkheim, 2008: 127). Durkheim also
suggests that there is no difference between religious holidays, such as Christmas or Yom
Kippur, and secular holidays such as Independence day or Canada day, since both are collective
celebrations of identity and community, (Durkheim, 2008: 127 &128). Durkheim also explains
that symbols distinguished between the sacred or the profane (Durkheim, 2008: 128). The sacred
refers to the extraordinary which is set apart from and “above and beyond” the everyday world,
and the profane refers to objects that are of the everyday world, which is separated from that of
the extraordinary (Durkheim, 2008: 128). Objects are not themselves sacred or profane, but there
meaning or classification is continually produced and reproduced in a collective process of
ritualization and symbolization (Durkheim, 2008: 128). An example of this is how a candle can
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be simply a mundane or profane everyday object to provide light in a dark house, or it can be
used for a religious ritual such as lighting a menorah for Chanukah, therefore making it a sacred
act (Durkheim, 2008: 128). The sacred acts give us order to what would otherwise be unordered
social conduct since ritual practices transform a profane moment into a sacred moment while a
sacred site such as a church differentiates routine places to those that give attitudes of awe and
inspiration (Durkheim, 2008: 129). Therefore, religions rituals help to order and organize our
experience of the world by, moulding it into that which is sacred or special and that which is not
special or profane (Durkheim, 2008: 129).
Through further interpretation, it becomes evident how Durkheim theorized the social
function of religion. Durkheim describes between the sacred and the profane and expresses how
both descriptors contain symbolisms (Durkheim, 2008: 128-129). Durkheim also mentions an
object in religious culture known as a totem (Durkheim, 2008: 129). The totem is an object
which is an expression to a totemic principle (or God), but also that of the clan (Durkheim, 2008:
129). Durkheim points out that it is not the totem object itself that is important to the religious
community, but rather the image that the totem represents (Durkheim, 2008: 129). Durkheim
also mentions respect, which is caused without unnecessary consideration; meaning if one
commands respect; people will follow that person (Durkheim, 2008: 130). Something has respect
if it automatically causes actions, since it is the emotion we experience when we feel spiritual
pressure upon the group (Durkheim, 2008: 130). Society operates smoothly with respect,
meaning members of society collectively support ideas and rules, but if they fail as a collective
to respect, then the rules and ideas are no longer followed (Durkheim, 2008: 130). Durkheim also
mentions that what is “spiritual” is a creation of our own minds, and we act on this creation, but
don’t realize this spirituality is our own creation (Durkheim, 2008: 131-132). The religious feel
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an external force but do not know who or what it is from, so society explains this feeling by
inventing God, which allows us to act with a social purpose and function (Durkheim, 2008: 132).
Weber also explains the social function of religion in his work entitled, “The Spirit of
Capitalism.” The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism covers two subjects that
preoccupied Weber’s intellectual activities, one of which was rationalizing which was prevalent
in Western society, the other was the role of ideas in moulding this rationalization (Weber, 2008:
152). Weber argues that the religious belief system, intended to explain the path to a
transcendent eternal salvation, paradoxically started the creation of a secular world in which
“material goods have gained an increasing and finally an inexorable power over the lives of men
as at no previous period in history,” (Weber, 2008: 152). Weber’s views of religion differed from
Marx who viewed religion as “the opiate of the masses” and also Durkheim, who viewed religion
as society’s worship of itself (Weber, 2008: 152). Instead, Weber saw religion as a system of
meaning guided towards explaining the existence of suffering and evil in the world. Weber
further notes that this explanation of existence possessed by religion has a profound impact on
the actions of individuals and the broader social order which imposes a belief system that focuses
on a “mastery” of the world or mystical escape from this mastery (Weber, 2008: 152). In his
analysis of religion, Weber also mentions how Protestantism and Calvinism both demanded that
its followers act as the “instruments” of God in order to shape the world in his image; however
Eastern religion requires followers to be a “vessel” for the divine spirit (Weber, 2008: 152).
Engagement with the external secular world is required from the protestant belief system for
social change, however, for the eastern religion, spiritual awakening proves to be a socially
conservative force, and therefore, ultimately up to the choices of the individual (Weber, 2008:
152). Weber claims that there is an independent aspect of religion in shaping social order and
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economic systems, and therefore offers a powerful critique of Marxist theories of capitalism
(Weber, 2008: 152). Weber’s view of the relation between religion and capitalism is counter to
Marx’s emphasis on property relations and process of productions (Weber, 2008: 152). Weber
claims the extraordinary methodological attitude that describes Protestantism’s asceticism was
crucial to the rise and power of western capitalism (Weber, 2008: 152). Weber shows not only
“material” factors, but also “Ideal” factors can be used in social change (Weber, 2008: 153).
What Weber means by “Ideal factors” is an analytical concept that one generates through real
world examples (Weber, 2008: 153). Weber states that individualism and the protestant
reformation redefined the relationship between man and God (Weber, 2008: 153). Weber was
also influenced by Martian Luther, who said that each individual must strive to find a moral and
righteous life at all times, which is devoted to the glorification of God (Weber, 2008: 153).
Luther claims that the duty of the individual is to honour and glorify God, not to satisfy or
appease him (Weber, 2008: 153). Weber adopted an idea which was originally Luther’s, which is
“the calling”; a fate every religious individual must submit to (Weber, 2008: 153). Weber
claimed that with a “calling” the rich and poor were encouraged to accept their position in
economic terms since it was “God’s will,” (Weber, 2008: 153). Weber also builds his theory
from John Calvin and Richard Baxter who further interpreted the calling as Gods commandment
to work for his glory (Weber, 2008: 153). Under this interpretation of the calling, the individual
had the power to determine their eternal fate based on their own economic success and profits,
since both were seen to define ones divine state of grace in Western Protestantism (Weber, 2008:
153). Weber claims that profits and economic pursuits were seen as rational planning, and doing
God’s work, since it would seem irrational for a man to not save and invest wealth, therefore
meaning he was not as spiritual either (Weber, 2008: 153). Weber states that an ethical
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imperative to save and invest wealth gives way to the spiritual foundation for the spread
capitalism (Weber, 2008: 153). Weber proposes that because of this relation between spirituality
and economic pursuits, modern humanity is left to live in a disenchanted “iron cage” which lacks
the magical possibilities of life (Weber, 2008: 153).
With this said, it seems notable that there are some comparisons that can be made
between Durkheim and Weber’s theories on a sociological analysis of religion. Both Durkheim
and Weber mention that religion has a social function, but their theories for this social function
of religion differ. Weber’s theory seems to contrast with Durkheim’s theory in the sense that
Weber believed that Protestantism, a form of religion, was responsible for a social change which
resulted in the dominance of capitalism (Weber, 2008: 153). This differs from Durkheim’s view
that religion is an inherent by-product of society and social life (Durkheim, 2008: 126). Weber
also goes a more in-depth than Durkheim with his interpretation of the social function of religion
by giving a theory of how religion impacted the growth of capitalism in western society (Weber,
2008: 153). A similarity could be made between Durkheim’s concept of respect in religion and
Weber’s concept of the calling (Durkheim, 2008: 130 & Weber, 2008: 156-160). It seems that
both Durkheim’s concept of respect and Weber’s concept of the calling reveal how the individual
is overpowered by the collective religious ideals and rules. With Weber, the calling is a rule of
God in which all must work and accumulate economic success, whether they are rich or poor,
and not just for personal financial gain, but because it is Gods will that we work, and stray from
idleness, since it leads to the temptation of sinful enjoyment (Weber, 2008: 160). This can be
related to Durkheim’s concept of respect since work, a usual activity of life, is manipulated in a
way without consideration, in which religious participants will simply work to feel a part of the
religious community to do God’s will, or as Durkheim may say, to do the capitalist society’s will
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(Durkheim, 2008: 130 & Weber, 2008: 160). It seems that Durkheim and Weber’s theories of the
social function of religion are relatable in the fact that they both mention the concept of respect,
but it could be argued that Durkheim’s view of the social function of religion is to worship
society, while Weber’s is to worship capitalism (Durkheim, 2008: 130 & Weber, 2008: 160).
With Weber, it seems that a capitalist society runs more smoothly and efficiently when the
dominate religion issues the rule that to be saved by God you must do Gods work, and to do
Gods work you must find your calling, a job, and stick to it as much as you can (Durkheim,
2008: 130 & Weber, 2008: 162). Durkheim’s mention of symbolism in religion is also relatable
to Weber’s theory of the social function of religion in a way (Durkheim, 2008: 129-137 &
Weber, 2008: 160). Durkheim believed the importance of symbols was that they could allow
individual consciousness to be open to the collective, in shared meaning among the group
(Durkheim, 2008: 137). This can be loosely connected to Weber in the fact that having a job is
seen in Protestantism as a symbol for doing God’s work (Weber, 2008: 162). Protestants who
have jobs, especially high ranking jobs, will be proud to carry their symbol of hard work, but
also, for others to know how much time these people devote to their job, for the good of God
(Weber, 2008: 160). Conversely, a poor and jobless Protestant, or a Protestant who does not
work as much as they could, will be looked down upon because they will not hold the occupied
time, capital, and wealth that a Protestant with the symbol of the calling will hold (Weber, 2008:
160). Capital could also be viewed as a totem in Weber’s theory since money itself is not seen as
a representation of spirituality and Gods work, but rather, the methods of developing capital, and
making capital only for the sake of doing God’s work (Durkheim, 2008: 129 & Weber, 2008:
160). Therefore, it seems evident that Durkheim and Weber’s view of the social function of
religion can be compared and contrasted.
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With that said, both Durkheim and Weber cover the theme of the social function of
religion in their theoretical works. Durkheim’s explanation of the social function of religion
seems to be that of a broader macro scale of sociology, whereas Weber’s explanation for the
social function of religion looks more specifically at the micro social phenomenon of capitalisms
relation with religion (Durkheim, 2008: 126-139; Weber, 2008: 152-165). Though both theorists
explain the social function in different themes, there are ways in which their theories can relate
to explain the basic social function of religion.
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References
Durkheim, E (2008). “The Elementary Forms of Religious Life”, Chapter 3, pp 126-139 in
Applerouth, S. and Desfor Edles, L. (eds) 2008 – Classical and Contemporary
Sociological Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press.
Weber, M (2008). “The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism”, Chapter 4, pp 152-165 in
Applerouth, S. and Desfor Edles, L. (eds) 2008 – Classical and Contemporary
Sociological Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press.