Citing with Chicago

Citing your Sources

Summer 2009 MSVU Library | library@msvu.ca

Challenges in Academic Writing
 Develop a topic based on what has already
been said and written but write something
new and original
 Rely on opinions of experts and authorities on
a topic but improve upon and/or disagree
with those same opinions
 Give credit to researchers who have come
before you but make your own significant
contribution
 Fit into the discourse by building upon what
you hear and read but use your own words
and your own voice

Research & Scholarship
in the University
 does not take place in a vacuum;
 is a “community” endeavor;
 is built upon: it evolves, morphs,
(withers?)
 Built on the values of responsibility,
integrity, academic freedom, respect,
critical thinking, engagement,
communication, community etc.


What is citing?
 Citing means giving credit to the person whose idea
you are using. This means providing information so
someone else can locate the specific article, book, or
web site that you used in your research.

 A citation usually includes: AUTHOR, TITLE,
PUBLICATION information, DATE of publication and
URL (if your source is electronic).

 Everything you use in research, (books, an article
from a full text database or a page from the
Internet) must be cited.


What is Plagiarism?
 Taking and using as one’s own, the ideas, or
the expression of the ideas (literary, artistic,
musical, etc.) of another. (From the Oxford English
Dictionary.)

 This means, either intentionally or
unintentionally, using the words or ideas of
someone else without giving credit.
 If you’re not citing your work you are
plagiarizing.


Chicago Style
 Footnotes or endnotes, usually in addition to
a bibliography.
 For notes, order them numerically, in
superscript1
 For the bibliography, order them
alphabetically.
Example: One author comments that “Writing well is a
skill, just like skiing well or playing the saxophone well.”1
Notes
1
Constance Rooke, The Clear Path: A Guide to Writing
English Essays (Toronto: Nelson, 1995), ix.

Chicago Style (cont.)
 For subsequent references to the same
work, a shortened version is
acceptable:

5
Rooke, Clear Path, 12.
Bibliography
Rooke, Constance. The Clear Path: A Guide to Writing
English Essays. Toronto: Nelson Canada, 1995.


Quotes:
 Whenever you quote, immediately write down
the citation.
 Author, date and page are required next to
the quotation (or use a number for endnotes
or footnotes).
 Different disciplines require different
information in the reference list. The
reference list or bibliography is the place
where you are required to provide a full
citation.


Quotes (11.2)

 “Quoting other writers and citing the places where their words
are to be found,” Jacques Barzun and Henry F. Graff point out,
“are by now such common practices that it is pardonable to look
upon the habit as natural, not to say instinctive. It is of course
nothing of the kind, but a very sophisticated act, peculiar to a
civilization that uses printed books, believes in evidence, and
makes a point of assigning credit or blame in a detailed,
verifiable way.”1

_______________________________________________________________________

1. The Modern Researcher, 5th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1992), 273.


Quotes
 Quoted material of more than a
paragraph is best set off as a block
quotation. (11.23)
 Material set off as a block quotation is
not enclosed in quotation marks. Any
quoted matter within the block
quotation is enclosed in double
quotation marks. (11.35)


Paraphrasing:
 Many people inadvertently commit plagiarism when
paraphrasing others' words and ideas, believing they
only have to change a few words around. Not true.
Paraphrasing is OK when:
 you do not follow the original source too closely AND
 you give credit to the original writer

 Hint: If you are going to paraphrase a section,
read the passage over several times very carefully
and then write your notes from memory.


Paraphrasing example
Original passage:
"But life is never all hardship for a growing boy. The
surrounding country was wild enough for any imaginative
youngster to find adventure in” 1
Unacceptable paraphrase:
For a growing boy, life is never all hardship. For anyone with
imagination, the countryside was wild enough for adventures.
Acceptable paraphrase:
According to Robert Bryce, in a countryside like the one Cook
grew up in, an adventurous boy could compensate for life's
hardships. 1
_______________________________________________________________
1. Bryce, Robert M. Cook & Peary: the Polar Controversy, Resolved.
(Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Press, 1997), 23.

This example is modified from:
www.montgomerycollege.edu/library/paraphrasing.htm

Paraphrase or Quote?
 Either method may be acceptable.
Some general tips:
 Cite the original source when paraphrasing.
 Do not overuse direct quotes.
 Long quotes are formatted differently.


When not to cite:
 When you are writing up your own original
observations, thoughts, or opinions.
 When you are discussing items of common
knowledge such as the year of Canadian
confederation or the fact that Ottawa is the
capital of Canada.
 Common knowledge is subjective and will
vary by discipline.


Book
Author. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Date. Page
(include page only in note entry).
 Note
1. Richard Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 38.
 Bibiliography
Overy, Richard. War and Economy in the Third Reich. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
 2 or 3 authors
Note: Susan Benton and Jennifer Grieg.
Bibliography: Benton, Susan, and Jennifer Grieg
 4 or more
Note: Susan Benton et al. .
Bibliography: Benton, Susan, Jennifer Grieg, Paul Axton,
Jeremy Briggs, and Keith Fletcher


Chapter or section of a book
 Author. "Title of Article/Essay." In Title of Book, ed. Editor's
Name, pages. Place of publication: Publisher, Date.
 Note
2. Renne Heller. "The Tale of the Universe for Others," in
Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs, ed. Nina Lykke and
Rosi Braidotti (New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996), 75.
 Bibliography
Heller, Renne. "The Tale of the Universe for Others." In
Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs, ed. Nina Lykke and
Rosi Braidotti, 72-87. New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996.


Journal article (print)
 Author. "Title of Article." Journal / Magazine Title Vol
(Date): Pages.
 Note
3. Eva Topinkova and Daniel Callahan, "Culture,
Economics, and Alzheimer's Disease: Social
Determinants of Resource Allocation," Journal of
Applied Gerontology 18 (1994): 411.
 Bibliography
Topinkova, Eva and Daniel Callahan. "Culture,
Economics, and Alzheimer's Disease: Social
Determinants of Resource Allocation." Journal of
Applied Gerontology 18 (1994): 411-22.


Journal article (online)
 Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal / Magazine Vol
(Date). Journal on-line. Available from url address,
(accessed date).
 Note
4. Rob Fairmichael, " Northern Ireland Chooses New
Possibilities," Peace Magazine 14 (1998), [journal on-line];
available from http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/
v14n4p23.htm (accessed 15 July 2005).
 Bibliography
Fairmichael, Rob. "Northern Ireland Chooses New
Possibilities." Peace Magazine 14 (1998). Journal on-line.
Available from
http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v14n4p23.htm
(accessed 15 July 2005).


Journal article (online database)
 Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal / Magazine Vol (Date).
page(s). Database on-line. Available from Service, Name of
Database, url address, (accessed date).
 Note
5. Marlene de Monchy, Sip Jan Pijil, and Tjalling Zandberg.
"Discrepancies in Judging Social Inclusion and Bullying of Pupils
with Behaviour Problems." European Journal of Special Needs
Education v19, no. n3 (2004): 317. EBSCOhost, ERIC
http://web.ebscohost.com (accessed February 23, 2007).
 Bibliography
de Monchy, Marleen, Pijil, Sip Jan, and Tjalling Zandberg.
"Discrepancies in Judging Social Inclusion and Bullying of Pupils
with Behaviour Problems." European Journal of Special Needs
Education v19, no. n3 (2004): p317. EBSCOhost, ERIC
http://web.ebscohost.com (accessed February 23, 2007).


Indirect Sources (17.274)

 If you can find and quote the original text and
evaluate the context of the original quote, this is
always best. However, if quoting from the
secondary author, cite both works as follows:
11. Laurie Jenkins, Conflict and Crisis (New York: Hill and Wong,
1996), 132; quoted in Ann Li, Studies in Art (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1998), 13.
 Bibliography
Jenkins, Laurie. Conflict and Crisis. New York: Hill and Wong, 1996,
132. Quoted in Ann Li, Studies in Art, 13. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1998.


Resources
 Chicago Manual of Style
 http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.www.msvu.ca:2048

 Refworks
 http://www.msvu.ca/library/refworks.asp
 MSVU Writing Resource Centre
 http://www.msvu.ca/writing
 MSVU Library Citation Guides

http://www.msvu.ca/library/citing.asp


Citing with Chicago

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