The document provides information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) including its causes, transmission, signs and symptoms, prevention, and the differences between acute and chronic infection. Some key points:
- HBV is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that can be either acute (less than 6 months) or chronic (lasting over 6 months, increasing risk of liver damage).
- It spreads through contact with infected blood and body fluids and can be prevented with vaccination.
- Symptoms range from mild to severe including abdominal pain, jaundice, fatigue and nausea. Chronic infection often has no symptoms.
- Having unprotected sex, sharing needles, needle sticks or being born to an infected
The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It provides definitions and details about the epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and serologic and virologic markers of HBV infection. Some key points include:
- HBV is a viral infection of the liver that affects around 2 billion people worldwide and causes over 1 million deaths annually.
- It is transmitted through contact with infectious blood or body fluids from an infected person.
- Clinical manifestations range from an acute self-limiting illness to chronic lifelong infection associated with cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- HBV pathogenesis involves the virus gaining entry into liver cells and using the host cell machinery to replicate. The host immune
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. The virus can cause both acute and chronic infections. Chronic infections may lead to serious health issues like liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Hepatitis B is a major global health problem, with millions of people infected worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.
This document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It defines hepatitis and the six main hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure and life cycle of HBV, including its virion structure and replication process. The document discusses the symptoms, modes of transmission, and outcomes of HBV infection. It provides global and national epidemiological data on HBV infection and details preventative measures like vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment.
This document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It defines hepatitis and the six main hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure and life cycle of HBV, including its virion structure and replication process. The document discusses the symptoms, modes of transmission, and outcomes of HBV infection. It provides global and national epidemiological data on HBV infection and details preventative measures like vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment.
This document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It defines hepatitis and the six main hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure and life cycle of HBV, including its virion structure and replication process. The document discusses the symptoms, modes of transmission, and outcomes of HBV infection. It provides global and national epidemiological data on HBV infection and details preventative measures like vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment.
The document provides information about hepatitis B and C, including:
- Hepatitis B and C are major global health problems, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, especially from infected mothers to babies during childbirth or from shared needles.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe liver damage. While most adults recover from hepatitis B, chronic infection is more common in children and can lead to serious complications like liver cancer.
The document provides information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) including its causes, transmission, signs and symptoms, prevention, and the differences between acute and chronic infection. Some key points:
- HBV is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that can be either acute (less than 6 months) or chronic (lasting over 6 months, increasing risk of liver damage).
- It spreads through contact with infected blood and body fluids and can be prevented with vaccination.
- Symptoms range from mild to severe including abdominal pain, jaundice, fatigue and nausea. Chronic infection often has no symptoms.
- Having unprotected sex, sharing needles, needle sticks or being born to an infected
The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It provides definitions and details about the epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and serologic and virologic markers of HBV infection. Some key points include:
- HBV is a viral infection of the liver that affects around 2 billion people worldwide and causes over 1 million deaths annually.
- It is transmitted through contact with infectious blood or body fluids from an infected person.
- Clinical manifestations range from an acute self-limiting illness to chronic lifelong infection associated with cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- HBV pathogenesis involves the virus gaining entry into liver cells and using the host cell machinery to replicate. The host immune
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. The virus can cause both acute and chronic infections. Chronic infections may lead to serious health issues like liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Hepatitis B is a major global health problem, with millions of people infected worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.
This document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It defines hepatitis and the six main hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure and life cycle of HBV, including its virion structure and replication process. The document discusses the symptoms, modes of transmission, and outcomes of HBV infection. It provides global and national epidemiological data on HBV infection and details preventative measures like vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment.
This document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It defines hepatitis and the six main hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure and life cycle of HBV, including its virion structure and replication process. The document discusses the symptoms, modes of transmission, and outcomes of HBV infection. It provides global and national epidemiological data on HBV infection and details preventative measures like vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment.
This document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It defines hepatitis and the six main hepatitis viruses. It describes the structure and life cycle of HBV, including its virion structure and replication process. The document discusses the symptoms, modes of transmission, and outcomes of HBV infection. It provides global and national epidemiological data on HBV infection and details preventative measures like vaccination and immunoglobulin treatment.
The document provides information about hepatitis B and C, including:
- Hepatitis B and C are major global health problems, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, especially from infected mothers to babies during childbirth or from shared needles.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe liver damage. While most adults recover from hepatitis B, chronic infection is more common in children and can lead to serious complications like liver cancer.
This document provides guidance for physicians on screening, testing, vaccination, and management of hepatitis B infection. It begins with recommendations for screening at-risk populations for chronic hepatitis B and outlines appropriate testing. It then discusses hepatitis B virus and liver cancer facts, how HBV is transmitted, the difference between acute and chronic infection, and vaccination against HBV. The document provides adult and pediatric vaccine schedules as well as guidance on preventing mother-to-child transmission and in healthcare settings. It concludes with a checklist for managing chronic HBV infection, monitoring for liver damage, screening for liver cancer, principles of drug treatment, medications for treatment, and additional resources.
Hepatitis B is a major global health problem. An estimated 2 billion people have been infected worldwide and approximately 1 million people die each year from hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection or its complications. HBV is transmitted through contact with infectious blood or body fluids and can cause both acute and chronic infections. Chronic HBV infection can lead to serious health issues like cirrhosis and liver cancer. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Hepatitis C is a global health problem affecting over 170 million people worldwide. It is transmitted through blood and body fluids. In Pakistan, studies have found hepatitis C in 18-60% of patients with liver disease. Major risk factors for hepatitis C in Pakistan include unsafe injections, which have been found to transmit hepatitis C due to widespread reusing of needles and syringes. Tattooing and body piercing have also been associated with hepatitis C transmission in Pakistan. Diagnosis involves testing for hepatitis C antibodies and RNA. Treatment involves pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy. Prevention strategies in Pakistan should focus on needle exchange programs, education on safe injection practices, and ensuring access to sterile syringes.
- The document discusses the history of viral hepatitis, covering discoveries from 500 BC to the present day such as the identification of different hepatitis viruses (A-E) and means of transmission.
- It provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention of different types of viral hepatitis.
- Key points covered include the different routes of transmission for each virus, risk factors for disease progression, vaccination recommendations, and post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines.
Infectious Diseases Of The Liver - Emergency Room ProceduresJosyann Abisaab
The document discusses the importance of diversity and inclusion in the workplace. It notes that a diverse workforce leads to better problem solving and decision making as people from different backgrounds bring unique perspectives. The document recommends that companies implement diversity training for all employees and promote a culture of acceptance and respect for all.
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS#HEPATITIS MADE EASY#HEPATITS B#HEPATITIS C#
Viral hepatitis can be caused by several different viruses. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) typically causes acute, self-limiting disease that does not result in chronic infection or lifelong carrier status. It is often transmitted through contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause either acute or chronic disease and is transmitted through blood or body fluids. Chronic HBV infection can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) most often causes chronic infection and disease without symptoms for many years. HCV is transmitted through blood and is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Hepatitis D and E viruses both require the presence of HBV for infection and are transmitted parent
The document summarizes information about hepatitis B virus infection. It states that over 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Babies born to infected mothers have a high (70-90%) risk of becoming chronically infected if the mother tests positive for two hepatitis B markers. The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection but booster doses are not routinely recommended for any group.
Current managent of hepatitis B - Session 1NimzingLadep
This is the first of 3 sessions in the module covering a comprehensive overview of the management of hepatitis B virus infection. It discusses the introduction, presentation, symptoms and signs, as well as management of acute hepatitis B.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs, toxins, and other infections. The main viral causes are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A is transmitted through contaminated food or water while hepatitis B and C are transmitted through blood and body fluids. Hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections while hepatitis A usually resolves on its own. Vaccines exist for hepatitis A and B but not for C. People at highest risk include injection drug users and those who have sex with multiple partners.
The document discusses stages of liver disease progression including inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. It then summarizes types of hepatitis viruses, how they are acquired, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention through vaccination. Global control of hepatitis B focuses on vaccination and treatment of chronic carriers.
World Hepatitis Day is observed annually on July 28th to raise awareness of viral hepatitis, which causes liver inflammation and disease. This year's theme is "Hepatitis Can't Wait" to convey the urgency of eliminating hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Hepatitis B and C affect 325 million people worldwide, causing 1.4 million deaths per year. While hepatitis is preventable and treatable, over 80% of people living with hepatitis lack access to services. The document outlines messages for the public, policymakers, and national leaders calling for immediate action to expand access to testing, treatment, and vaccination to eliminate hepatitis.
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on types B, C, D, and E. It provides details on:
1) Modes of transmission including parenteral, perinatal, sexual, and foodborne routes. High risk groups include health workers, recipients of blood transfusions, drug users, and infants of carrier mothers.
2) Diagnosis methods like antigen/antibody testing and RNA detection to determine acute vs chronic infection.
3) Prevention strategies like vaccination for hepatitis A and B, injection and blood safety, harm reduction, and access to clean water and sanitation.
4) Global and national control efforts like the WHO strategy and India's national viral hepatitis program to increase testing
The document summarizes viral markers for hepatitis viruses. It discusses IgM and IgG antibodies for hepatitis A virus which indicate acute or past infection. It describes the hepatitis B surface antigen and different hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies that indicate different stages of hepatitis B infection. It also provides global burden statistics for hepatitis B and C and discusses laboratory tests for diagnosing hepatitis C infection including antibody, RNA and viral load tests.
1) A 29-year-old woman presented with jaundice, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting. Her liver enzymes were elevated and ultrasound showed a normal liver. She was diagnosed with acute hepatitis A.
2) A 38-year-old man with a history of elevated liver enzymes presented with mildly elevated enzymes. He tested positive for hepatitis B and C markers, indicating chronic hepatitis C infection.
3) Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver disease in the US, infecting an estimated 4 million people, with 30,000 new infections annually and 12,000-15,000 deaths from hepatitis C each year.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States, with approximately 3.2 million people chronically infected. HCV accounts for 40% of chronic liver disease and is the most common cause of liver transplant in the country. Genotype 1 is the most prevalent worldwide, accounting for 70% of HCV cases in the United States. HCV transmission occurs primarily through blood exposures like transfusions, injection drug use, and medical equipment reuse. The average incubation period is 6-7 weeks, though 90% of infected individuals test antibody positive within 5 months.
The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the hepatitis B vaccine. Some key points:
- HBV is a major global health problem that can cause acute and chronic liver disease. It is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids.
- The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective and provides long-lasting protection against HBV infection. It has been part of routine infant vaccination programs worldwide since the 1990s.
- Vaccination is also recommended for at-risk groups like healthcare workers, injection drug users, and those with multiple sexual partners to prevent HBV transmission.
This document provides guidance for physicians on screening, testing, vaccination, and management of hepatitis B infection. It begins with recommendations for screening at-risk populations for chronic hepatitis B and outlines appropriate testing. It then discusses hepatitis B virus and liver cancer facts, how HBV is transmitted, the difference between acute and chronic infection, and vaccination against HBV. The document provides adult and pediatric vaccine schedules as well as guidance on preventing mother-to-child transmission and in healthcare settings. It concludes with a checklist for managing chronic HBV infection, monitoring for liver damage, screening for liver cancer, principles of drug treatment, medications for treatment, and additional resources.
Hepatitis B is a major global health problem. An estimated 2 billion people have been infected worldwide and approximately 1 million people die each year from hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection or its complications. HBV is transmitted through contact with infectious blood or body fluids and can cause both acute and chronic infections. Chronic HBV infection can lead to serious health issues like cirrhosis and liver cancer. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Hepatitis C is a global health problem affecting over 170 million people worldwide. It is transmitted through blood and body fluids. In Pakistan, studies have found hepatitis C in 18-60% of patients with liver disease. Major risk factors for hepatitis C in Pakistan include unsafe injections, which have been found to transmit hepatitis C due to widespread reusing of needles and syringes. Tattooing and body piercing have also been associated with hepatitis C transmission in Pakistan. Diagnosis involves testing for hepatitis C antibodies and RNA. Treatment involves pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy. Prevention strategies in Pakistan should focus on needle exchange programs, education on safe injection practices, and ensuring access to sterile syringes.
- The document discusses the history of viral hepatitis, covering discoveries from 500 BC to the present day such as the identification of different hepatitis viruses (A-E) and means of transmission.
- It provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prevention of different types of viral hepatitis.
- Key points covered include the different routes of transmission for each virus, risk factors for disease progression, vaccination recommendations, and post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines.
Infectious Diseases Of The Liver - Emergency Room ProceduresJosyann Abisaab
The document discusses the importance of diversity and inclusion in the workplace. It notes that a diverse workforce leads to better problem solving and decision making as people from different backgrounds bring unique perspectives. The document recommends that companies implement diversity training for all employees and promote a culture of acceptance and respect for all.
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS#HEPATITIS MADE EASY#HEPATITS B#HEPATITIS C#
Viral hepatitis can be caused by several different viruses. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) typically causes acute, self-limiting disease that does not result in chronic infection or lifelong carrier status. It is often transmitted through contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause either acute or chronic disease and is transmitted through blood or body fluids. Chronic HBV infection can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) most often causes chronic infection and disease without symptoms for many years. HCV is transmitted through blood and is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Hepatitis D and E viruses both require the presence of HBV for infection and are transmitted parent
The document summarizes information about hepatitis B virus infection. It states that over 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Babies born to infected mothers have a high (70-90%) risk of becoming chronically infected if the mother tests positive for two hepatitis B markers. The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection but booster doses are not routinely recommended for any group.
Current managent of hepatitis B - Session 1NimzingLadep
This is the first of 3 sessions in the module covering a comprehensive overview of the management of hepatitis B virus infection. It discusses the introduction, presentation, symptoms and signs, as well as management of acute hepatitis B.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs, toxins, and other infections. The main viral causes are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A is transmitted through contaminated food or water while hepatitis B and C are transmitted through blood and body fluids. Hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections while hepatitis A usually resolves on its own. Vaccines exist for hepatitis A and B but not for C. People at highest risk include injection drug users and those who have sex with multiple partners.
The document discusses stages of liver disease progression including inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. It then summarizes types of hepatitis viruses, how they are acquired, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention through vaccination. Global control of hepatitis B focuses on vaccination and treatment of chronic carriers.
World Hepatitis Day is observed annually on July 28th to raise awareness of viral hepatitis, which causes liver inflammation and disease. This year's theme is "Hepatitis Can't Wait" to convey the urgency of eliminating hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Hepatitis B and C affect 325 million people worldwide, causing 1.4 million deaths per year. While hepatitis is preventable and treatable, over 80% of people living with hepatitis lack access to services. The document outlines messages for the public, policymakers, and national leaders calling for immediate action to expand access to testing, treatment, and vaccination to eliminate hepatitis.
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on types B, C, D, and E. It provides details on:
1) Modes of transmission including parenteral, perinatal, sexual, and foodborne routes. High risk groups include health workers, recipients of blood transfusions, drug users, and infants of carrier mothers.
2) Diagnosis methods like antigen/antibody testing and RNA detection to determine acute vs chronic infection.
3) Prevention strategies like vaccination for hepatitis A and B, injection and blood safety, harm reduction, and access to clean water and sanitation.
4) Global and national control efforts like the WHO strategy and India's national viral hepatitis program to increase testing
The document summarizes viral markers for hepatitis viruses. It discusses IgM and IgG antibodies for hepatitis A virus which indicate acute or past infection. It describes the hepatitis B surface antigen and different hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies that indicate different stages of hepatitis B infection. It also provides global burden statistics for hepatitis B and C and discusses laboratory tests for diagnosing hepatitis C infection including antibody, RNA and viral load tests.
1) A 29-year-old woman presented with jaundice, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting. Her liver enzymes were elevated and ultrasound showed a normal liver. She was diagnosed with acute hepatitis A.
2) A 38-year-old man with a history of elevated liver enzymes presented with mildly elevated enzymes. He tested positive for hepatitis B and C markers, indicating chronic hepatitis C infection.
3) Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver disease in the US, infecting an estimated 4 million people, with 30,000 new infections annually and 12,000-15,000 deaths from hepatitis C each year.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States, with approximately 3.2 million people chronically infected. HCV accounts for 40% of chronic liver disease and is the most common cause of liver transplant in the country. Genotype 1 is the most prevalent worldwide, accounting for 70% of HCV cases in the United States. HCV transmission occurs primarily through blood exposures like transfusions, injection drug use, and medical equipment reuse. The average incubation period is 6-7 weeks, though 90% of infected individuals test antibody positive within 5 months.
The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the hepatitis B vaccine. Some key points:
- HBV is a major global health problem that can cause acute and chronic liver disease. It is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids.
- The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective and provides long-lasting protection against HBV infection. It has been part of routine infant vaccination programs worldwide since the 1990s.
- Vaccination is also recommended for at-risk groups like healthcare workers, injection drug users, and those with multiple sexual partners to prevent HBV transmission.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
1. Dr. Ghulam Mustafa
MBBS; MCPS;FCPS (peds)
Associate Professor
Fellow Pediatric Pulmonology & Intensive Care (Sg)
2. A Long History of Human Misery
400 B.C.
“epidemic
jaundice”
1947
infectious
hepatitis
“Hepatitis A”
Serum
hepatitis
“Hepatitis B”
1973
Hepatitis A
identified by
electron
microscopy
1989
He
patitis C
cloned
1990
Hepatitis E
cloned
Hippocrates
3. Clinical Terms
• inflammation of liver; presence of
inflammatory cells in organ tissue
Hepatitis:
• symptoms last less than 6 months
Acute Viral
Hepatitis:
• Massive hepatic necrosis with impaired
consciousness within 8 wks of onset of
illness.
Acute Hepatic
Failure:
• severe impairment of hepatic functions or
severe necrosis of hepatocytes in the
absence of preexisting liver disease
Fulminant
Hepatitis:
• Inflammation of liver for at least 6 months
Chronic
Hepatitis:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Hepatitis B Perinatal Transmission*
If mother positive for HBsAg and HBeAg
70%-90% of infants infected
90% of infected infants become chronic
carriers
If positive for HBsAg only
20% of infants infected
90% of infected infants become chronic
carriers
*in the absence of postexposure prophylaxis
9. Acute hepatitis B
Acute Hepatitis B
Virus
clear
6 Months
Virus first enters the
body
Healthy
90%
10. Acute hepatitis B
Acute Hepatitis B
Virus
clear
6 Months
Virus first enters the
body Healthy
90%
Protected from hep B for
life
“Immune”
11. 6 Months
Acute hepatitis B
Chronic Hepatitis B= Carrier
Virus
not
clear
Time of
Infection
Healthy
90%
12. Risk of Developing Chronic
Hepatitis B by Age at Infection
Healthy
90%
Carrier
90%
Healthy
50%
Carrier
50%
Adults
Infants
children
13. Can my baby die from hepatitis B?
• Most babies do not die from hepatitis B.
carriers
If babies get all 3 shots, +
a shot called H-BIG,
they have a 95% chance of being safe from hepatitis B for life.
• 9/of 10 babies born to
infected mothers will end
up being hepatitis B
carriers for the rest of
their lives,
17. Relative Transmission Efficiency of
Bloodborne Viral Infections
+++ ++++ ++
+++ + ++
++++ + ++
+++ +/– +/–
HBV HCV HIV
Injection-drug use
Sexual
Perinatal
Occupational
Hepatitis B is 100 times
More infectious than Aids
18. Hepatitis B:
A world-wide public health problem
• More than 2 billion exposed people
• Currently 350 million HBV carriers
• Over 1 million infected die each year
• Three quarters of the world’s 5.2 billion people
live in endemic regions
• Established cause of chronic hepatitis and
cirrhosis
• Human carcinogen - cause of up to 80% of
hepatocellular carcinomas
19. • High (8%): 45% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection >60%
– early childhood infections common
• Intermediate (2%-7%): 43% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection 20%-60%
– infections occur in all age groups
• Low (<2%): 12% of global population
– lifetime risk of infection <20%
– most infections occur in adult risk groups
Global Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection
20. Hepatitis B Epidemiology
• Reservoir Human. Endemic
• Transmission Bloodborne
Sub clinical cases transmit
• Communicability 1-2 months before
and after onset of
symptoms
Chronic carriers
21. • Incubation period Average 60-90 days
Range 45-180 days
• Clinical Illness (jaundice) <5 yrs, <10%
>5 yrs, 30%-50%
• Acute case-fatality rate 0.5%-1%
• Chronic Infection <5 yrs, 30%-90%
>5yrs, 2%-10%
• Premature mortality 15%-25%
from chronic liver disease
Hepatitis B—Clinical Features
Source: CDC and Prevention
22. Fulminant hepatitis
Hospitalization
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Death
Hepatitis B Complications
23. Risk of Developing Chronic
Hepatitis B by Age at Infection
0
20
40
60
80
100
Infant 1-5 years >5 years
%
24. Possible Outcomes of
Hepatitis B Infection
Possible Outcomes of
Hepatitis B Infection
Recovery
Chronic
HBV
infection
Fulminant
hepatitis
HBsAg
carrier
Reactivation
Cirrhosis
HCC
Chronic hepatitis B
HBeAg positive
Chronic hepatitis B
HBeAg positive
HDV
superinfection
Chronic hepatitis B
HBeAg positive
Acute
HBV
infection
25. Estimated Number of Persons with Chronic
Bloodborne Virus Infections 1998
Region Population (millions)
(millions) HIV HCV HBV
Africa 749 22.7 22.5 59.3
Asia 3,585 7.3 107.5 286.8
Latin America 504 1.7 15.1 10.3
Europe 729 0.8 21.8 10.9
Oceania 30 0.0 0.9 2.4
North America 305 0.9 9.1 1.9
Total 5,902 33.4 176.9 371.6
Chronic infections
26. Symptoms
HBeAg anti-HBe
Total anti-HBc
IgM anti-HBc anti-HBs
HBsAg
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 52 100
Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection with Recovery
Typical Serologic Course
Weeks after Exposure
Titer
Source: CDC and Prevention
27. IgM anti-HBc
Total anti-HBc
HBsAg
Acute
(6 months)
HBeAg
Chronic
(Years)
anti-HBe
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 52 Years
Progression to Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Typical Serologic Course
Weeks after Exposure
Source: CDC and Prevention
28. Age at Acquisition of Acute
and Chronic HBV Infection
United States, 1989 Estimates
Adults 83% Adults 59%
(4%) Perinatal (24%)
(4%) Children (12%)
(1 –10 years)
(8%) Adolescents (6%)
Acute HBV Infections Chronic HBV Infections
29. Possible Outcomes of
Hepatitis B Infection
Possible Outcomes of
Hepatitis B Infection
Recovery
Chronic
HBV
infection
Fulminant
hepatitis
HBsAg
carrier
Reactivation
Cirrhosis
HCC
Chronic hepatitis B
HBeAg positive
Chronic hepatitis B
HBeAg positive
HDV
superinfection
Chronic hepatitis B
HBeAg positive
Acute
HBV
infection
30. Estimated Number of Persons with Chronic
Bloodborne Virus Infections 1998
Region Population (millions)
(millions) HIV HCV HBV
Africa 749 22.7 22.5 59.3
Asia 3,585 7.3 107.5 286.8
Latin America 504 1.7 15.1 10.3
Europe 729 0.8 21.8 10.9
Oceania 30 0.0 0.9 2.4
North America 305 0.9 9.1 1.9
Total 5,902 33.4 176.9 371.6
Chronic infections
31. Age at Acquisition of Acute
and Chronic HBV Infection
United States, 1989 Estimates
Adults 83% Adults 59%
(4%) Perinatal (24%)
(4%) Children (12%)
(1 –10 years)
(8%) Adolescents (6%)
Acute HBV Infections Chronic HBV Infections
32. Source: CDC Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Program
Age Group (Years)
Rate of Reported Hepatitis B by Age Group
United States, 1990
33. Pediatric Deaths Due to
Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPD)
(aged < 12 years)
Varicella 1
Pneumococcal Disease 3
H. Influenza Disease 6
Measles l0
Hepatitis B 25**
* Pre-vaccine era
** Most HBV deaths are deferred until 15-30 years from time of perinatal/childhood exposure
Estimated Annual VPD Deaths in Wisconsin*
34. Concentration of Hepatitis B Virus
in Various Body Fluids
High Moderate
Low/Not
Detectable
blood semen urine
serum vaginal fluid feces
wound exudates saliva sweat
tears
breast milk
35. Blood transfusion
0%
Other* 15%
Unknown 32%
Hemodialysis 0%
Multiple sex partners
17%
Injection drug use
14%
Men who have
sex with men 6%
Sexual contact with
hepatitis B patient
13%
Medical
Employee 1%
Household contact of
hepatitis B patient
2%
Risk Factors Associated with
Reported Hepatitis B, 1990-2000, United
States
Source: NNDSS/VHSP
*Other: Surgery, dental surgery, acupuncture, tattoo, other percutaneous injury
36. Concentration of Hepatitis B Virus
in Various Body Fluids
High Moderate
Low/Not
Detectable
blood semen urine
serum vaginal fluid feces
wound exudates saliva sweat
tears
breast milk
37. Relative Transmission Efficiency of
Bloodborne Viral Infections
+++ ++++ ++
+++ + ++
++++ + ++
+++ +/– +/–
HBV HCV HIV
Injection-drug use
Sexual
Perinatal
Occupational
38. Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests
for Hepatitis B
Acute Past Exposures Previous
Test Hepatitis B (Immunity) Immunization
HBsAg + – –
anti-HBs – + +
HBeAg + – –
anti-HBe – +/ – –
anti-HBc + + –
IgM anti-HBc + – –
HBV DNA* + – –
ALT Elevated Normal Normal
*By conventional assay. A lower level of viremia may be detected by other more sensitive tests such as
PCR.Shetty K et al Practical Gastroenterology 1998;22:39-47.
39. Chronic Chronic Healthy
Test Hepatitis B Precore Carrier
HBsAg + + +
anti-HBs – – –
HBeAg + – –
anti-HBe – + +
anti-HBc + + +
IgM anti-HBc – – –
HBV DNA* +/ – +/ – –
ALT Elevated Elevated Normal
Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests
for Hepatitis B (cont.)
*By conventional assay. A lower level of viremia may be detected by other more sensitive tests such as PCR.
Shetty K et al Practical Gastroenterology 1998;22:39-47.