ABSTRACT
Design has evolved from a craft into an academic discipline, but it
still falls short on defining its own science. I review previous
approaches to Design Science and conclude that the subject–
object dualism is the one of the main obstacles. I then apply the
Metaphysics of Quality to overcome the dualism and propose
Quality as the phenomenon of Design Science. Next, I propose to
utilize the analysis of interaction effects as a mean to investigate
Quality. Last, I recommend steps we can take to mature this new
Design Science and strategies how we can gain the
acknowledgement of the other sciences.
Research trough design and transdisciplinarityAlberto Vega
This document provides an overview of current design research projects and methods being used at universities in Switzerland. It discusses the methodology of design research and clarifies some key terminology. It proposes that research through design, also called project-grounded research, is an important method that produces original knowledge through design projects while meeting scientific standards of rigor and relevance. The document argues this approach addresses limitations of other types of design research. It emphasizes that design research should contribute to improving design practice and education in addition to advancing knowledge.
This document provides guidance for architecture students on developing their thesis projects. It discusses choosing a topic area and specific problem to address. Suggested problem areas include developing new projects, improving existing knowledge, or comparative studies. Criteria for selecting a topic include the student's interests and capabilities. The document also provides questions to help propose a project to interpret the chosen topic. It emphasizes that the thesis should integrate the student's learning and justify their graduation. The thesis process involves research, data analysis, site analysis, programming, design development, and translation of the design into a structure or guidelines.
Information Systems Action design research methodRaimo Halinen
This document outlines an agenda for a workshop on action design research methods. The workshop includes sessions on action design research, comparing design science, action research, and action design research methods, and using the action design research method. It discusses principles of action design research like problem-inspired research, theory-ingrained artifacts, and reciprocal shaping between researchers and practitioners. The document also includes frameworks and schemas for the generic action design research process.
The document summarizes a lecture on creativity in scientific research given on March 7, 2016. It discusses definitions of creativity, the six resources needed for creativity including intellectual abilities, knowledge, thinking styles, personality, motivation, and environment. It also outlines decisions that can develop creativity such as redefining problems, questioning assumptions, and tolerating ambiguity. The lecture assessed creative talent and thinking styles and discussed three types of creative contributions to science: those that accept, reject, or integrate current paradigms. It highlighted recent recipients of creative research awards.
Information Systems design science writing articlesRaimo Halinen
This document summarizes different types of research contributions that can be submitted to an information systems journal. It outlines the key characteristics expected of research notes, which introduce a phenomenon and propose extensions to existing models. It also describes the criteria used to evaluate research articles and research commentaries, emphasizing theoretical justification, empirical evidence, and implications for research and practice.
Case studies in industry - fundamentals and lessons learntDaniel Mendez
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance on conducting case studies. It defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that investigates real-world phenomena in their natural context. The document outlines why case studies are used to learn from realistic environments and scale findings to practice. Challenges of approaching, conducting, and analyzing case studies are presented, such as properly characterizing context, defining instruments, and drawing conclusions. Transversal challenges include addressing subjectivity and generalizability. Key takeaways emphasize careful planning, transparency, collaboration, and being unbiased, accurate, patient and flexible.
The overlaps between Action Research and Design ResearchSandeep Purao
Cole, R. , Purao, S., Rossi, M., Sein, M. 2005. Being Proactive: Where Action Research meets Design Research. International Conference on Information Systems. (ICIS) Las Vegas, NV, December 11-14. Originally presented at ICIS.
Design thinking for science communicationphysicsdavid
The document outlines David Harris's presentation on using design thinking for science communication, where he defines key terms like design, graphic design, and design thinking; discusses models for solving problems in science communication like the information deficit model and design thinking; and provides examples of using design thinking concepts to improve explaining theoretical physics concepts to lay audiences like the Higgs mechanism and special relativity.
Research trough design and transdisciplinarityAlberto Vega
This document provides an overview of current design research projects and methods being used at universities in Switzerland. It discusses the methodology of design research and clarifies some key terminology. It proposes that research through design, also called project-grounded research, is an important method that produces original knowledge through design projects while meeting scientific standards of rigor and relevance. The document argues this approach addresses limitations of other types of design research. It emphasizes that design research should contribute to improving design practice and education in addition to advancing knowledge.
This document provides guidance for architecture students on developing their thesis projects. It discusses choosing a topic area and specific problem to address. Suggested problem areas include developing new projects, improving existing knowledge, or comparative studies. Criteria for selecting a topic include the student's interests and capabilities. The document also provides questions to help propose a project to interpret the chosen topic. It emphasizes that the thesis should integrate the student's learning and justify their graduation. The thesis process involves research, data analysis, site analysis, programming, design development, and translation of the design into a structure or guidelines.
Information Systems Action design research methodRaimo Halinen
This document outlines an agenda for a workshop on action design research methods. The workshop includes sessions on action design research, comparing design science, action research, and action design research methods, and using the action design research method. It discusses principles of action design research like problem-inspired research, theory-ingrained artifacts, and reciprocal shaping between researchers and practitioners. The document also includes frameworks and schemas for the generic action design research process.
The document summarizes a lecture on creativity in scientific research given on March 7, 2016. It discusses definitions of creativity, the six resources needed for creativity including intellectual abilities, knowledge, thinking styles, personality, motivation, and environment. It also outlines decisions that can develop creativity such as redefining problems, questioning assumptions, and tolerating ambiguity. The lecture assessed creative talent and thinking styles and discussed three types of creative contributions to science: those that accept, reject, or integrate current paradigms. It highlighted recent recipients of creative research awards.
Information Systems design science writing articlesRaimo Halinen
This document summarizes different types of research contributions that can be submitted to an information systems journal. It outlines the key characteristics expected of research notes, which introduce a phenomenon and propose extensions to existing models. It also describes the criteria used to evaluate research articles and research commentaries, emphasizing theoretical justification, empirical evidence, and implications for research and practice.
Case studies in industry - fundamentals and lessons learntDaniel Mendez
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance on conducting case studies. It defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that investigates real-world phenomena in their natural context. The document outlines why case studies are used to learn from realistic environments and scale findings to practice. Challenges of approaching, conducting, and analyzing case studies are presented, such as properly characterizing context, defining instruments, and drawing conclusions. Transversal challenges include addressing subjectivity and generalizability. Key takeaways emphasize careful planning, transparency, collaboration, and being unbiased, accurate, patient and flexible.
The overlaps between Action Research and Design ResearchSandeep Purao
Cole, R. , Purao, S., Rossi, M., Sein, M. 2005. Being Proactive: Where Action Research meets Design Research. International Conference on Information Systems. (ICIS) Las Vegas, NV, December 11-14. Originally presented at ICIS.
Design thinking for science communicationphysicsdavid
The document outlines David Harris's presentation on using design thinking for science communication, where he defines key terms like design, graphic design, and design thinking; discusses models for solving problems in science communication like the information deficit model and design thinking; and provides examples of using design thinking concepts to improve explaining theoretical physics concepts to lay audiences like the Higgs mechanism and special relativity.
Information Systems design science researchRaimo Halinen
The document discusses various aspects of developing and evaluating information systems using a design science research approach. It provides guidelines for conducting design science research, including that the research should design an artifact to solve an identified problem, evaluate the artifact and process, and ensure rigorous and communicable results. The document also discusses various process models and approaches for design science research.
The document provides guidance for creating an effective PowerPoint presentation for an oral scientific report. It recommends including an introduction, methods, results, and discussion section with 3-6 slides each. Key tips include using bullet points instead of full sentences, large readable fonts, and engaging but not distracting visuals. The presentation should tell a clear story by logically connecting slides and focusing on brevity, accuracy, and concise communication of the essential information.
This document outlines the structure and contents of an MSc thesis. It includes chapters on the introduction, theoretical background, proposed model, implementation and results, and conclusion. The introduction chapter defines the research problem and objectives. It also reviews related work and literature. The theoretical background chapter discusses relevant concepts and theories. The proposed model chapter describes the author's proposed approaches and development steps. The implementation chapter covers applying the model and presenting results. Finally, the conclusion chapter summarizes the research and suggests areas for future work.
This document provides guidance on developing a research proposal, including a three-stage process and an annotated sample proposal. The process involves initially sorting ideas, then further organizing them into a framework of focus questions or an argument map, and finally writing the proposal. The sample proposal examines first-year calculus students' difficulties with modeling using differential equations and aims to understand students' conceptual issues to inform teaching. It includes sections on introduction, previous research, theoretical framework, methods, timeline and references.
This document discusses site diagramming as a tool for architectural design analysis. It emphasizes the importance of thoroughly analyzing a site's contextual information prior to beginning design concepts. Key site issues addressed through contextual analysis and diagramming include location, size, zoning, natural and man-made features, circulation, utilities, sensory qualities, and implications for human use and climate considerations. The document provides guidance on collecting relevant site data, developing diagrams to organize this information, and using diagrams to inform responsive architectural design solutions.
Research Logics: A pictorial overview of two perspectivesAnnette Markham
The document provides an overview of traditional positivist research approaches aligned with deductive logic and the scientific method, as well as interpretive sensemaking approaches aligned with inductive logic. It contrasts deductive research approaches that aim to test hypotheses through experiments and empirical generalizations with inductive approaches that employ grounded theory, ethnography, and other qualitative methods to generate theories from observations and case studies in a reflexive process. The document also outlines different considerations for interpretive researchers regarding their theoretical inspirations, methods of analysis, goals of inquiry, and more.
Exploring Novice Approaches to Smartphone-based Thermographic Energy Auditing...Matthew Louis Mauriello
The recent integration of thermal cameras with commodity smartphones presents an opportunity to engage the public in evaluating energy-efficiency issues in the built environment. However, it is unclear how novice users without professional experience or training approach thermographic energy auditing activities. In this paper, we recruited 10 participants for a four-week field study of end-user behavior exploring novice approaches to semi-structured thermographic energy auditing tasks. We analyze thermographic imagery captured by participants as well as weekly surveys and post-study debrief interviews. Our findings suggest that while novice users perceived thermal cameras as useful in identifying energy-efficiency issues in buildings, they struggled with interpretation and confidence. We characterize how novices perform thermographic-based energy auditing, synthesize key challenges, and discuss implications for design.
Matthew Louis Mauriello, Manaswi Saha, Erica Brown Brown, and Jon E. Froehlich. 2017. Exploring Novice Approaches to Smartphone-based Thermographic Energy Auditing: A Field Study. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1768-1780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025471
The document summarizes key points from a presentation about constructing theoretical and conceptual frameworks in Ph.D theses. It discusses that theoretical and conceptual frameworks are important visual representations that are often asked about by assessors and examiners. It defines each framework and explains that they are constructed over time based on the progression of the research. The theoretical framework visually represents how theories inform the study, while the conceptual framework shows how concepts are interconnected and related to research objectives. The document recommends placing frameworks in Chapter 2 and being prepared to modify them based on feedback.
The document discusses data analysis and negative results in scientific research. It provides examples of how negative results are underreported but still provide valuable information. It emphasizes that negative results:
1) Prevent wasted efforts on experiments that already failed,
2) Help identify false conclusions by focusing only on positive results, and
3) Can still provide important evidence against hypotheses or support the null hypothesis. Examples show how negative results advanced scientific understanding. The document argues negative results should receive the same rigorous interpretation and publication consideration as positive results.
1. The document outlines the typical parts and chapters included in research documents for computer science and information technology projects, including introductions, literature reviews, methodology, results, and conclusions.
2. Guidelines for writing different parts of a research paper are provided, such as relating the topic to existing knowledge in the literature review and interpreting results in the discussion.
3. Common errors in literature reviews, such as not thoroughly surveying existing research, are listed to avoid in developing the research.
This document presents a cognitive framework for understanding systems thinking in engineering. It discusses previous work that has identified behaviors and competencies of systems thinkers but lacked a rigorous cognitive understanding. The authors map the identified competencies to relevant cognitive psychology concepts to establish systems thinking as an exercise in cognition. This mapping forms the basis to develop a deeper understanding using insights from fields like cognitive science and education. It suggests future research directions could apply the theories of cognitive psychologist Reuven Feuerstein to create educational methods to develop the cognitive skills and structures required for effective systems thinking. Overall, the summary establishes a connection between engineering systems thinking and cognitive psychology to facilitate a more formal and prescriptive methodology.
One World Coversheet, Checklist, Writing FrameStephen Taylor
This document provides guidance for writing an essay that explores how chemistry can be used to solve a specific problem in a local or global context. It includes a coversheet for the student to fill out, a checklist of elements that should be included in the essay, and a research frame to guide the student's research and planning. The checklist outlines the key parts of the essay, such as defining the problem, proposing a science-based solution, explaining the science behind the solution, discussing the solution's effectiveness, and evaluating implications related to various "One World" issues. The research frame provides a more detailed template for the student to fill out as they conduct their research.
Design of Financial Services and Products
Depends on
Flat Earth Policy - See: Friedman
The World is Flat
Terra Firma Economics.com and
Terra Policy - Pool Re - Swiss Re - Admin Re - Banking on Accord
This document presents an accepted manuscript for a journal article that proposes a design theory for software engineering. The theory is based on the authors' prior work on Problem Oriented Engineering (POE), which takes the view that software engineering involves framing, representing, and transforming problems as part of an iterative problem solving process. The authors argue their theory addresses ontological and epistemological questions about the nature and development of theories in software engineering, based on Gregor's meta-theoretical framework for theories in information systems. The theory provides descriptions and explanations of many phenomena observed in software engineering and its combination with other technologies to solve problems.
This document summarizes a lecture given in Macapa, Brazil titled "Towards a Landscape Theory". The lecture proposes developing a landscape design theory through 13 design hypotheses and 13 landscape hypotheses. Some key points are: a landscape theory should be contextualized and consider local specificities; design is about improving quality of life and constructing meanings of living; and the landscape transcends aesthetics to involve solutions for human interaction with the habitat. The goal is to start a journey towards a theoretical framework for landscape design.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Theoretical or conceptual frameworks for dissertations or theses 2016DoctoralNet Limited
What is the difference between and usefulness of conceptual vs theoretical frameworks in research? These slides and the corresponding webinar considered each, testing our ideas and using them as a step towards the significance of our work?
This document provides an overview of theoretical perspectives and methodologies used in learning design research. It discusses how researchers come from a variety of disciplines including education, computer science, psychology, and more. Common theoretical perspectives discussed include sociocultural theories like cultural historical activity theory, communities of practice, and actor network theory. Methodologies used include qualitative approaches like ethnography, case studies, and action research as well as quantitative content analysis and evaluation. The relationship between theories, methods, and different epistemological stances is also examined.
Slides form 2012 covering - Getting the right insights at the right time, Research in a vacuum, Going leaner, Going Deeper, Socialising findings, Forensics over proof, Focus on impact, Focus on extremes and finally the experience design framework
This document discusses interdisciplinary research. It defines interdisciplinary research as integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines to address a research question. The document outlines the need for interdisciplinary research to solve interconnected problems in an interconnected world. It also discusses the process of conceptual design, technical design, integration, and addressing scientific and ethical considerations. Some benefits of interdisciplinary research include addressing bigger questions, developing a wider audience, and gaining new perspectives. However, challenges can include differences in theoretical backgrounds, operationalizing concepts, intellectual traditions, and methodological approaches between disciplines.
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMSSteven Wallach
This document introduces two volumes on applications of human-computer interaction (HCI) research in management information systems (MIS). The first volume covers HCI concepts and theories, while this second volume focuses on applications, case studies, and specific contexts. Some areas covered include electronic commerce, collaboration, culture/globalization, training/learning, system development processes, healthcare, and research methodology. The introduction provides context on the interdisciplinary nature of HCI research and its practical applications across many fields.
Design science, systems thinking and ontologies summary-upward a-v1.0Antony Upward
The document discusses designing an ontology for strongly sustainable business models using a systems approach and design science methodology. It proposes:
1) Setting clear objectives to minimize bias and gain feedback for improvement.
2) Iteratively building the ontology by examining its fundamental building blocks - function, structure, process, and context - through inquiry.
3) Evaluating the ontology using a diversity of knowledge sources to triangulate different worldviews for a well-rounded assessment.
Information Systems design science researchRaimo Halinen
The document discusses various aspects of developing and evaluating information systems using a design science research approach. It provides guidelines for conducting design science research, including that the research should design an artifact to solve an identified problem, evaluate the artifact and process, and ensure rigorous and communicable results. The document also discusses various process models and approaches for design science research.
The document provides guidance for creating an effective PowerPoint presentation for an oral scientific report. It recommends including an introduction, methods, results, and discussion section with 3-6 slides each. Key tips include using bullet points instead of full sentences, large readable fonts, and engaging but not distracting visuals. The presentation should tell a clear story by logically connecting slides and focusing on brevity, accuracy, and concise communication of the essential information.
This document outlines the structure and contents of an MSc thesis. It includes chapters on the introduction, theoretical background, proposed model, implementation and results, and conclusion. The introduction chapter defines the research problem and objectives. It also reviews related work and literature. The theoretical background chapter discusses relevant concepts and theories. The proposed model chapter describes the author's proposed approaches and development steps. The implementation chapter covers applying the model and presenting results. Finally, the conclusion chapter summarizes the research and suggests areas for future work.
This document provides guidance on developing a research proposal, including a three-stage process and an annotated sample proposal. The process involves initially sorting ideas, then further organizing them into a framework of focus questions or an argument map, and finally writing the proposal. The sample proposal examines first-year calculus students' difficulties with modeling using differential equations and aims to understand students' conceptual issues to inform teaching. It includes sections on introduction, previous research, theoretical framework, methods, timeline and references.
This document discusses site diagramming as a tool for architectural design analysis. It emphasizes the importance of thoroughly analyzing a site's contextual information prior to beginning design concepts. Key site issues addressed through contextual analysis and diagramming include location, size, zoning, natural and man-made features, circulation, utilities, sensory qualities, and implications for human use and climate considerations. The document provides guidance on collecting relevant site data, developing diagrams to organize this information, and using diagrams to inform responsive architectural design solutions.
Research Logics: A pictorial overview of two perspectivesAnnette Markham
The document provides an overview of traditional positivist research approaches aligned with deductive logic and the scientific method, as well as interpretive sensemaking approaches aligned with inductive logic. It contrasts deductive research approaches that aim to test hypotheses through experiments and empirical generalizations with inductive approaches that employ grounded theory, ethnography, and other qualitative methods to generate theories from observations and case studies in a reflexive process. The document also outlines different considerations for interpretive researchers regarding their theoretical inspirations, methods of analysis, goals of inquiry, and more.
Exploring Novice Approaches to Smartphone-based Thermographic Energy Auditing...Matthew Louis Mauriello
The recent integration of thermal cameras with commodity smartphones presents an opportunity to engage the public in evaluating energy-efficiency issues in the built environment. However, it is unclear how novice users without professional experience or training approach thermographic energy auditing activities. In this paper, we recruited 10 participants for a four-week field study of end-user behavior exploring novice approaches to semi-structured thermographic energy auditing tasks. We analyze thermographic imagery captured by participants as well as weekly surveys and post-study debrief interviews. Our findings suggest that while novice users perceived thermal cameras as useful in identifying energy-efficiency issues in buildings, they struggled with interpretation and confidence. We characterize how novices perform thermographic-based energy auditing, synthesize key challenges, and discuss implications for design.
Matthew Louis Mauriello, Manaswi Saha, Erica Brown Brown, and Jon E. Froehlich. 2017. Exploring Novice Approaches to Smartphone-based Thermographic Energy Auditing: A Field Study. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1768-1780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025471
The document summarizes key points from a presentation about constructing theoretical and conceptual frameworks in Ph.D theses. It discusses that theoretical and conceptual frameworks are important visual representations that are often asked about by assessors and examiners. It defines each framework and explains that they are constructed over time based on the progression of the research. The theoretical framework visually represents how theories inform the study, while the conceptual framework shows how concepts are interconnected and related to research objectives. The document recommends placing frameworks in Chapter 2 and being prepared to modify them based on feedback.
The document discusses data analysis and negative results in scientific research. It provides examples of how negative results are underreported but still provide valuable information. It emphasizes that negative results:
1) Prevent wasted efforts on experiments that already failed,
2) Help identify false conclusions by focusing only on positive results, and
3) Can still provide important evidence against hypotheses or support the null hypothesis. Examples show how negative results advanced scientific understanding. The document argues negative results should receive the same rigorous interpretation and publication consideration as positive results.
1. The document outlines the typical parts and chapters included in research documents for computer science and information technology projects, including introductions, literature reviews, methodology, results, and conclusions.
2. Guidelines for writing different parts of a research paper are provided, such as relating the topic to existing knowledge in the literature review and interpreting results in the discussion.
3. Common errors in literature reviews, such as not thoroughly surveying existing research, are listed to avoid in developing the research.
This document presents a cognitive framework for understanding systems thinking in engineering. It discusses previous work that has identified behaviors and competencies of systems thinkers but lacked a rigorous cognitive understanding. The authors map the identified competencies to relevant cognitive psychology concepts to establish systems thinking as an exercise in cognition. This mapping forms the basis to develop a deeper understanding using insights from fields like cognitive science and education. It suggests future research directions could apply the theories of cognitive psychologist Reuven Feuerstein to create educational methods to develop the cognitive skills and structures required for effective systems thinking. Overall, the summary establishes a connection between engineering systems thinking and cognitive psychology to facilitate a more formal and prescriptive methodology.
One World Coversheet, Checklist, Writing FrameStephen Taylor
This document provides guidance for writing an essay that explores how chemistry can be used to solve a specific problem in a local or global context. It includes a coversheet for the student to fill out, a checklist of elements that should be included in the essay, and a research frame to guide the student's research and planning. The checklist outlines the key parts of the essay, such as defining the problem, proposing a science-based solution, explaining the science behind the solution, discussing the solution's effectiveness, and evaluating implications related to various "One World" issues. The research frame provides a more detailed template for the student to fill out as they conduct their research.
Design of Financial Services and Products
Depends on
Flat Earth Policy - See: Friedman
The World is Flat
Terra Firma Economics.com and
Terra Policy - Pool Re - Swiss Re - Admin Re - Banking on Accord
This document presents an accepted manuscript for a journal article that proposes a design theory for software engineering. The theory is based on the authors' prior work on Problem Oriented Engineering (POE), which takes the view that software engineering involves framing, representing, and transforming problems as part of an iterative problem solving process. The authors argue their theory addresses ontological and epistemological questions about the nature and development of theories in software engineering, based on Gregor's meta-theoretical framework for theories in information systems. The theory provides descriptions and explanations of many phenomena observed in software engineering and its combination with other technologies to solve problems.
This document summarizes a lecture given in Macapa, Brazil titled "Towards a Landscape Theory". The lecture proposes developing a landscape design theory through 13 design hypotheses and 13 landscape hypotheses. Some key points are: a landscape theory should be contextualized and consider local specificities; design is about improving quality of life and constructing meanings of living; and the landscape transcends aesthetics to involve solutions for human interaction with the habitat. The goal is to start a journey towards a theoretical framework for landscape design.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Theoretical or conceptual frameworks for dissertations or theses 2016DoctoralNet Limited
What is the difference between and usefulness of conceptual vs theoretical frameworks in research? These slides and the corresponding webinar considered each, testing our ideas and using them as a step towards the significance of our work?
This document provides an overview of theoretical perspectives and methodologies used in learning design research. It discusses how researchers come from a variety of disciplines including education, computer science, psychology, and more. Common theoretical perspectives discussed include sociocultural theories like cultural historical activity theory, communities of practice, and actor network theory. Methodologies used include qualitative approaches like ethnography, case studies, and action research as well as quantitative content analysis and evaluation. The relationship between theories, methods, and different epistemological stances is also examined.
Slides form 2012 covering - Getting the right insights at the right time, Research in a vacuum, Going leaner, Going Deeper, Socialising findings, Forensics over proof, Focus on impact, Focus on extremes and finally the experience design framework
This document discusses interdisciplinary research. It defines interdisciplinary research as integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines to address a research question. The document outlines the need for interdisciplinary research to solve interconnected problems in an interconnected world. It also discusses the process of conceptual design, technical design, integration, and addressing scientific and ethical considerations. Some benefits of interdisciplinary research include addressing bigger questions, developing a wider audience, and gaining new perspectives. However, challenges can include differences in theoretical backgrounds, operationalizing concepts, intellectual traditions, and methodological approaches between disciplines.
APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMSSteven Wallach
This document introduces two volumes on applications of human-computer interaction (HCI) research in management information systems (MIS). The first volume covers HCI concepts and theories, while this second volume focuses on applications, case studies, and specific contexts. Some areas covered include electronic commerce, collaboration, culture/globalization, training/learning, system development processes, healthcare, and research methodology. The introduction provides context on the interdisciplinary nature of HCI research and its practical applications across many fields.
Design science, systems thinking and ontologies summary-upward a-v1.0Antony Upward
The document discusses designing an ontology for strongly sustainable business models using a systems approach and design science methodology. It proposes:
1) Setting clear objectives to minimize bias and gain feedback for improvement.
2) Iteratively building the ontology by examining its fundamental building blocks - function, structure, process, and context - through inquiry.
3) Evaluating the ontology using a diversity of knowledge sources to triangulate different worldviews for a well-rounded assessment.
Length a minimum of two pagesReflecting on the Reading, Writi.docxsmile790243
Length: a minimum of two pages
Reflecting on the Reading, Writing, and Learning Process—Self-reflection is a vital part of the learning process. In this assignment, you are required to demonstrate your ability to reflect on your reading, writing, and learning process throughout the semester and apply the concept of metacognition (i.e., “thinking about thinking,” or critical awareness of one’s own learning process) to your own experiences.
Pointing directly to your experience of reading critically and writing multiple drafts of Essay Assignments #1, #2, and #3, write an essay in which you evaluate your own work and the progress you made as a reader and writer throughout the semester.
To write this essay successfully, you need to first decide on an overarching statement (i.e., your thesis) that includes the particular reading, writing skills and practices that you have developed most in this course. To derive your thesis, consider the following questions: What were my strengths and weaknesses in reading and writing? What have I learned? How has my reading and writing process evolved?
To prove your thesis, you may need to refer to our course readings, to your drafts and revisions, to the feedback from your peer and me (and/or tutors), to other assignments, and other relevant documents from the semester. Make sure, however, that you provide specific evidence from your own work and clear explanation of your own learning process.
In your conclusion, you need to include your goals for future improvement in reading and writing, and ways in which you achieve them.
And add one para for essay3 plz
Thank you!
Running Head: IMPACT OF MATHEMATICAL ADVANCES 1
IMPACT OF MATHEMATICAL ADVANCES 5
Impact of Mathematical Advances
Student’s name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
As technology grows, there is increasing reason to worry on whether there is high importance of being able to develop an understanding of everything around us. Some of the concepts which we as humans find difficult to comprehend are such as the universe and its functioning’s as well as topic taught in schools and those which emerge as general knowledge. Technologies such as computer chips embedded with software are learning different concepts and they are able to comprehend most of the subject areas which is becoming a worrying tends among many. Different proofs have been come up with by different scientologists, mathematicians and other professionals in the different fields. Problems have arisen however in attempts to understand some of these proofs with some people finding it a challenge to understand the proofs due to the differences in levels of understanding among the individuals. For example, mathematical and physics conventions have relatively low turnouts since the levels of understanding between the individuals was relatively low with some finding the topics extremely complex and some found them simply boring to their tastes of understanding.
Backgroun ...
How to Develop Mathematical Theorems Based on Literature Survey for PhD Thesi...PhD Assistance
The main aim of framing any theory is to explain, predict and understand occurrences. Theorem Development Literature Review is designed to hold or support a theory of any research.
A theory gives a complete and complex conceptual understanding of things which cannot be listed down like how societies work, how certain organization functions and why people interact in a particular way. Theories provide a Researcher with a different angle, from which they can look at complex problems and social issues, allow them to focus their attention on a different aspect of data and provide them with a framework within which they can conduct their analysis. All scientific theory starts as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a recommended solution for an undiscovered occurrence which does not fit into a currently acknowledged scientific theory.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2WPwuku
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
This document outlines the learning objectives and content for a course on research methods for computer science and software engineering. The objectives include explaining the purpose of research, understanding basic research concepts, acquiring skills to formulate research problems and design research projects. The document discusses different research approaches like quantitative, qualitative and design science methods. It also covers topics like theories, constructs, variables, conceptual frameworks, propositions, and hypotheses. The teaching methods will include lectures, group work, projects and presentations. Students will be evaluated based on assignments, exams and participation.
HCI Research as Problem-Solving [CHI'16, presentation slides] Aalto University
Slides from a talk delivered at CHI 2016, San Jose.
Authors: Antti Oulasvirta (Aalto University) and Kasper Hornbaek (University of Copenhagen).
Link to paper: http://users.comnet.aalto.fi/oulasvir/pubs/hci-research-as-problem-solving-chi2016.pdf
Overview: This talk discusses a meta-scientific account of human-computer interaction (HCI) research as problem-solving. We build on the philosophy of Larry Laudan, who develops problem and solution as the foundational concepts of science. We argue that most HCI research is about three main types of problem: empirical, conceptual, and constructive. We elaborate upon Laudan’s concept of problem-solving capacity as a universal criterion for determining the progress of solutions (outcomes): Instead of asking whether research is ‘valid’ or follows the ‘right’ approach, it urges us to ask how its solutions advance our capacity to solve important problems in human use of computers. This offers a rich, generative, and ‘discipline-free’ view of HCI and resolves some existing debates about what HCI is or should be. It may also help unify efforts across nominally disparate traditions in empirical research, theory, design, and engineering.
How to Develop Mathematical Theorems Based on Literature Survey for PhD Thesi...PhD Assistance
The main aim of framing any theory is to explain, predict and understand occurrences. Theorem Development Literature Review is designed to hold or support a theory of any research.
A theory gives a complete and complex conceptual understanding of things which cannot be listed down like how societies work, how certain organization functions and why people interact in a particular way. Theories provide a Researcher with a different angle, from which they can look at complex problems and social issues, allow them to focus their attention on a different aspect of data and provide them with a framework within which they can conduct their analysis. All scientific theory starts as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a recommended solution for an undiscovered occurrence which does not fit into a currently acknowledged scientific theory.
Ph.D. Assistance:
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee known about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/2WPwuku
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
This document outlines an agenda for a 4-day proposal writing workshop. Day 1 introduces the workshop and discusses what a proposal is. Day 2 covers components of proposals like the theoretical framework, literature review, research questions, and methodology. Day 3 has participants share draft proposals. Day 4 allows revising proposals and planning next steps. The workshop aims to provide guidance on writing successful thesis and grant proposals through presentations, examples, and peer feedback.
Jennifer Ferreira's research examines combining agile development and usability. She identifies three perspectives on this topic: focus, coordination, and work culture. The first two perspectives aim to address weaknesses in agile and usability approaches. However, Ferreira argues the third perspective, examining how developers and designers engage within their work cultures, is largely unexplored but important. Understanding work cultures may be key to enabling usability in agile domains, as cultures shape how teams coordinate and maintain focus.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY_ STEP BY STEP RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER_.pdfMATIULLAH JAN
What the methodology chapter is and why it is important?
How to structure and write up the methodology chapter:
The research design:
The research philosophy:
The research type:
Inductive research,
The research strategy:
Experimental research
The time horizon:
The sampling strategy:
The data collection method
The analysis methods and techniques:
The methodological limitations
This document provides an overview of a workshop for a module on the philosophy of learning and teaching in higher education. The workshop includes introductions and discussion of topics like mentoring, the modular structure, work plans and targets, learning theories, higher education policy, and core professional values. Activities involve reflecting on concepts like academic identity, the hidden curriculum, and critical perspectives. The document outlines the aims and intended learning outcomes of exploring theories of higher education and applying understanding to improve various aspects of teaching and learning.
Similar to Christoph. bartneck using the metaphysics of quality to (20)
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Christoph. bartneck using the metaphysics of quality to
1. Using The Metaphysics Of Quality To
Define Design Science
Christoph Bartneck
Department of Industrial Design
Eindhoven University of Technology
Den Dolech 2, 5600MB Eindhoven, NL
c.bartneck@tue.nl
ABSTRACT
Design has evolved from a craft into an academic discipline, but it
still falls short on defining its own science. I review previous
approaches to Design Science and conclude that the subject–
object dualism is the one of the main obstacles. I then apply the
Metaphysics of Quality to overcome the dualism and propose
Quality as the phenomenon of Design Science. Next, I propose to
utilize the analysis of interaction effects as a mean to investigate
Quality. Last, I recommend steps we can take to mature this new
Design Science and strategies how we can gain the
acknowledgement of the other sciences.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
H.5.m Miscellaneous
General Terms
Design, Theory
Keywords
Metaphysics of Quality, Design, Theory, Science, Interaction
Effect
1. INTRODUCTION
Design in all its flavors has a long history. Starting as a craft, it
slowly developed into an academic field. By now, many
universities have design faculties that offer programs at the
bachelor, master and PhD level. But why stop there? Why not
admit other crafts into the university, such as carpeting? It is
surprisingly difficult to argue why design should be taught at a
university and carpeting should not.
Both produce creative solutions to problems and implement them
using technology. Both require theoretical knowledge, such as
math and material sciences, and both have to satisfy the
requirements of the users. Sometimes, I am even under the
impression that carpenters know more math than my own design
students. The academic design programs also have to compete
with more practical design education programs that are being
offered by academies and applied schools. What then makes a
university design faculty special? What do they offer that a
carpeting school does not? Why do we need doctoral study in
design [1] ?
The situation for designers in the area of information systems and
technology (IST) is similar. The do create artifacts that support
users and their organizations. There is no principal difference to
the classical design or engineering faculties. IST may use maybe a
little bit more math in their models, but the basic goal to satisfy
the needs of the users remains the same. The arguments in this
paper therefore apply to IST as well as to design.
I argue that along with gaining the recognition as an academic
field there comes certain expectations. A university is not only an
educational facility that prepares students for their careers, but
also a place of science. Design at the university level is therefore
expected to contribute to the development of scientific
knowledge, in particular within the framework of a PhD program.
This dedication to science is, in my view, what elevates a
university design faculty. Science makes it special in comparison
to more practical or artistic design education programs.
I use the term science instead of the term research with full
intention. There is a great deal of ambiguity associated with the
term “research”. First, we need to distinguish between the verb
research and the noun research. The noun is a synonym for
science while the dictionary lists two meanings for the verb: to
collect information and the process of conducting science.
Designers mainly use the first definition [1] while scientists have
no choice but to use the latter to describe their activities. They
miss a verb form of science, such as “to science”. It would
therefore reduce the ambiguity of the term research considerably
if the designers could use “to explore” to describe their activity to
collect relevant information.
But also the noun research is not without different interpretations.
It has been used, at least in my own department, to describe a
weak form of science. Students conduct projects that explore new
forms of interaction between users and technology. They do not
tackle a concrete problem and neither do they apply the classical
scientific method to produce knowledge. Instead, prototypes are
being developed and casually evaluated. The resulting knowledge
does therefore often score low on the criteria put forward for
scientific knowledge, in particular on its generizablility [2]. Still,
it would do injustice to these projects to state that no useful
knowledge results from them at all. Everybody is aware that this
is not classical science, but it is also clear that it is not classical
problem solving either. In our department, these projects are
therefore labeled “research”. It is a compromise amongst the
designers and scientists in our department. I am not certain if
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that
copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy
otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists,
requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.
DESRIST'09, May 7-8, 2009, Malvern, PA, USA.
Copyright 2009 ACM 978-1-60558-408-9/09/05...$5.00.
2. other academics made similar experiences, but from my
discussions with colleagues, it appears as if not only my
department uses this compromise. March and Smith [3] use the
same compromise in their terminology and conclude their
refelction about design science with that “There are virtually no
generalizations or theories explaining about why and how (or
even if) any of these artifacts work.”
But why should we be satisfied with this compromise? Why do
we not constitute a true Design Science? A science, which will
not only gain the respect of the other sciences, but also a science
that, will bring the field of design forward.
In this paper I will first review existing approaches of Design
Science before I will detail the underlying problems of these
approaches. Next, I will outline how the Metaphysics of Quality
can resolve some of the underlying problems. Based on this, I will
propose a draft for a new approach for Design Science and
suggest concrete next steps.
2. Short Review Of Design Science
Maybe one of the most obvious definitions of Design Science
could be design history. Design Science could focus on the results
of the design (artifacts) and their creators (designers). A similar
approach is taken in the fine arts. In most cases, obtaining a PhD
in the area of art means art history. This would divide the design
landscape into people that design and people that write about
design. This is a perfectly valid view on Design Science, but it
completely moves Design Science towards the humanities. It
would become a form of critique and it is not clear how it could
feed back into the design process.
A second definition of Design Science could be the usage of
rational problem solving in the design process as it was proposed
by Herbert Simon [4]. However, a method in itself cannot
constitute a science. Let’s take the example of the dissection
method. Biologists may use dissection to analyze animals, but
also butchers use it to cut steaks. The method is the same, but one
results in scientific knowledge, while the other in a delicious
meal. A method of investigation is a necessary condition, but not
a sufficient condition.
A third definition could be the systematic organization of design
relevant knowledge [5]. The organization of knowledge is an
essential part of any science, but it will remain incomplete unless
a method for acquiring the knowledge is included. Cross [6]
therefore extended this view to “Explicitly organized, rational and
wholly systematic approach to design: not just the utilization of
scientific knowledge of artifacts, but design also in some sense as
a scientific activity itself.” His definition would merge the two
previous views, but I believe that it is too early to come to a
synthesis. For now, I will continue to treat them separately.
Systematic knowledge is a necessary condition, but not a
sufficient condition for a Design Science.
A fourth, and possibly the most popular definition of Design
Science is the study of design methodologies. The topic of
investigation is the question how do designers design. Design
methodology, or to be more general, "human problem solving",
has already been treated as a phenomena investigated by
psychologists [7, 8]. Moreover, in the same way that biology is
not a science of how biologists work, Design Science cannot be a
science of how designers work.
The different views on what a Design Science could be highlight
three aspects that most sciences have: an phenomenon under
investigation, a method of investigation and systematic
organization of the results of the investigation. To maintain the
focus of this paper, I will have to leave the latter for another
study. Let’s first look at the problem of the missing phenomenon.
The sciences distinguish themselves not so much through their
methods, but through the phenomena they investigate. Biology,
for example, is the science of living organisms. What a Design
Science is primarily missing is a clear definition of a
phenomenon. The problem becomes clearer when we consider
that design's prime focus lies in the intersection between artifacts
and users (see Figure 1). Designers contribute to the creation of
artifacts that interact with humans.
artifacts
design
humans
Figure 1: Phenomenon of Design
Everything there is to know about the artifact (left side Figure 1)
is available from its creator. All its dimensions, material
properties and functions are known. The artifacts are therefore
unsuitable as phenomena for investigation because the creation of
new materials and operational principles has already been claimed
by engineering and physics. Both use rational design methodology
that heavily relies on mathematics [4, 9, 10]. Pitt [11] even
claimed that such a method would lead to knowledge that is "far
more reliable, secure, and trustworthy than scientific knowledge".
This means that the results are independent of the designer who
applies them. This independence is a major step forward into the
direction of generizability [2].
On the other side (right side Figure 1), understanding humans is
the prime objective of medicine, and the social sciences. Design
Science would have difficulties competing. Carroll even claimed
that psychology alone is the science of design [12]. We have to
conclude that both sides, artifacts and humans, have been claimed
as phenomena by physics, engineering, medicine and the social
sciences.
Reality
Subject (Mind) Object (Matter)
Rational (Intellectual) Emotional
Figure 2: Cartesian dualism
Design is stuck in the middle without a clearly defined
phenomenon to investigate. Currently, designers who want to
work as scientists have to become either engineers or
psychologists. Since they often lack training in these disciplines
they have a natural disadvantage. I believe that this is one of the
main obstacles in the creation of Design Science.
3. So let’s have a closer look at the source of the problem. The
division of the phenomena depicted in Figure 1 follows the
tradition of the subject–object split introduced by Descartes [13].
The separation of the body and the mind was a major step forward
for the natural sciences because in this view of the world, the
theory (‘res cogitans’) itself is clearly separated from and does not
influence the described phenomena [‘res extensa’; see Descartes
[14], and more recently [15, chapter 7], and [16, chapter 17]]. In
this Cartesian dualism, the world is separated into subjects and
objects (see Figure 2). The mind is then further divided into
rational and emotional thinking. This view of reality is familiar to
us and easy to accept.
3. METAPHYSICS OF QUALITY
In the Cartesian duality, objective knowledge is superior to
subjective knowledge and together they constitute an antagonistic
relationship that constantly generates paired dichotomies: mind &
matter, science & art and feeling & reason [17]. As useful as this
division was for the foundation for modern science, it has also
been severely criticized. Hevner et al. [18] pointed out that
teachnolog (objects) and behaviour (subjects) are inseparable in
an information system. Damasio [19] argued that the body is the
genesis of thought and therefore no clear distinction between them
can be made. But we need to go beyond unifying the brain and
thought to overcome the true dualism between objects and
subjects that inhibit the creation of a Design Science. I believe
that Pirsig’s Metaphysics of Quality (MOQ) holds the key to
overcome this dualism [20, 21] even though the status of his work
within philosophy has been difficult. One of the major critiques is
that Pirsig does not offer a systematic approach. While this is
certainly true, a narrative approach has unique advantages and has
already been successfully used in the dialogues of Plato. It makes
ideas highly readable and understandable, which resulted in
continued high sales of the book for over thirty years. It has even
been argued that it is the best-sold philosophy book so far. Zen
and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance is even used as an
introduction to the philosophy of science by certain universities.
Still, many philosophers consider the book “pop-philosophy”
whereas it does seem that the radical nature of the Metaphysics of
Quality has not been sufficiently realized [22]. It does have the
potential to reconcile art with reason, technology and science [23].
The MOQ reduces the duality between subjects and objects to a
secondary role and places Quality (arête) alone at the top (see
Figure 3) as “the parent, the source of all subjects and objects”
[20]. Even though Quality itself cannot be defined, its existence
can be proven. Pirsig provides a pragmatic proof by subtracting it
from the description of our world and showing that a world
without Quality would dysfunction [20].
Quality
Emotional Quality Rational Quality
Subjective (Mind) Objective (Matter)
Figure 3: Ontology of Pirsig’s Metaphysics of Quality
Pirsig eventually provides a description of Quality as being “the
continuing stimulus which our environment puts upon us to create
the world in which we live” [20]. To understand this statement
one has to draw out the process of Quality (see Figure 4).
Our environment puts a Quality stimulus upon us, which we pre-
intellectually sense before we intellectualize it and thereby divide
it up in objects and subjects. The pre-intellectual sensibility to
Quality is comparable to Kant’s a priori pure cognition of time
and space. It can even be argued that Quality might fulfill Kant’s
[24] requirements of necessity and universality and may hence be
considered a third a priori pure cognition. Pirsig describes the
sense of Quality like this:
Quality (Reality)
Preintellectual Reality
(Emotional Quality)
Intellectual Reality
(Rational Quliaty)
Subject (Mind) Object (Matter)
Figure 4: Process of Quality
This sense [for quality] is not just something you are born with,
although you are born with it. It is also something you can
develop. It is not just “intuition,” not just unexplainable “skill” or
“talent.” It is the direct result of contact with basic reality,
Quality, which dualistic reason has in the past tended to conceal.
[20]
Notice that the good (Quality) is put on top in the MOQ (see
Figure 3). This reverts Plato’s original premise that the truth is
above the good. To defeat the sophists (who are today’s
designers) Plato had to first unite the different ideas about the
nature of such an immortal truth amongst the cosmologists.
Heraclitus believed that the immortal principle would be change
whereas Parmenides declared that all change is an illusion and
that the immortal principle must be changeless. Socrates
synthesized the positions by introducing a division between
unchangeable forms and their variable appearances. The latter
form a class of secondary reality, since they are not as constant as
the forms. Plato clearly defines that what is most constant is what
is most real. He then incorporated the sophists’ arête into this
dichotomy as being the highest form, only subordinate to truth
and its dialectic method. He thereby encapsulated the good into
the framework of reason and turned it from a relative entity into a
constant form.
While one could use dialectic reason to discuss if the good is
absolute or relative, it cannot be used to justify the superiority of
truth above the good. Plato’s premise that dialectic (or reason)
“comes before everything else” is clearly erroneous. Dialectic
presupposes knowledge of what is valuable and good, else why
choose dialectic as a method and not the tossing of a die [25].
Scientists sometimes refuse to target their science towards
utilitarian goals and demand that science should be conducted out
of pure curiosity. Science should be aimed at the understanding of
the world and free of values. But following Plato’s error this is
4. impossible. Preferring to know about the world is already a value
judgment. Therefore science can never be free of values and
values are above the truth.
Once arête was inside of the framework, Aristotle could then
easily further depreciated it. But Aristotle introduced something
of even greater importance that finalized the foundation of the
western understanding of reality. He integrated Plato’s
unchangeable forms into the particular appearances. Reality is
thereby constructed of objects that consist of variable matter and
unchanging forms. To understand reality one has to look beneath
the object’s appearance to discover its internal form.
Our fundamental understanding of reality is based on Plato’s and
Aristotle’s ideas. It is easy for us to accept a reality that consists
of substance and which underlying forms can be understood by
looking behind the objects and using reason to discover its ideal
form. These days one would consider such an ideal form a law of
physics. Science and in particular physics made astonishing
progress since then and today it is very easy for us to accept an
reality based on truth and very difficult to accept a reality of
value.
A common critic on Pirsig’s Metaphysics of Quality is the
question how it could be possible that we disagree on Quality
when Quality is supposed to be universal. How is it possible that
we have difficulties agreeing on which is the more beautiful
poem? Pirsig considers our previous experiences to influence our
perception of Quality:
The names, the shapes and forms we give Quality depend only
partly on the Quality. They also depend partly on the a priori
images we have accumulated in our memory. We constantly seek
to find, in the quality event, analogues to our previous
experiences. If we didn’t we’d be unable to act. We build up our
language in terms of these analogues. … The reason people see
Quality differently is because people come to it with different sets
of analogues. [20]
Pirsig speculated that if two people had identical a prior analogues
they would see Quality identically every time. This would still not
explain why listening to a new record over and over can change
the experience from being exciting to being boring. In his second
book Pirsig [21] evolves his original division of Quality into
classical and romantic to a division of Quality into static and
dynamic quality. The quality described in his first book (classical
and romantic) is to be considered dynamic Quality. Pirsig [26]
writes: “Dynamic Quality is a stream of quality events going on
and on forever, always at the cutting edge of the present. But in
the wake of this cutting edge are static patterns of value. These are
memories, customs and patterns of nature.” The main advantage
of this division is that it prevents the perception that Quality
consists of two types: classical and romantic. Furthermore,
dynamic quality can more easily include mystical experiences,
which according to Pirsig, are not well described by romantic
Quality. The division between dynamic and static Quality then
easily explain the change of experience in listening to a record
numerous times. It changes from a dynamic quality to a static
quality pattern. This new division also provides a different angle
on the disagreement of what poem is more beautiful. While
dynamic quality is the same for everyone, static quality patterns
depend on the individual’s prior experiences. When judging a
poem we use both, dynamic and static Quality, which results in
some uniformity among individual, but not complete uniformity.
The dynamic Quality, and its division into classical and romantic
Quality, is of most importance here, since it is connection point
between science and design:
What relates science to the arts [design] is that science explores
the Conceptually Unknown [dynamic quality] in order to develop
a theory that will cover measurable patterns emerging from the
unknown. The arts [design] explore the Conceptually Unknown
[dynamic quality] in other ways to create patterns such as music,
literature, painting, that reveal the Dynamic Quality that
produces them. – [26, square brackets added by the author]
Pirsig defined four patterns of static Quality that are order by the
time they occurred in the evolution with each higher pattern more
recent and more dynamic (see Figure 5).
Intellect
Social
Biological
Inorganic
subjective
static
level
objective
static
level
Figure 5: Static Quality patterns.
An extensive discussion of the static quality patterns is available
elsewhere [23, 26] and I will only give a short introduction here.
The intellect pattern at the top contains such as theology, science,
philosophy, and mathematics. The placement of the intellect in
this position makes it superior to social, biological and inorganic
patterns but still inferior to Dynamic Quality. The social pattern
includes such institutions as family, church and government. The
social sciences are particularly interested in this pattern. The
biological pattern includes senses of touch, sight, hearing, smell,
taste and value. The inorganic pattern is composed of substance
which Pirsig defines as “stable inorganic patterns of value”. The
inorganic and biological patterns can be referred to as objective
static patterns while the social and intellectual pattern is
considered subjective static patterns. It is important to notice that
dynamic quality is constant and absolute, while static dynamic is
subject to change. The laws of physic, for example, have evolved
over time and the discovery of non-Euclidian geometries cast
doubt on the foundation of the purest science of it all,
mathematics. Poincare [27] concluded that scientific laws are not
absolutely true, but merely a convention. He thereby introduced
the human trait of convenience into science. This is certainly a
step towards a humanistic science. But he was not the only one
who looked at the influence of humans themselves on science.
Both, Kuhn [28] and Feyerabend [29] showed that social forces
have a strong influence on science. Moreover, the subjectivity is
built into the scientific method itself. Scientists have to create and
select a hypothesis to test from an indefinite number of possible
hypotheses. This creation and selection does not follow a rational
process but is based on the individual scientist’s intuition: the
sense of dynamic quality. The hypothesis that looks most
5. interesting gets tested first. As Poincare pointed out, there must be
a subliminal choice of what facts we observer.
When we now apply the MOQ to the problem of finding a
phenomenon for Design Science we immediately notice that the
MOQ resolves the subject–object split by introducing Quality as
the source of all subjects and objects (see Figure 6). I propose that
Design Science is the science of Quality.
artifacts
quality
humans
Figure 6: Quality as the phenomenon of Design Science
Like any other science, Design Science can use the method of
analysis and synthesis to investigate Quality. Design methodology
has many approaches available to synthesize quality. Roozenburg
& Eekels [30] provide a good overview of existing methods, but
what we are missing is an analysis method that does not
prerequisite the subject–object split. The traditional scientific
method is therefore only partially suitable, because it is based on
exactly this split. The experimenter, for example, is assumed to
have no influence on the experiment itself.
What we urgently need is a method that allows us to investigate
Quality. I will now present a first draft of how we could utilize the
established scientific method for this purpose. I have to admit that
this draft is still in an early stage and that I do not yet have all the
arguments in place to make it bulletproof. Hopefully it is at least
good enough to serve as a starting point for a discussion.
The problem with trying to analyze Quality is that it is in the
objects and subjects at the same time. It is always in the
background but impossible to be measured in isolation. It might
help to illustrate the problem with an analogy. Take the classical
example of the correlation between firemen and damage.
Whenever there are many firemen together, there is damage. One
could think that the firemen cause the damage, but that is of
course a wrong conclusion, since it is the fire that causes both of
them to appear. In the same way that the fire is the reason for the
appearance of firemen and damage, so is Quality for the
emergence of subjects and objects. However, we do not yet have
any direct means to measure Quality comparable to what we have
for measuring fire.
So how can we investigate Quality if it cannot be defined and if
there is no direct way of measuring it? Let’s use the example of
the firemen again and let’s assume that we have no direct way of
measuring fire. By systematically manipulating the factor
“presence of firemen” we can approach insights into fire. We can
have them convene at the fire department. We then have two
factors to consider, the location and the presence of firemen. We
will then observe that the amount of damage depends on the
location and the presence of firemen (see Figure 7) at the same
time.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
fire department house
damage
present
absent
Figure 7: Mean damage across the firemen and location
factors.
The factor presence of firemen and location interact with each
other. In statistical terms, the interaction effect refers to one
variable being different across levels of the other variable [31]. It
is not in the focus of this paper to elaborate extensively on the
mathematical model of the interaction effect, but let me in short
denote that:
ij=μij-(μ+ i+ j)
where ij denotes the deviation away from the cell-mean value
that an independent effect model would predict.
μij denotes mean in the ith condition of one factor and the jth
condition of the other factor
μ denotes the grand mean of all conditions
i denotes the deviation from μ in the ith condition of one factor
j denotes the deviation from μ in the jth condition of the other
factor
While the mathematical definition of the interaction effect is clear,
its interpretation remains difficult [32]. If we apply this principle
to the investigation of Quality, we need to systematically
manipulate subjects and objects at the same time and closely
observe the interaction effect between the subject factor and the
object factor. It follows that:
ij=μij-(μ+ i+ j)
where ij denotes the deviation away from the cell-mean value
that an independent effect model would predict. In other words,
ij measures how far each mean departs from additive effects.
μij denotes mean in the ith condition of the subject factor and the
jth condition of the object factor
μ denotes the grant mean of all conditions
i denotes the deviation from μ in the ith condition of the subject
factor ( = sigma)
j denotes the deviation from μ in the jth condition of the object
factor ( =omicron)
In the same way as we were able to exclude the firemen as being
the sole source of the damage, we will also be able to gain new
insights concerning Quality. This indirect method might be able to
give us at least some knowledge about Quality.
Clearly, this approach is still just a sketch, but I have dwelled on it
for a considerable amount of time and the discussion I had with
6. my peers about it were encouraging. It is not a revolutionary
approach, since it utilizes an existing method but I hope that this
view on the interaction effect might at least provide a new
perspective on the investigation of Quality.
4. Conclusions
The contact with this Conceptually Unknown, Quality, results in
enthusiasm (gumption), which is of paramount importance for
acting in the world. Maintaining enthusiasm and preventing to fall
into gumption traps is Pirsig’s concrete conclusion of his
Metaphysics of Quality. He divides gumption traps into condition
that arise from external circumstances (setbacks) and into
conditions that arise from within oneself (hang-ups). Within the
internal traps Pirsig further distinguishes between blocks of
affective understanding (value traps), blocks of cognitive
understanding (truth traps) and blocks of psychomotor behavior
(muscle traps). There are possibly endless numbers of traps within
these categories, but Pirsig describes only a few of them,
including recommendations on how overcome them.
The analyses of the traps together with the possible solutions may
hopefully lead to a return to individual integrity, self-reliance and
old-fashioned gumption [20]. Pirsig concludes his Metaphysics of
Quality by showing how it can be turned into everyday practice.
Most of all we need to care and improve ourselves:
The real cycle you're working on is a cycle called yourself. The
machine that appears to be “out there” and the person that
appears to be “in here” are not two separate things. They grow
toward Quality or fall away from Quality together. [20]
The effect of personal caring on the arts is familiar to us and
Pirsig commented:
You want to know how to paint a perfect painting? It is easy.
Make yourself perfect and then just paint naturally. [20]
The same holds true for designers, but in addition to an artistic
skill they also need rationality to create good artifacts. The effect
of caring and sensitivity to Quality in rational activities is less
widely accepted even though Quality is the generator of all
intellectual activity – both artistic and scientific [25]. Pirsig wrote:
The classic pattern of rationality can be tremendously improved,
expanded and made far more effective through the formal
recognition of Quality in its operation. [20]
The formal recognition of Quality will then have a direct
influence on science:
I think that it will be found that a formal acknowledgement of the
role of Quality in the scientific process does not destroy the
empirical vision at all. It expands it, strengthens it and brings it
far closer to actual scientific practice. … By returning our
attention to Quality it is hoped that we can get technological work
out of the non-caring subject-object dualism and back into
craftsmanlike self-involved reality again, which will reveal to us
the facts we need when we are stuck. [20]
It will improve our selection of interesting hypotheses and facts.
The knowledge creation of designers and scientists is very similar
[10] and therefore Quality will also improve the more rational
aspects of design. Both designers and scientist must improve
themselves and the Quality of their work will improve naturally.
They should also be aware of that both are approaching the same
Quality. They only chose different emphases on subjective and
objective Quality, which are dependent on each other. Quality is
as much in a beautiful painting as it is in a running motorcycle
and an elegant law of physics.
Besides improving ourselves and thereby the work we do, we also
need to gain the respect of the other sciences, because otherwise
we will always be at a disadvantage when it comes to the
allocation of funding [1]. Clearly, this is a social process, but we
are not the first to go through this. Pharmacology is also
concerned with the creation of artifacts (drugs) that improve the
current state of humans. It is possibly a good example on how a
craft can mature into a science [33]. Given the high risks involved
(e.g. the Contergan scandal), it is understandable that drugs need
to pass serious tests before they are admitted. Other safety-critical
design areas, such as airplane controls, also apply extensive
testing. The strong empirical base of these research areas and the
building of a systematic knowledge is one of the cornerstones
towards acceptance as a science. It will take Design Science still
some time before it can claim similar achievements, but every
journey starts with a first step. As soon as the investigation
methods for Quality have matured, I am certain that we can step
up the speed.
5. REFERENCES
[1] Davis, M. Why Do We Need Doctoral Study in Design?
International Journal of Design, 2, 3 2008), 71-79.
[2] Bartneck, C. What Is Good? - A Comparison Between The
Quality Criteria Used In Design And Science. ACM, City, 2008.
[3] March, S. T. and Smith, G. F. Design and natural science
research on information technology. Decision Support Systems,
15, 4 1995), 251-266.
[4] Simon, H. A. The sciences of the artificial. MIT Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1996.
[5] Hubka, V. and Eder, W. E. Design science : introduction to
needs, scope and organization of engineering design knowledge.
Springer, Berlin ; New York, 1996.
[6] Cross, N. Science and design methodology: A review.
Research in Engineering Design, 5, 2 1993), 63-69.
[7] Dorfman, J., Shames, V. A. and Kihlstrom, J. F. Intuition,
incubation, and insight: implicit cognition in problem solving.
Oxford University Press, City, 1996.
[8] Feist, G. The affective consequences of artistic and scientific
problem solving. Cognition and emotion, 8(1994 1994), 489-502.
[9] Alexander, C. Notes on the synthesis of form. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge,, 1964.
[10] Vincenti, W. G. What engineers know and how they know it :
analytical studies from aeronautical history. Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore, 1990.
[11] Pitt, J., C. What Engineers Know. Techne, 5, 3 2001), 17-30.
[12] Carroll, J. M. HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION:
Psychology as a Science of Design. Annual Review of Psychology,
48, 1 1997), 61-83.
[13] Descartes, R. Meditations on first philosophy. Bobbs-Merrill
Company, Indianapolis,, 1960.
[14] Descartes, R. Principia Philosophiae. Danielem Elzevirium,
Amsterdam, 1644.
[15] Dreyfus, H. L. What computers can't do : the limits of
artificial intelligence. Harper & Row, New York, 1979.
[16] Blackmore, S. J. The meme machine. Oxford University
Press, Oxford [England] ; New York, 1999.
[17] Basalla, G. Man and Machine. Science, 1871975), 248-250.
7. [18] Hevner, A. R., March, S. T., Park, J. and Ram, S. Design
Science in Information Systems Research. MIS Quarterly, 28, 1
2004), #4.
[19] Damasio, A. R. Descartes' error : emotion, reason, and the
human brain. Quill, New York, 2000.
[20] Pirsig, R. M. Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance: an
inquiry into values. Morrow, New York, 1974.
[21] Pirsig, R. M. Lila : an inquiry into morals. Bantam Books,
New York, 1991.
[22] Charlton, B., G. A Philosophical Novel: Zen and the Art of
Motorcycle Maintenance by Rober M. Pirsig. Durham University
Journal, 841992), 111-117.
[23] McWatt, A. An Introduction to Robert Pirsig's Metaphysics
of Quality. Ph.D., University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 2003.
[24] Kant, I., Pluhar, W. S. and Kitcher, P. Critique of pure
reason. Hackett Pub. Co., Indianapolis, Ind., 1996.
[25] Allis, U. Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance. Critical
Quarterly, 201978), 34-41.
[26] Pirsig, R. M. Subjects, Objects, Data & Values. City, 1995.
[27] Poincare, H. and Maitland, F. Science and method.
Thoemmes Press, Bristol, 1996.
[28] Kuhn, T. S. The structure of scientific revolutions. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970.
[29] Feyerabend, P. K. Against method : outline of an anarchistic
theory of knowledge. Humanities Press, London, 1975.
[30] Roozenburg, N. J. M. and Eekels, J. Product Design:
Fundamentals and Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester,
1995.
[31] Smithson, M. Statistics with confidence. Sage Publications,
London, 2000.
[32] González, A. B. d. and Cox, D. R. Interpretation of
interaction: A review. Annals of Applied Statistics, 1, 2 2007),
371-385.
[33] Kremers, E., Urdang, G. and Sonnedecker, G. Kremers and
Urdang's History of Pharmacy. American Institute of the History
of Pharmac, Madison, 1986.