Chloroplast ppts for universities students.

2. TOPIC:
CHLOROPLAST

3. PRESENTED BY
Teammates Roll No.

4. Table Of Context
• Introduction
• Discovery
• Structure
• Function
• Malfunction
• Signaling Pathway
• Applications
• Evolution
• Conclusion

5. Definition
Chloroplasts are double
membrane organelles found in
the cells of green plants and
some algae. They are the site of
photosynthesis. It contain
pigments.
Discovery of Chloroplast
“ Hugo von Mohl ” in 1837 as
discrete bodies within the
green plant cell.
Father of Chloroplast

6. Presence of Chloroplast :
Chloroplasts are present in plants, such as algae.It is self replicating
Diameter :
Shape :
It have different shapes in different plants.
• Ribbon shape in Spirogyra
• Star shape in Zygnema
1. Chloroplasts are generally 4 – 6
micrometer in diameter and 2 – 4
micrometer in thickness.
2. These chloroplasts are round,
oval and disc shaped organelles.
organelle which contains DNA.

7. Zygnema (Star Shape ) in Chloroplast

8. Structure of Chloroplast
 Outer membrane: It is freely permeable and smooth in
nature. Like mitochondria it contain porins proteins that
helps in transportation.
 Intermembrane space: This is the space between the
outer and inner membranes of the chloroplast.
 Inner membrane : It is selectively permeable and allows
selective material to enter inside the chloroplast
They have a complex structure consisting of several compartments
and membranes;

9.  Grana: Grana are the stacks of thylakoid membranes in
the chloroplast
 Stroma lamella: Stroma lamellae are the unstacked
thylakoid membranes that connect the grana.
 Thylakoid : Each flattened vesicle is called Thylakoid.
 Stroma : Fluided area of chloroplast called stroma. It
contains ribosomes,proteins and DNA[because it have ability
to replicate like as mitochondria].
 Grana are the plural of “Granum”. It is Green part of
chloroplast

10. Structure of Chloroplast

11. Function Of Chloroplast
1. Light independent reaction occur in grana
region and make ATP in storma.
2. Absorbs light energy and converts it into
chemical energy.
3. Produces NADPH and molecular oxygen (o2) by
photolysis of water.
4. Produces ATP – adenosine triphosphate by the
process of photosynthesis.
5. Chloroplast has a structure called Chlorophyll
which functions by trapping the solar energy
and is used for the synthesis of food in all green
plants.

13. Malfunctions of Chloroplast
• Nutrient deficiency: A lack of essential nutrients, such as nitrogen or iron,
can limit the chloroplast's ability to perform photosynthesis and produce
energy.
• Chloroplast DNA mutations: Mutations in the chloroplast genome can affect
the expression of chloroplast genes and disrupt the normal functioning of
chloroplasts.
• Virus infection: Viruses can infect chloroplasts and disrupt their ability to
perform photosynthesis and produce energy.
• Physical damage: Physical damage to chloroplasts, such as from freezing,
drought, or herbivore damage, can disrupt their structure and function.
Chloroplast malfunction can occur due to various reasons, including genetic
mutations, environmental stress, and physical damage. Some common
types of chloroplast malfunctions include:

14. Signaling Pathway of Chloroplast
Chloroplasts, like other organelles, communicate with the rest of the cell through a
process called cell signaling. Chloroplast signaling is important for coordinating the
organelle's activities with the needs of the cell and responding to changes in the
environment:
 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Chloroplasts produce ROS as a byproduct of
photosynthesis. ROS can act as signaling molecules and can trigger various cellular
responses, such as activating stress responses or initiating programmed cell death.
 Calcium ions: Calcium ions play an important role in chloroplast signaling by
modulating various enzyme activities and regulating gene expression.
 Phytohormones: Plant hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA),
can act as signaling molecules between the chloroplast and other parts of the cell,
regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses.
 Retrograde signaling: Retrograde signaling is a process by which the chloroplast
communicates with the nucleus to coordinate gene expression and adapt to
environmental changes

15. Applications of Chloroplasts
1. Bioenergy production: Chloroplasts can be engineered to produce
biofuels, such as hydrogen or ethanol, from sunlight and carbon
dioxide.
2. Biopharmaceuticals: Chloroplasts can be used as a low-cost
platform for the production of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and
other biopharmaceuticals.
3. Genetic engineering: Chloroplasts can be used as a tool for genetic
engineering, enabling the introduction of foreign genes into plant
cells.
4. Environmental monitoring: Chloroplasts can be used as biomarkers
to monitor environmental pollution and assess the health of
ecosystems.
5. Bioremediation: Chloroplasts can be engineered to remove
pollutants from the environment by degrading toxic compounds or
sequestering heavy metals.
Chloroplasts have several potential applications in various fields, including:

16. Evolution Of Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are believed to have originated from a free-living cyanobacterium
that was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell through a process called endosymbiosis.
Over time, the cyanobacterium evolved into the chloroplast, retaining its own
DNA and some of its original functions.

17. Conclusion
Chloroplasts are essential organelles found in plant cells that are
responsible for photosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. They
play a critical role in plant growth and development, as well as in the
production of food and other plant-based products.
Understanding the structure and function of chloroplasts is important
for advancing our knowledge of plant biology and for developing new
approaches to improve plant productivity and sustainability.

18. T H A N K
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