In this ppt all slides are related to case study on chipko moment ,mining,dams, and refining .

1. Topic- Environmental science
By-Dalip Kumar
CRN.-1905319
To- Sidharath Jain

2. 2
Chipko movement, also called Chipko andolan,
nonviolent social and ecological movement by
rural villagers, particularly women, in India in the
1970s, aimed at protecting trees and forests
slated for government-backed logging. The
movement originated in the Himalayan region of
Uttar Pradesh (later Uttarakhand) in 1973 and
quickly spread throughout the Indian Himalayas.
The Hindi word chipko means “to hug” or “to
cling to” and reflects the demonstrators’ primary
tactic of embracing the trees to impede the
loggers.
Chipko movement

3. 3
Background
With the conclusion of the Sino-Indian border conflict in 1963,
the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh experienced a growth in
development, especially in the rural Himalayan regions. The
interior roads built for the conflict attracted many foreign-
based logging companies that sought access to the region’s
vast forest resources. Although the rural villagers depended
heavily on the forests for subsistence—both directly, for food
and fuel, and indirectly, for services such as water purification
and soil stabilization—government policy prevented the
villagers from managing the lands and denied them access to
the lumber. Many of the commercial logging endeavours were
mismanaged, and the clearcut forests led to lower agricultural
yields, erosion, depleted water resources, and increased
flooding throughout much of the surrounding areas.

4. 4
Lasting Impacts
As the movement continued, protests became more
project-oriented and expanded to include the entire
ecology of the region, ultimately becoming the “Save
Himalaya” movement. Between 1981 and 1983, Bahuguna
marched 5,000 km (3,100 miles) across the Himalayas to
bring the movement to prominence. Throughout the 1980s
many protests were focused on the Tehri dam on the
Bhagirathi River and various mining operations, resulting
in the closure of at least one limestone quarry. Similarly, a
massive reforestation effort led to the planting of more
than one million trees in the region. In 2004 Chipko
protests resumed in response to the lifting of the logging
ban in Himachal Pradesh but were unsuccessful in its
reenactment.

5. 5
MINING
Mining is the process of digging things out of the
ground. .. Mining things from the ground
is called extraction. Mining can include extraction of metals and
minerals, like coal, diamond, gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin and
iron.

6. 6
How does mining affect the
environment?
Mining is generally very destructive to the environment. It
is one of the main causes of deforestation. In order to
mine, trees and vegetation are cleared and burned. With
the ground completely bare, large scale mining operations
use huge bulldozers and excavators to extract the metals
and minerals from the soil. In order to amalgamate
(cluster) the extractions, they use chemicals such as
cyanide, mercury, or methylmercury. These chemicals go
through tailings (pipes) and are often discharged into
rivers, streams, bays, and oceans. This pollution
contaminates all living organisms within the body of water
and ultimately the people who depend on the fish for their
main source of protein and their economic livelihood.

7. 7
What can we do as global citizens to
curb the effects of mining?
●
Make companies who exploit developing countries accountable for
their actions.
●
Boycott products produced by companies who do not mine is
environmentally responsible ways.
●
Start talking. Tell your family members, friends, teachers, and
members in your community about the effects of mining and how
jewelry made for gold, silver, and diamonds can be substituted for
other metals which are mined in responsible ways.
●
Write letters to governments who do not properly compensate
people who have been affected by pollution from mining
companies.
●
Spread awareness of this issue by sharing your knowledge. This is
how change occurs. Here's a great quote to keep in mind.

8. 8
"Never doubt that a small group of
thoughtful, committed people can change the
world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever
has."
-Margaret Mead

9. 9
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that
obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a
reservoir, lake or impoundment. ... Based on structure
or material used, dams are classified as timber dams,
embankment dams or masonry dams, with several
sub-types.

10. 10
Advantages of Dam’s
●
it helps in producing electricity .
●
it helps in controlled discharge.
●
it helps in controlling flood by storing water.
●
if an area is drought prone then planned
construction of dam might help in solving
the problem.

11. 11
Jamnagar Refinery
The Jamnagar Refinery is a private sector
crude oil refinery owned by Reliance
Industries Limited in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
The refinery was commissioned on 14 July
1999 with an installed capacity of 668,000
barrels per day (106,200 m3/d). It is currently
the largest refinery in the world.

12. 12
History
On 25 December 2008, Reliance Petroleum
Limited (RPL) announced the commissioning
of its refinery into a Special Economic Zone
in Jamnagar district of Gujarat, India. The
completion of the RPL refinery has enabled
Jamnagar to emerge as a ‘Refinery land’,
housing the world's largest refining complex
with an aggregate refining capacity of 1.24
million barrels (197,000 m3) of oil per day,
more than any other single location in the
world.

13. 13