Chinese Government
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The document discusses China's governmental and corporate tax structures. The Chinese government is a single-party republic ruled by the Chinese Communist Party through bodies like the National Congress and Politburo Standing Committee. China's corporate tax rate is generally 25% but some enterprises qualify for lower rates of 20% or 15%, and all enterprises may receive tax incentives like exemptions or holidays.
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- FBR is responsible for enforcing fiscal laws and collecting revenue for the government of Pakistan. Its mission is to optimize revenue collection through modern techniques and quality taxpayer services.
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The document discusses taxation in Pakistan, including direct and indirect taxes. Direct taxes include income tax on salaries, interest, property income, business income, capital gains, and other sources. Direct taxes also include customs and central excise duties. Indirect taxes include a 15% sales tax levied on imports, supplies within Pakistan, and other economic activities. The document then outlines the process for taxpayers to claim refunds of excess taxes paid, including calculating the refund amount, applying to the tax authorities with supporting documents, and receiving the refund payment or credit.
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China viewed itself as the center of civilization and was culturally chauvinistic, looking down on Europe. The Opium Wars resulted from China's attempts to stop the opium trade and Britain's victory allowed it to impose trade and territorial concessions on China. China struggled against European dominance through rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion and Boxer Rebellion and attempts to modernize, but was ultimately unable to prevent European powers from colonizing parts of China and gaining spheres of influence.
State of the Word 2011
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
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