When discussing the growth in China we tend to view it using our own (capitalistic/democratic) filter. However, the economy in China is much different than our own. This piece tries to help
Development Experience of India,China and Pakistan (part 2)Priyanka Luhana
This document compares the economic development of India, Pakistan, and China by examining GDP growth, economic structure, demographics, and human development. It finds that China has significantly outpaced both India and Pakistan in GDP growth due to political stability and economic reforms. While India's economy has grown faster than Pakistan's, it still lags far behind China. The document analyzes each country's economic structure, population trends, and human development outcomes to understand their different development pathways.
This document provides an overview of China, including its flag, national anthem, president, premier, history, opportunities, threats, economic indicators, imports, exports, industries, and trade policies. It discusses key facts about China's government leaders, economic growth over the past decade, major trading partners, imported and exported goods, and largest industries such as automobiles, steel, textiles, electronics, and petrochemicals. The document aims to give a broad introduction to China's political and economic landscape.
Development Experience of India,Pakistan and China( part-1)Priyanka Luhana
This document compares the economic development experiences of India, Pakistan, and China by examining their development strategies and indicators. All three countries initially pursued similar five-year planning models. India and Pakistan focused on large public sectors and social spending, while China emphasized industrialization. Economic reforms began in the late 1980s and 1990s in all countries. The document analyzes areas where each country has had relative successes and failures against the others, such as China experiencing faster poverty reduction and GDP growth than India and Pakistan. Common challenges faced by India and Pakistan include poor governance and slow GDP growth.
Will China overtake the US as the next superpower?IvanWeiss1
This document discusses whether China will overtake the US as the next superpower. It examines China and the US across military, economic, political, and cultural dimensions. While China's economy has grown extensively, its military remains weaker than the US and it faces issues with political restrictions, environmental problems, and low productivity. The future is uncertain, but economic and cultural achievements will likely play key roles, and money matters more than military or political power alone in determining the next superpower.
U.S. Policy in Response to Scientific and Technology Advances in India and ChinaDevon Bull
This document provides a summary of U.S. policy responses to scientific and technological advances in India and China. It discusses the economic histories and systems of the U.S., China, and India. While the U.S. historically led in innovation, China and India have rapidly increased investment in research and development in recent decades. However, the U.S. still spends the most on R&D and has the most researchers. The document recommends policies like increasing STEM education funding and protecting intellectual property to help the U.S. maintain its competitive advantage in an increasingly competitive global innovation landscape.
This document summarizes the economic outlook of Pakistan. It discusses Pakistan's GDP growth rates in recent decades, the role of key industries like textiles and IT, and challenges facing the industrial sector such as lack of skilled labor and infrastructure issues. Solutions proposed include increasing foreign investment, reducing interest rates, and developing innovative technology and skilled workforce through education. Overall the document stresses that Pakistan needs strong economic leadership and policies to address its economic challenges and ensure long-term growth.
China has emerged as a global power with the world's largest population of over 1.35 billion people. It has experienced rapid economic growth of around 9% annually in recent years due to factors like manufacturing and export industries, though issues like inflation, housing bubbles, and export markets pose risks. China also continues to be an authoritarian state that restricts many human rights and freedoms. It has a large military and places great emphasis on education to advance science and technology.
China and the 21st Century, Session One -- ESADE Business SchoolLuis Torras
- Chinese economic growth has been one of the most remarkable in history, with China emerging as the world's largest economy.
- Since implementing reforms in 1978, China has experienced over 30 years of rapid economic expansion and industrialization, lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty.
- China's emergence as a major economic power has resulted in a shift in the global balance of economic activity and will continue to have widespread impacts on business, labor markets, commodity consumption, and geopolitics for decades to come.
Development Experience of India,China and Pakistan (part 2)Priyanka Luhana
This document compares the economic development of India, Pakistan, and China by examining GDP growth, economic structure, demographics, and human development. It finds that China has significantly outpaced both India and Pakistan in GDP growth due to political stability and economic reforms. While India's economy has grown faster than Pakistan's, it still lags far behind China. The document analyzes each country's economic structure, population trends, and human development outcomes to understand their different development pathways.
This document provides an overview of China, including its flag, national anthem, president, premier, history, opportunities, threats, economic indicators, imports, exports, industries, and trade policies. It discusses key facts about China's government leaders, economic growth over the past decade, major trading partners, imported and exported goods, and largest industries such as automobiles, steel, textiles, electronics, and petrochemicals. The document aims to give a broad introduction to China's political and economic landscape.
Development Experience of India,Pakistan and China( part-1)Priyanka Luhana
This document compares the economic development experiences of India, Pakistan, and China by examining their development strategies and indicators. All three countries initially pursued similar five-year planning models. India and Pakistan focused on large public sectors and social spending, while China emphasized industrialization. Economic reforms began in the late 1980s and 1990s in all countries. The document analyzes areas where each country has had relative successes and failures against the others, such as China experiencing faster poverty reduction and GDP growth than India and Pakistan. Common challenges faced by India and Pakistan include poor governance and slow GDP growth.
Will China overtake the US as the next superpower?IvanWeiss1
This document discusses whether China will overtake the US as the next superpower. It examines China and the US across military, economic, political, and cultural dimensions. While China's economy has grown extensively, its military remains weaker than the US and it faces issues with political restrictions, environmental problems, and low productivity. The future is uncertain, but economic and cultural achievements will likely play key roles, and money matters more than military or political power alone in determining the next superpower.
U.S. Policy in Response to Scientific and Technology Advances in India and ChinaDevon Bull
This document provides a summary of U.S. policy responses to scientific and technological advances in India and China. It discusses the economic histories and systems of the U.S., China, and India. While the U.S. historically led in innovation, China and India have rapidly increased investment in research and development in recent decades. However, the U.S. still spends the most on R&D and has the most researchers. The document recommends policies like increasing STEM education funding and protecting intellectual property to help the U.S. maintain its competitive advantage in an increasingly competitive global innovation landscape.
This document summarizes the economic outlook of Pakistan. It discusses Pakistan's GDP growth rates in recent decades, the role of key industries like textiles and IT, and challenges facing the industrial sector such as lack of skilled labor and infrastructure issues. Solutions proposed include increasing foreign investment, reducing interest rates, and developing innovative technology and skilled workforce through education. Overall the document stresses that Pakistan needs strong economic leadership and policies to address its economic challenges and ensure long-term growth.
China has emerged as a global power with the world's largest population of over 1.35 billion people. It has experienced rapid economic growth of around 9% annually in recent years due to factors like manufacturing and export industries, though issues like inflation, housing bubbles, and export markets pose risks. China also continues to be an authoritarian state that restricts many human rights and freedoms. It has a large military and places great emphasis on education to advance science and technology.
China and the 21st Century, Session One -- ESADE Business SchoolLuis Torras
- Chinese economic growth has been one of the most remarkable in history, with China emerging as the world's largest economy.
- Since implementing reforms in 1978, China has experienced over 30 years of rapid economic expansion and industrialization, lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty.
- China's emergence as a major economic power has resulted in a shift in the global balance of economic activity and will continue to have widespread impacts on business, labor markets, commodity consumption, and geopolitics for decades to come.
China and the 21st Century, Session Three -- ESADE Business SchoolLuis Torras
Between 1911 and 1978, China experienced significant political and economic changes:
1) After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, China established a republic but experienced political instability, civil war, and invasion by Japan until 1949.
2) In 1949, Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China and instituted communist policies like collectivization that caused famine and over 65 million deaths.
3) In 1978, Deng Xiaoping implemented economic reforms like opening special economic zones, decentralizing agriculture, and embracing market mechanisms, setting China on a path of rapid economic growth and integration into the global economy.
The document provides an overview of China's economic growth and history. It discusses China's transition from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial and market-based one through various 5-year plans beginning in the 1950s. Key events included the Great Leap Forward in the late 1950s, which resulted in famine, and the Cultural Revolution from 1966-1976, which disrupted the economy. Economic reforms began in 1978 under Deng Xiaoping, opening China up to foreign investment and trade.
The document discusses key aspects of an industrial policy for Pakistan, including definitions, objectives, and sectors to target. It states that an industrial policy aims to encourage manufacturing growth and development to improve economic and living standards. The government of Pakistan is developing an industrial policy that should have long-term vision and input from stakeholders. Targets should be set for industrial sector growth over several years and the policy should determine what types of industrial units to establish in sectors like light engineering, fisheries, and food processing.
China has a long history dating back thousands of years, with many dynasties rising and falling over time. In modern times, China transformed to a communist state under Mao Zedong in 1949, and has since pursued economic reforms and opening up under Deng Xiaoping. China now has a one-party political system led by the Communist Party, and has experienced rapid economic growth with a shift from agriculture to industry and services. However, China also faces many environmental, social, and economic challenges as it develops, such as inequality, corruption, and pollution.
The document summarizes patterns of growth in Pakistan's industrial sector. It provides an overview of Pakistan's economy and demographics, noting it has a young population. It describes industrial strategies pursued from the 1950s to 1990s. It notes the World Bank's involvement in identifying constraints to growth. It discusses industrial growth exceeding 6.5% annually after a decade of slow growth. It outlines some organizations that have promoted industrial development, including UNIDO and PIDC. In conclusion, it recognizes rising growth patterns in several industries but notes ongoing challenges of energy shortages and lack of skilled labor.
China has been the largest cement producer in the world since 2010, while India is the second largest. In 2015, China's cement production was 2350 million tonnes compared to India's 270 million tonnes. Per capita cement consumption in China and India has also increased significantly over time. China invested heavily in infrastructure like roads, power, and railways which supported its rapid urbanization and economic growth. Key factors in China's success include liberalization in the late 1970s, its one child policy, focus on manufacturing, and effective solutions to issues like power shortages. India can learn from China's experience with targeted policies and investments in education, infrastructure, job creation, and reducing bureaucracy.
The document summarizes China's economic development and reforms under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping and subsequent leaders. It discusses how Deng prioritized rapid economic growth and political stability. His reforms decentralized control, introduced market mechanisms in agriculture and encouraged foreign trade and investment. This led to strong GDP growth but also new challenges around state-owned enterprises, unemployment, and regional disparities. By the late 1990s, China was integrating more into the global economy while still facing issues around further economic and political reforms.
This document discusses China's economic reforms and industrial growth from 1978 to the present. It begins by describing the initial agricultural reforms from 1978-1984 that allowed farmers to own land and keep production, increasing food supply. From 1985-1992, China decentralized control and opened to foreign trade and investment, establishing special economic zones. This escalated growth as GDP increased and private sectors developed. The reforms generated convergence of provincial GDP per capita. Overall, the document traces China's transition from a planned economy to a major global industrial power through agricultural reforms, decentralization, opening up to trade, and attracting foreign investment.
China’s and India’s Implications for the World EconomyOlivier Anonyme
This document discusses the economic implications of growth in China and India. It notes that China and India have contributed significantly to global GDP growth in recent years. Their large populations and surplus rural labor have kept wages low, benefiting manufacturers but putting downward pressure on wages in advanced economies. Rising Chinese demand for raw materials has increased prices for commodity exporters but also led to more volatile commodity prices globally. The integration of China and India into the world economy has substantially increased the global labor pool and reduced the global capital/labor ratio, placing further downward pressure on wages in capital-rich countries.
SEU 228 Malaysian Economy - Manufacturing, FDI & SustainabilityRadziah Adam
This document provides an overview of Malaysia's industrialization and the role of the manufacturing sector and foreign direct investment. It discusses the various stages of Malaysia's industrialization strategy, moving from import substitution in the 1950s-1960s to export-oriented industrialization in the 1970s-1980s. The manufacturing sector and FDI have contributed significantly to Malaysia's economic growth and development. The government has played an active role in promoting industrialization through various policies, incentives and infrastructure development.
The document compares India and China's economic growth and development strategies. It discusses how both countries adopted Soviet-style centrally planned economies after 1949 in China and 1947 in India. While China's economy was entirely state-owned and controlled, India's was mostly privately owned except in key industries. Both countries have since liberalized their economies and emerged as global economic powers with high growth rates. China liberalized earlier in the 1980s while India's liberalization began in the 1990s. China's infrastructure is more developed compared to India. The document also compares sectors such as IT/BPO, communication capabilities, capital markets, and company management between the two countries.
The economic landscape of the world is changing rapidly. The nations which were once categorized as developing are now swiftly emerging with eminent powers and are posing a threat to the already existing superpowers of the world. A superpower is a nation which has both the
capacity and the capability of projecting its dictating influence and power on any place all across the planet. Another definition suggests that a nation having a leading position in the global system in addition to the ability to dominate is a superpower.
The document discusses economic structural changes that occur during development. It defines structural changes as long-term shifts in the composition of economic sectors, such as the rise of manufacturing and services and decline of agriculture and industry over time. Countries experience rapid structural transformation as they industrialize, exemplified by many developing nations in Asia and Latin America that grew their manufacturing sectors. However, structural changes differ across countries depending on factors like endowments and history. More recently, the service sector has become dominant globally as the role of agriculture and manufacturing declines.
The document presents information on a presentation comparing the future potential of China and India as global leaders. It discusses the recent development histories of both countries and some current problems facing their economies. While China has experienced very high growth rates, India has strengths like demographics and potential for increased efficiency. Both countries' continuing growth will have significant impacts on the world economy through increasing trade and demand for resources. It remains to be seen whether India may eventually match or surpass China's economic influence.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
South Korea developed rapidly after the Korean War, achieving impressive economic growth under authoritarian governments led by Park Chung-hee from 1961-1979. South Korea's economy grew at an average annual rate of over 9% during this period, transforming the country from a poor agricultural nation into an industrial powerhouse and one of Asia's economic tigers. This success was driven by a system of close ties between government and businesses, high savings and investment rates, and an emphasis on export-led industries. While this development model was successful, it was also unstable, as shown by the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. South Korea has since transitioned to a democratic system of government and a more sustainable economy less dependent on debt and foreign capital
SPA 507 Issues in Malaysian Economy: FDI & Manufacturing SectorRadziah Adam
This is a compilation of resources for a guest lecture/discussion session for SPA 507 Issues in Malaysian Economy, in MPA programme, School of Social Science.
Margaret McMillan
IFPRI BOOK LAUNCH
Structural Change, Fundamentals, and Growth: A Framework and Case Studies
Edited by Margaret McMillan, Dani Rodrik, and Claudia Sepúlveda
MAY 11, 2017 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
India & China -A Comparative Analysis-YASH JAINYash Jain
This document provides a comparative analysis of the economies of India and China. It summarizes that both countries had very poor and isolated economies 50 years ago but have since emerged as economic giants through economic reforms and rapid growth. India's growth started in 1991 with an average rate of 6% over the past two decades, while China's began in 1978 with an average of 9.5%. China has specialized more in mass manufacturing while India's strengths are in services like software and call centers. The document outlines key statistics and growth trends in the economies, populations, currencies, agricultural, manufacturing and service sectors of both countries. It also discusses some of India and China's current economic challenges and prospects for cooperation and impact on world trade by 2020.
Frauke Urban: Low carbon innovation in China – Prospects, Politics and PracticeSTEPS Centre
Presentation given by Frauke Urban (SOAS) at the University of Münster, January 2015
Part of the STEPS affiliate project on Low Carbon Innovation in China. Website: http://steps-centre.org/project/low-carbon-china
This document provides an overview of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China from 1949-1966 that set the stage for the Cultural Revolution. It discusses the economic and social reforms under Mao Zedong including collectivization, the Great Leap Forward that caused famine, and Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping's subsequent reforms. The origins and aims of the Cultural Revolution are then examined, with Mao launching it in 1966 to purge "capitalist roaders" like Liu and Deng from power and establish communist ideology. Propaganda posters are analyzed as primary sources that spread Mao's message. The impacts on culture through "model works" and the perspectives of Chinese historians on evaluating Mao's legacy are also summarized.
China and the 21st Century, Session Three -- ESADE Business SchoolLuis Torras
Between 1911 and 1978, China experienced significant political and economic changes:
1) After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, China established a republic but experienced political instability, civil war, and invasion by Japan until 1949.
2) In 1949, Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China and instituted communist policies like collectivization that caused famine and over 65 million deaths.
3) In 1978, Deng Xiaoping implemented economic reforms like opening special economic zones, decentralizing agriculture, and embracing market mechanisms, setting China on a path of rapid economic growth and integration into the global economy.
The document provides an overview of China's economic growth and history. It discusses China's transition from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial and market-based one through various 5-year plans beginning in the 1950s. Key events included the Great Leap Forward in the late 1950s, which resulted in famine, and the Cultural Revolution from 1966-1976, which disrupted the economy. Economic reforms began in 1978 under Deng Xiaoping, opening China up to foreign investment and trade.
The document discusses key aspects of an industrial policy for Pakistan, including definitions, objectives, and sectors to target. It states that an industrial policy aims to encourage manufacturing growth and development to improve economic and living standards. The government of Pakistan is developing an industrial policy that should have long-term vision and input from stakeholders. Targets should be set for industrial sector growth over several years and the policy should determine what types of industrial units to establish in sectors like light engineering, fisheries, and food processing.
China has a long history dating back thousands of years, with many dynasties rising and falling over time. In modern times, China transformed to a communist state under Mao Zedong in 1949, and has since pursued economic reforms and opening up under Deng Xiaoping. China now has a one-party political system led by the Communist Party, and has experienced rapid economic growth with a shift from agriculture to industry and services. However, China also faces many environmental, social, and economic challenges as it develops, such as inequality, corruption, and pollution.
The document summarizes patterns of growth in Pakistan's industrial sector. It provides an overview of Pakistan's economy and demographics, noting it has a young population. It describes industrial strategies pursued from the 1950s to 1990s. It notes the World Bank's involvement in identifying constraints to growth. It discusses industrial growth exceeding 6.5% annually after a decade of slow growth. It outlines some organizations that have promoted industrial development, including UNIDO and PIDC. In conclusion, it recognizes rising growth patterns in several industries but notes ongoing challenges of energy shortages and lack of skilled labor.
China has been the largest cement producer in the world since 2010, while India is the second largest. In 2015, China's cement production was 2350 million tonnes compared to India's 270 million tonnes. Per capita cement consumption in China and India has also increased significantly over time. China invested heavily in infrastructure like roads, power, and railways which supported its rapid urbanization and economic growth. Key factors in China's success include liberalization in the late 1970s, its one child policy, focus on manufacturing, and effective solutions to issues like power shortages. India can learn from China's experience with targeted policies and investments in education, infrastructure, job creation, and reducing bureaucracy.
The document summarizes China's economic development and reforms under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping and subsequent leaders. It discusses how Deng prioritized rapid economic growth and political stability. His reforms decentralized control, introduced market mechanisms in agriculture and encouraged foreign trade and investment. This led to strong GDP growth but also new challenges around state-owned enterprises, unemployment, and regional disparities. By the late 1990s, China was integrating more into the global economy while still facing issues around further economic and political reforms.
This document discusses China's economic reforms and industrial growth from 1978 to the present. It begins by describing the initial agricultural reforms from 1978-1984 that allowed farmers to own land and keep production, increasing food supply. From 1985-1992, China decentralized control and opened to foreign trade and investment, establishing special economic zones. This escalated growth as GDP increased and private sectors developed. The reforms generated convergence of provincial GDP per capita. Overall, the document traces China's transition from a planned economy to a major global industrial power through agricultural reforms, decentralization, opening up to trade, and attracting foreign investment.
China’s and India’s Implications for the World EconomyOlivier Anonyme
This document discusses the economic implications of growth in China and India. It notes that China and India have contributed significantly to global GDP growth in recent years. Their large populations and surplus rural labor have kept wages low, benefiting manufacturers but putting downward pressure on wages in advanced economies. Rising Chinese demand for raw materials has increased prices for commodity exporters but also led to more volatile commodity prices globally. The integration of China and India into the world economy has substantially increased the global labor pool and reduced the global capital/labor ratio, placing further downward pressure on wages in capital-rich countries.
SEU 228 Malaysian Economy - Manufacturing, FDI & SustainabilityRadziah Adam
This document provides an overview of Malaysia's industrialization and the role of the manufacturing sector and foreign direct investment. It discusses the various stages of Malaysia's industrialization strategy, moving from import substitution in the 1950s-1960s to export-oriented industrialization in the 1970s-1980s. The manufacturing sector and FDI have contributed significantly to Malaysia's economic growth and development. The government has played an active role in promoting industrialization through various policies, incentives and infrastructure development.
The document compares India and China's economic growth and development strategies. It discusses how both countries adopted Soviet-style centrally planned economies after 1949 in China and 1947 in India. While China's economy was entirely state-owned and controlled, India's was mostly privately owned except in key industries. Both countries have since liberalized their economies and emerged as global economic powers with high growth rates. China liberalized earlier in the 1980s while India's liberalization began in the 1990s. China's infrastructure is more developed compared to India. The document also compares sectors such as IT/BPO, communication capabilities, capital markets, and company management between the two countries.
The economic landscape of the world is changing rapidly. The nations which were once categorized as developing are now swiftly emerging with eminent powers and are posing a threat to the already existing superpowers of the world. A superpower is a nation which has both the
capacity and the capability of projecting its dictating influence and power on any place all across the planet. Another definition suggests that a nation having a leading position in the global system in addition to the ability to dominate is a superpower.
The document discusses economic structural changes that occur during development. It defines structural changes as long-term shifts in the composition of economic sectors, such as the rise of manufacturing and services and decline of agriculture and industry over time. Countries experience rapid structural transformation as they industrialize, exemplified by many developing nations in Asia and Latin America that grew their manufacturing sectors. However, structural changes differ across countries depending on factors like endowments and history. More recently, the service sector has become dominant globally as the role of agriculture and manufacturing declines.
The document presents information on a presentation comparing the future potential of China and India as global leaders. It discusses the recent development histories of both countries and some current problems facing their economies. While China has experienced very high growth rates, India has strengths like demographics and potential for increased efficiency. Both countries' continuing growth will have significant impacts on the world economy through increasing trade and demand for resources. It remains to be seen whether India may eventually match or surpass China's economic influence.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
South Korea developed rapidly after the Korean War, achieving impressive economic growth under authoritarian governments led by Park Chung-hee from 1961-1979. South Korea's economy grew at an average annual rate of over 9% during this period, transforming the country from a poor agricultural nation into an industrial powerhouse and one of Asia's economic tigers. This success was driven by a system of close ties between government and businesses, high savings and investment rates, and an emphasis on export-led industries. While this development model was successful, it was also unstable, as shown by the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. South Korea has since transitioned to a democratic system of government and a more sustainable economy less dependent on debt and foreign capital
SPA 507 Issues in Malaysian Economy: FDI & Manufacturing SectorRadziah Adam
This is a compilation of resources for a guest lecture/discussion session for SPA 507 Issues in Malaysian Economy, in MPA programme, School of Social Science.
Margaret McMillan
IFPRI BOOK LAUNCH
Structural Change, Fundamentals, and Growth: A Framework and Case Studies
Edited by Margaret McMillan, Dani Rodrik, and Claudia Sepúlveda
MAY 11, 2017 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
India & China -A Comparative Analysis-YASH JAINYash Jain
This document provides a comparative analysis of the economies of India and China. It summarizes that both countries had very poor and isolated economies 50 years ago but have since emerged as economic giants through economic reforms and rapid growth. India's growth started in 1991 with an average rate of 6% over the past two decades, while China's began in 1978 with an average of 9.5%. China has specialized more in mass manufacturing while India's strengths are in services like software and call centers. The document outlines key statistics and growth trends in the economies, populations, currencies, agricultural, manufacturing and service sectors of both countries. It also discusses some of India and China's current economic challenges and prospects for cooperation and impact on world trade by 2020.
Frauke Urban: Low carbon innovation in China – Prospects, Politics and PracticeSTEPS Centre
Presentation given by Frauke Urban (SOAS) at the University of Münster, January 2015
Part of the STEPS affiliate project on Low Carbon Innovation in China. Website: http://steps-centre.org/project/low-carbon-china
This document provides an overview of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China from 1949-1966 that set the stage for the Cultural Revolution. It discusses the economic and social reforms under Mao Zedong including collectivization, the Great Leap Forward that caused famine, and Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping's subsequent reforms. The origins and aims of the Cultural Revolution are then examined, with Mao launching it in 1966 to purge "capitalist roaders" like Liu and Deng from power and establish communist ideology. Propaganda posters are analyzed as primary sources that spread Mao's message. The impacts on culture through "model works" and the perspectives of Chinese historians on evaluating Mao's legacy are also summarized.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document provides background information on key events and figures in China from the Great Leap Forward to the Cultural Revolution between 1959-1976. It discusses Mao stepping down as chairman in 1959 while remaining party chairman. In 1962, Mao accused Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping of taking a "capitalist road" with their economic policies. The document also profiles important figures like Lin Biao, the Gang of Four including Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen, and military leader Zhu De. It provides excerpts from the diary of propaganda figure Lei Feng who was held up as a model communist.
1) The Great Leap Forward failed in the late 1950s, resulting in a massive famine that killed over 20 million people.
2) In the early 1960s, Mao lost some power and moderates implemented more realistic economic policies to address the famine.
3) In the mid-1960s, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to remove capitalist and traditional influences and consolidate his power, forming the Red Guards student militia who spread violence and chaos.
4) By the late 1960s, order was restored but the Cultural Revolution continued political turmoil and cost many young people their education. Mao remained in power until his death in 1976.
The Cultural Revolution - Key Features & ConsequencesRCB78
The document outlines the key features and consequences of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China from 1966-1976. It describes how Mao mobilized students into Red Guard groups to purge Chinese society of "old ways of thinking" and target intellectuals, religious groups, and cultural artifacts. This led to widespread social chaos and violence across China, with the destruction of cultural heritage and severe economic and social consequences, though it did allow Mao to regain power over political rivals for a time.
Presentation given to Dutch executives with the leadership training company De Baak in Beijing on March 2009. It's our first focused on "Chinese innovation", with our soon-to-be-famous "5C" (tm) and "LABL" (tm) models of Chinese innovation and what to do with it. A few examples of mobile and Internet services are given for illustration. Explaining why we selected them and what to do with them is the core of our business.
This document discusses innovative bamboo processing technologies in China. It begins by outlining China's abundant bamboo resources and industry. It then describes bamboo's anatomical structure and properties. Several innovative processing technologies are presented, including engineered bamboo composites for construction, decorative bamboo materials, and bamboo-based products like pipes, wind turbine blades, and electronics casings. The document concludes by noting key areas for further bamboo technology development and bamboo's potential as a sustainable and renewable resource compared to petrochemical materials.
China's Innovation Challenge - TOC and Chapter 1Martin Kenney
This document discusses China's innovation challenge of transitioning to an economy driven by innovation rather than exports and infrastructure investment. It provides context on China's decreasing economic growth rate and questions whether China can develop an indigenous innovation-driven model. The document then describes the book's aim to gather Chinese and international scholars' perspectives on China's challenges and complexities of building such an innovation system. Their analyses range from optimism to pessimism on China's future ability to overcome the middle-income trap.
760150 Webinar Innovation Management And Technology Transfer In ChinaJames_C_Chapman
This document summarizes a panel discussion on innovation management and technology transfer in China. It discusses China's goals to invest in research and development and establish research institutes. It provides an overview of life science technology development in China, including key innovation centers, government funding programs, patent growth, and potential partnership strategies and pitfalls when collaborating in China.
Make in India initiative to achieve transform India from highly potential market to the manufacturing powerhouse. Its mantra is "Zero Defect and Zero Effect"
Keynote Speech III: Chinese Economic Slowdown and New Sources of Economic Dev...ssuserd649a2
- China has transitioned through different stages of economic development, moving from a factor-driven to investment-driven economy and now focusing on innovation-driven growth.
- Current main sources of economic growth in China include investment, consumption, and trade surplus, but these sources face challenges in being sustainable long term.
- To develop new sources of growth, China is focusing on raising productivity through investments in human capital, R&D, and reforms to encourage more productive investment and increase household consumption. Attracting overseas talent and addressing skill mismatches are also priorities.
- While a sudden economic hard landing is unlikely in the near future due to China's financial resilience, slower productivity growth poses a long term risk to maintaining
The document summarizes key aspects of China's upcoming 13th Five-Year Plan, which will guide the country's development from 2016 to 2020. The plan emphasizes innovation and increasing domestic consumption to maintain annual economic growth of over 6.5%. It also aims to double the size of China's economy by 2020 through higher quality growth. The plan focuses on developing science and technology, boosting household spending through policies like allowing all couples to have two children, and establishing new economic centers along the Yangtze River. Maintaining high employment and improving social welfare programs are also priorities to encourage consumption-driven growth. Innovation is identified as central to China's future development and achieving its goals by 2020.
Experiment of the Assessment of Societal and Economic Impacts by Policy Simul...scirexcenter
Masahiro Kuroda, Kenta Ikeuchi, Yasushi Hara, Michel C. Huang.
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Japan
Kazuyuki Tsuchiya, Akira Ohtagaki
Mitsubishi Research Institute
Masatoshi Yokohashi, Kaori Tsuyuki
Applied Research Institute
The document compares the economies of India and China, focusing on key sectors such as education, manufacturing, and services. It notes that while both countries have large populations and are experiencing rapid economic growth, they have taken different paths to development. India's growth has been more driven by services, particularly IT, while China's growth relies more on manufacturing. Infrastructure and foreign investment have been larger factors in China's success compared to India. Both countries still face challenges and opportunities for further economic expansion.
UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC POVERTY AND EQUALITY.pptxJAMESFRANCISGOSE
The document discusses economic growth and development. It begins by explaining the difference between economic growth, defined as an increase in production, and economic development, which includes improvements in living standards and human welfare. Several factors that influence economic growth are then examined, including capital investment, technology, trade, and institutions. The document reviews growth experiences across different countries and regions, finding varying rates of growth and convergence. It also discusses poverty, inequality, and the relationship between growth, development, and human welfare.
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China: Controlled Innovation
1. China: Innovation in a
Centrally Planned Economy
ETM 520/620
November 30, 2009
Greg Bourque Dan Meador
Wilson Zehr Shawn Jiang
Lam Dinh Nametsegang Boemo-Mokhawa
2. Foundation
Innovation is: “…the creation and implementation of new
processes, products, services and methods of delivery, which
result in significant improvements in outcomes, efficiency,
effectiveness or quality.”
Mulgan, G and Albury, D (2003) Innovation in the Public Sector, Cabinet Office, London.
2Team 5
Why Innovate?
• Increase standard of living
• Achieve sustained economic growth
• Kontratieff’s Long Wave Cycle
3. Tale of Two Priorities
Central Planning
• Need for control
• Activity based rewards
• Follow the party line
• Top down decisions
• Planned growth
Market Driven
• Need to innovate
• Outcome based rewards
• Think outside of the box
• Bottom up decisions
• Organic growth
3Team 5
Can an innovation system in a centrally planned economy
be as successful as in a market driven economy?
4. Measuring Innovation
Metrics
• Human Capital
• Research and Development
Expenditures
• Patents granted
• Economic Performance
• Per Capita income
• Domestic Consumption
• Productivity
– Key to raising living standards
– Key to poverty reduction
– Key to a sound environment
Methods
• Ranking
• Trending
• Policy Analysis
• System Analysis - Analysis of
support structures
4Team 5
7. Source: Stages of Economic Development (transcript) Speech at the Chinese Academy of Arts and Sciences
Beijing, June 19, 2004
Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs
Director, The Earth Institute at Columbia University
Economic Growth
Path to Sustained Growth
IncomeperCapita
Time0 n
Knowledge
Industrial
Commercial
Pre-commercial
Leverage low cost
resources such as labor
Add additional value
through innovation
7Team 5
8. MongoliaProvinces (22)
Autonomous Regions (5)
Guangxi
Inner Mongolia
Ningxia Hui
Xinjiang
Tibet
Municipalities (4)
Beijing
Shanghai
Tianjin
Chongqing
Special Administrative Regions (2)
Hong Kong
Macau
China: The Country
Population: 1.3B (1st
)
Land Area: 9.6M KM (4th
)
8Team 5
9. Source: The China Business Review, April 2009
Notes: NEA = National Energy Administration; SAFE = State Administration
of Foreign Exchange; SFDA = State Food and Drug Administration.
China: Government
National People’s Congress (NPC)
9
11. Demographics
80% men
77% over 35
31% college degree
Group Members Meet
Communist Party 73 million
National Party Congress 2,000 5 years
Central Committee 200
Politburo 24
Standing Committee 9 frequent
Source(s): BBC News
The China Business Review
Hu Jin
President
Hu Jintao
Chair
Hu Jintao
Chairman
General Secretary
Hu Jintao
11th
Five Year Plan
China: Government
Role (Rule) of Communist Party
11Team 5
12. Open to World
Deng Xiaoping
‘80
80% SOE
‘53 – ’57
1st
5 Year Plan
‘56
100% SOE
93.5% farm cooperatives
‘06 – ’10
11th
5 Year Plan
China: Economy
History of Growth
12Team 5
China GDP Growth (1950 – 2005)
Korean War Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution Market-based economic returns since 1978
Farm privatization
WTO entrySEZ’s
1997 Asian Financial Crisis
‘58 Break with Soviet
Style Communism
‘96
43% SOE
‘76 – ’80
5th
5 Year Plan
Source: GDP data published by the People's Republic of
China and compiled by Hitotsubashi University (Japan) and
augmented with World Bank and other data.
13. China: Economy
Role of Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
Function
• Create Jobs
• Acquire technical knowledge
• Attract foreign direct investment
Common Incentives
• Access to low cost labor pool
• Favorable tax treatment (tax-free window)
• Greater independence for international trade
• Business friendly rules & policies
• Potential for subsidies
13Team 5
14. China: Economy
Special Economic Zones
1980 - 1984
Guangdong Province
- Shantou
- Shenzhen
- Zhuhai
Fujian Province
- Xiamen
Hainan Island
1984 (FDI)
Dalian
Qinhuangdao
Tianjin
Yantai
Qingdao
Lianyungang
Nantong
Shanghai
Ningbo
Wenzhou
Fuzhou
Guangzhou
Zhanjiang
Beihai
1985
expand coastal areas
open economic zones
Mountainous
Region
14
Source: Handbook of International Economic Statistics, Feb 1999
15. labor
labor
labor
China: Economy
Flow of Capitol & Labor
Government
Investment
Government
Investment
urban >
rural
2015
15
Mountainous
Region
Source: Handbook of International Economic Statistics, Feb 1999
16. Time0 n
Knowledge
Industrial
Commercial
Pre-commercial
Urban
China
Rural
China
Source: Stages of Economic Development (transcript)
Speech at the Chinese Academy of Arts and Sciences
Beijing, June 19, 2004
Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs
Director, The Earth Institute at Columbia University
IncomeperCapita
• Economic Development and Nation-Building: the Case of China
Shinichi Ichimura (Co-leader)
Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University, Japan
10,000*
modernization
2,000*
Industrialization
500*
Take Off
China: Economy
Evolutionary Stage
Ұ 13,786**
$ 1,907
Ұ 4,140**
$ 573
** Source: Thomson Reuters, Jan 24, 2008
growing
faster
US Medium
$ 48,000
n = 2007
16Team 5
17. HDI measures the average progress of a country in human development across
three dimensions: life expectancy, education, and standard of living.
United Nations Development Program
Human Development Report 2009
China: Innovation
Human Development
17Team 5
18. China: Economy
Preserve “Social Harmony”
Labor Force Composition
Agriculture: 43%
Industry: 25%
Services: 32% (2006 est.)
GDP Composition
Agriculture: 11.3%
Industry: 48.6%
Services: 40.1% (2008 est.)
18Team 5
Source(s): Stratfor, (www.stratfor.com) April 2, 2007
Urban to Rural Migration Population Aging Rapidly
19. 5th
5 Year Plan v1.0 (1976 – 1980)
• Steel Output – 60M tons
• Oil Output – 250M tons
• 10 oil & gas fields
• 120 large projects
• Steel, non-ferrous metal, coal
• Ұ70B government investment
11th
5 Year Plan (2006 – 2010)
• Scientific approach to development
• New socialist countryside
• Upgrade industrial structure
– Technology-based industries
– Modernize manufacturing
– Strength before scale
• Develop service industry
• Balance among regions
• Environmentally sensitive
• Science and education
• Institutional reforms
• Harmonious socialist society
• Socialist democratic politics
• Socialist cultural development
• Strengthen national defense
Team 5 19
China: Planning
Changing Focus
5th
5 Year Plan v2.0 (1978 – 1980)
• Modernization (revised focus)
• Principles of readjustment, reform,
rectification and improvement.
• Market-based reforms
• Open to world
• Foreign direct investment
• Agricultural privatization
Guideline
Source: china.org.cn
National Party Congress (en.ndrc.gov.cn)
20. China Made
Top Manufacturer & Exporter
• Toys 70%
• Shoes 50%
• Color TV 45%
• Air Conditioner 30%
• Textile 24%
Export/GDP: 60%(2003); 64%(2005)
Excessive investment into processing
trade (OEM), resulting in, labor, land
and resource intensive products
China: Planning
The Torch Program
5th
5-Year Plan FDI China Made
CHINA TORCH PROGRAM
Independent Innovation China Created
China
Created
Policy
Capital Market
Talents
Independent Innovation
Technology
Industrial Construction
Climb Value Chain
21. STIP Locations:
• 29 in central cities with intensive
intellectual resources and sound
industrial base
• 13 in coastal cities with better
conditions of opening-up to
outside world
• 12 in the cities with intensive
military industries and traditional
industrial base
China: Planning
Science & Technology Industrial Park (STIP)
CHINA TORCH PROGRAM
28. 28
Team 5
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology of the
People’s Republic of China
China: Innovation
Science & Technology Publications
Domestic: Classified by Institution
29. China: Innovation
Income & Savings Growth
29Team 5
Source: Boston Consulting Group
Asia-Pacific excluding
Japan: 33%
China
Singapore
Malaysia
India
Thailand
South Korea
Australia
Philippines
New Zealand
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
30. China Rank Globally
Factor 1960 2000
Income per worker 103 71
Total factor productivity 105 76
30Team 5
China: Innovation
Income & Productivity Rank
31. Conclusions
• Enormous Economic Growth Over the Past 30 Years
– Foreign Direct Investment (FDI - open to outside world)
– Low cost Labor (Export oriented)
– Urban Development
• Improvements Innovation System
– Education
– R&D
– Implementation
– Linkage
– (End-use)
• Factors to Sustain Growth
– Central Planed S&T DevelopmentIndividual Enterprise R&D / Entrepreneurial Collaboration
– Government Intervention, Primary ActorsSecondary Actors
– Planned EconomyMarket Based
– Focus is on short-term economic benefit Focus must be on long-term S&T Research
Team 5 31