The document summarizes equality evidence relating to children and young people in England collected by the Office of the Children's Commissioner (OCC). It outlines the OCC's key equality objectives for 2012-2014, which include undertaking Child Rights Impact Assessments of legislation and policies, understanding reasons for disproportionate school exclusions, exploring issues related to child sexual exploitation, examining the impact of poverty on disabled children's rights, and ensuring the views of older children in the child protection system are represented. The document then provides examples of equality evidence regarding the protected characteristics of age, disability, race, gender, and other attributes relating to children and young people in England. It highlights data showing higher rates of certain issues like exclusions, bullying and lack of
The document discusses conducting a review of Ontario's Child and Family Services Act to improve outcomes and experiences for children, youth, and families. It seeks public input on how the legislation can better support key outcomes like graduation and resilience. The review also examines the Act's provisions regarding services for Indigenous persons and communities. Overall, the goal is to understand how the legislation can be updated to create a more modern, effective, and outcome-focused child and youth services system.
The document discusses legislations related to adolescents in India. It summarizes the Juvenile Justice Act and the Child Labor Prohibition Act. The Juvenile Justice Act established Child Welfare Committees and Juvenile Justice Boards to care for children in need and handle juvenile offenders. The Child Labor Act prohibits employment of children under 14 and regulates work conditions of adolescents 14-18 by limiting work hours and types of hazardous occupations permitted.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Equality Act 2010 in the UK, including:
1) It consolidates and harmonizes protections against discrimination in nine protected characteristics including age, disability, sex, and race.
2) Age discrimination is outlawed in services, public functions, employment, further education, and associations, but not all sectors. Direct discrimination based on age can be objectively justified.
3) The public sector equality duty requires public bodies to have due regard to eliminating discrimination and advancing equality when exercising their functions.
The document summarizes the 2010 review of Ontario's Child and Family Services Act. The review had two components: 1) examining compliance of children's aid societies with provisions regarding Aboriginal children and 2) generally reviewing the legislation to improve outcomes, modernize, and enhance client experience. Participants provided feedback on a variety of topics like outcome-based service delivery, the needs of Aboriginal children, residential services, and more. The review gathered diverse perspectives to inform updates to policies and practices supporting children and families in Ontario.
Child Rights in Bangladesh: Scope for Legal Advocacy and BLAST's Roleশিহাব সিরাজী
This document discusses child rights in Bangladesh and the role of BLAST, a legal advocacy organization, in promoting those rights. It outlines that the Bangladeshi constitution and laws provide some protections for children, but there are also gaps, such as inconsistencies with international standards. BLAST provides legal services to children, engages in public interest litigation, advocates for policy reforms, and runs a campaign to end corporal punishment in schools. There is still scope for further legal advocacy work, such as raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility and establishing juvenile courts in every district.
Juvenile Justice system in Bangladesh - An AppraisalAbsar Aftab Absar
A rare insight into the Juvenile Justice system of Bangladesh. The PPT reflects how a 'third world' country has a progressive intent towards the juvenile justice.
The document discusses the Juvenile Justice Act in India. It was passed in 2015 to replace previous laws and adopt a more child-friendly approach. The Act defines a juvenile as anyone under 18 years old and classifies offenses as petty, serious, or heinous. It allows juveniles aged 16-18 who commit heinous crimes to be tried as adults. The Act aims to protect children's rights through institutions and rehabilitation.
The document discusses conducting a review of Ontario's Child and Family Services Act to improve outcomes and experiences for children, youth, and families. It seeks public input on how the legislation can better support key outcomes like graduation and resilience. The review also examines the Act's provisions regarding services for Indigenous persons and communities. Overall, the goal is to understand how the legislation can be updated to create a more modern, effective, and outcome-focused child and youth services system.
The document discusses legislations related to adolescents in India. It summarizes the Juvenile Justice Act and the Child Labor Prohibition Act. The Juvenile Justice Act established Child Welfare Committees and Juvenile Justice Boards to care for children in need and handle juvenile offenders. The Child Labor Act prohibits employment of children under 14 and regulates work conditions of adolescents 14-18 by limiting work hours and types of hazardous occupations permitted.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Equality Act 2010 in the UK, including:
1) It consolidates and harmonizes protections against discrimination in nine protected characteristics including age, disability, sex, and race.
2) Age discrimination is outlawed in services, public functions, employment, further education, and associations, but not all sectors. Direct discrimination based on age can be objectively justified.
3) The public sector equality duty requires public bodies to have due regard to eliminating discrimination and advancing equality when exercising their functions.
The document summarizes the 2010 review of Ontario's Child and Family Services Act. The review had two components: 1) examining compliance of children's aid societies with provisions regarding Aboriginal children and 2) generally reviewing the legislation to improve outcomes, modernize, and enhance client experience. Participants provided feedback on a variety of topics like outcome-based service delivery, the needs of Aboriginal children, residential services, and more. The review gathered diverse perspectives to inform updates to policies and practices supporting children and families in Ontario.
Child Rights in Bangladesh: Scope for Legal Advocacy and BLAST's Roleশিহাব সিরাজী
This document discusses child rights in Bangladesh and the role of BLAST, a legal advocacy organization, in promoting those rights. It outlines that the Bangladeshi constitution and laws provide some protections for children, but there are also gaps, such as inconsistencies with international standards. BLAST provides legal services to children, engages in public interest litigation, advocates for policy reforms, and runs a campaign to end corporal punishment in schools. There is still scope for further legal advocacy work, such as raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility and establishing juvenile courts in every district.
Juvenile Justice system in Bangladesh - An AppraisalAbsar Aftab Absar
A rare insight into the Juvenile Justice system of Bangladesh. The PPT reflects how a 'third world' country has a progressive intent towards the juvenile justice.
The document discusses the Juvenile Justice Act in India. It was passed in 2015 to replace previous laws and adopt a more child-friendly approach. The Act defines a juvenile as anyone under 18 years old and classifies offenses as petty, serious, or heinous. It allows juveniles aged 16-18 who commit heinous crimes to be tried as adults. The Act aims to protect children's rights through institutions and rehabilitation.
Mining and Sexual Identity - Is Our Industry Ready for Gay WorkersFernando Penarroyo
Labor rights recognition of LGBTI persons is now becoming the norm as many countries are now adopting anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation or gender identity. It is also clear that countries with strong laws and policies promoting equality for LGBTI workers, and companies that implement such laws and policies fare better, which provide a business and economic case for inclusion and diversity. An inclusive, diverse, and non-discriminatory industry would not be hard put to find allies from the LGBTI community especially for a much-maligned and misunderstood sector like mining.
Analysis of costs and possible impacts of different models of maternity, pate...Gobernabilidad
This document summarizes the process of developing a cost analysis for a proposed law in Uruguay extending maternity, paternity, and breastfeeding benefits. Key points include: conducting interviews with relevant organizations to understand concerns; simulating five policy scenarios using employment and income data; presenting results publicly which generated significant media coverage and resumed discussion; and ultimately reaching agreement between the Ministry of Labor and Ministry of Economy to introduce the bill. Challenges included developing an accurate methodology with limited data, while strategies like iterative consultation helped address obstacles. Lessons highlighted the value of strategic alliances and an intuitive approach to public understanding.
The document discusses legal aspects of child care in Jamaica. It defines a child as a person under 18 and outlines several major laws affecting children's rights, including the Child Care and Protection Act. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a significant international influence, establishing guiding principles of non-discrimination, best interests of the child, right to life and participation. The Convention addresses survival rights, protection rights, and participation rights.
The Equality Act 2010 is the most significant overhaul of equality legislation in the UK. It aims to simplify and strengthen discrimination law. The Act consolidates and replaces most previous equality legislation with a single Act. It introduces new protected characteristics and definitions of discrimination. Key areas like employment, services and public functions, and education are covered. The implementation of the Act will take place gradually through 2013, with some provisions coming into force in October 2010 and others being rolled out later. Some aspects of the Act have already proved contentious.
critical evaluation of juvenile justice care and protection proposed amendmen...raheemabasheer
This document provides a critical evaluation of the proposed Juvenile Justice Amendment Bill of 2014 in India. It discusses the bill's constitutional basis, history of juvenile justice legislation in India, objectives of the bill, key highlights and amendments. Some of the amendments discussed include expanding the definition of a juvenile, amendments to the juvenile justice board and procedures for children in conflict with the law. The document also examines recent related judicial interventions and concludes with suggestions that the bill needs further review to balance welfare and justice considerations for juveniles.
Juvenile justice in India ppt prepared by Rajashree J Jawalesundarsasane
- Children in India constitute about 35% of the total population and face many vulnerabilities. The document discusses the problems faced by children in India, international conventions on children's rights, and the juvenile justice system in India.
- Key legislation discussed includes the Juvenile Justice Act 2000 and 2014, which established a system for dealing with children in conflict with the law as well as those in need of care and protection.
- There is an ongoing debate around the treatment of 16-18 year olds who commit serious crimes, with some arguing they should be tried as adults, while others believe a rehabilitative juvenile justice approach is most appropriate.
The Childcare Act 2006 provides the legislative framework for early years services in England and Wales. It aims to improve choice and flexibility in childcare, increase availability, improve quality, and ensure affordability. Key provisions include a duty for local authorities to provide free early education for 3-4 year olds, assess sufficient childcare, and improve outcomes for young children. It also establishes a framework for regulating and inspecting childcare providers through Ofsted, and creates an Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum.
Managing Institutions for Juveniles in Conflict with Law and Recommendations
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The HC has defined sexual harassment include: disturbing women and children through letters, e-mails, SMS, posters, writings on walls, benches, chairs, tables, notice boards and threatening or pressing them to make sexual relations are sexual harassment and torture etc. Rape, sexual provocation, envious or intentional propaganda against women and children, and showing such films, digital images, paintings, cartoons, leaflets, posters and still photographs are also considered as indirect sexual harassment and torture.
This document summarizes the key topics discussed at the 2010 CROA conference on children's rights. It outlines the political context in the UK, including the Conservatives' ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991. It also lists the questions asked of the government and reviews significant policy developments, the financial context of children's services, and implications of the Human Rights Act and Equality Act for children.
An analysis juvenile justice system in IndiaPriyanka Singh
This document provides an overview of juvenile justice systems and policies in India. It discusses the high rates of issues faced by children such as mortality, school dropouts, child labor, and delinquency. It outlines the Juvenile Justice Act of 2000 and amendments made to improve implementation and protections for children. However, it notes there are still shortcomings like fragmented implementation, lack of coordination and data, and gender imbalances. Suggestions are provided to better integrate juvenile justice systems and increase community participation, training, and alternatives to reform approaches.
What is Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Crimes in India, What is Juvenile Delinquency, what are their causes and reasons, what is juvenile Justice , Comparison Between Juenile Justice Act 2000 and Juvenile Justice Act 2015, Case study, Pros and cons for Juvenile Justice Act and conclusion
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015D Murali ☆
This document is the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 which consolidates and amends laws related to children alleged or found to be in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection. It aims to cater to the basic needs of children through proper care, protection, development, treatment, social re-integration and rehabilitation using a child-friendly approach. The Act establishes bodies like the Juvenile Justice Board and the Child Welfare Committee to handle matters related to children in a manner that protects their interests and rights. It defines various terms related to children in need of care and protection, juveniles, adoption and child care institutions. The Act also aims to be in line with international instruments
The code of practice overview october 2013FVSurrey
The document provides an overview of the Draft SEN Code of Practice, which contains statutory guidance for identifying and supporting students with special educational needs. It outlines 9 chapters that cover topics like involving families, inter-agency cooperation, the local offer of services, assessments and education plans, and resolving disputes. The Code applies to local authorities, schools, colleges, health services and others, to help them carry out their duties under the Children and Families Bill to meet students' special educational needs.
Surrey Parent Partnership provides telephone support, face-to-face support, and community support through workshops to parents and carers of children with special educational needs. They offer impartial, confidential advice regarding rights and responsibilities, assessments, statutory processes, and connecting parents to other services. The organization aims to empower parents of children with special educational needs or disabilities to play an active role in their child's education.
The Surrey Rapid Improvement for Paediatric Therapies EventFVSurrey
Surrey recently carried out a rapid improvement exercise for its paediatric therapies to find out what they were like and how they could be quickly improved.
The document summarizes a review of provision for children and young people with learning difficulties in Surrey. Key findings indicate current provision is inconsistent and fragmented. Recommendations include improving inclusion in mainstream schools, clarifying the roles of specialist centers, and developing flexible further education options. A consultation seeks feedback on taking the recommendations forward, including developing more inclusive mainstream schools and actions for an implementation plan.
Surrey SEN/D SE7 Pathfinder - early learning FVSurrey
The document discusses Surrey SEND Pathfinder's early learning trial of a key working approach. It states that 25 families are currently involved in the trial with 4 interested in personal budgets. It also outlines the key worker's functions in the trial's process such as forming relationships with families, coordinating assessments, supporting planning and facilitating meetings. Finally, it mentions some of the training provided to support practitioners in the key worker role such as early support and person-centered planning.
Este documento presenta la sinopsis y los detalles de una serie de comedia propuesta titulada "#PEPA71". La serie seguirá a Pepa, una viuda de 71 años, y sus dos inquilinos más jóvenes, Lora y Gino. A través de la convivencia, los tres encontrarán formas de ayudarse mutuamente y superar desafíos personales, como encontrar el amor para Pepa y alcanzar el éxito profesional para Lora y Gino. La serie también explorará temas como la soledad en la vejez y el uso de las
Mining and Sexual Identity - Is Our Industry Ready for Gay WorkersFernando Penarroyo
Labor rights recognition of LGBTI persons is now becoming the norm as many countries are now adopting anti-discrimination laws based on sexual orientation or gender identity. It is also clear that countries with strong laws and policies promoting equality for LGBTI workers, and companies that implement such laws and policies fare better, which provide a business and economic case for inclusion and diversity. An inclusive, diverse, and non-discriminatory industry would not be hard put to find allies from the LGBTI community especially for a much-maligned and misunderstood sector like mining.
Analysis of costs and possible impacts of different models of maternity, pate...Gobernabilidad
This document summarizes the process of developing a cost analysis for a proposed law in Uruguay extending maternity, paternity, and breastfeeding benefits. Key points include: conducting interviews with relevant organizations to understand concerns; simulating five policy scenarios using employment and income data; presenting results publicly which generated significant media coverage and resumed discussion; and ultimately reaching agreement between the Ministry of Labor and Ministry of Economy to introduce the bill. Challenges included developing an accurate methodology with limited data, while strategies like iterative consultation helped address obstacles. Lessons highlighted the value of strategic alliances and an intuitive approach to public understanding.
The document discusses legal aspects of child care in Jamaica. It defines a child as a person under 18 and outlines several major laws affecting children's rights, including the Child Care and Protection Act. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a significant international influence, establishing guiding principles of non-discrimination, best interests of the child, right to life and participation. The Convention addresses survival rights, protection rights, and participation rights.
The Equality Act 2010 is the most significant overhaul of equality legislation in the UK. It aims to simplify and strengthen discrimination law. The Act consolidates and replaces most previous equality legislation with a single Act. It introduces new protected characteristics and definitions of discrimination. Key areas like employment, services and public functions, and education are covered. The implementation of the Act will take place gradually through 2013, with some provisions coming into force in October 2010 and others being rolled out later. Some aspects of the Act have already proved contentious.
critical evaluation of juvenile justice care and protection proposed amendmen...raheemabasheer
This document provides a critical evaluation of the proposed Juvenile Justice Amendment Bill of 2014 in India. It discusses the bill's constitutional basis, history of juvenile justice legislation in India, objectives of the bill, key highlights and amendments. Some of the amendments discussed include expanding the definition of a juvenile, amendments to the juvenile justice board and procedures for children in conflict with the law. The document also examines recent related judicial interventions and concludes with suggestions that the bill needs further review to balance welfare and justice considerations for juveniles.
Juvenile justice in India ppt prepared by Rajashree J Jawalesundarsasane
- Children in India constitute about 35% of the total population and face many vulnerabilities. The document discusses the problems faced by children in India, international conventions on children's rights, and the juvenile justice system in India.
- Key legislation discussed includes the Juvenile Justice Act 2000 and 2014, which established a system for dealing with children in conflict with the law as well as those in need of care and protection.
- There is an ongoing debate around the treatment of 16-18 year olds who commit serious crimes, with some arguing they should be tried as adults, while others believe a rehabilitative juvenile justice approach is most appropriate.
The Childcare Act 2006 provides the legislative framework for early years services in England and Wales. It aims to improve choice and flexibility in childcare, increase availability, improve quality, and ensure affordability. Key provisions include a duty for local authorities to provide free early education for 3-4 year olds, assess sufficient childcare, and improve outcomes for young children. It also establishes a framework for regulating and inspecting childcare providers through Ofsted, and creates an Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum.
Managing Institutions for Juveniles in Conflict with Law and Recommendations
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The HC has defined sexual harassment include: disturbing women and children through letters, e-mails, SMS, posters, writings on walls, benches, chairs, tables, notice boards and threatening or pressing them to make sexual relations are sexual harassment and torture etc. Rape, sexual provocation, envious or intentional propaganda against women and children, and showing such films, digital images, paintings, cartoons, leaflets, posters and still photographs are also considered as indirect sexual harassment and torture.
This document summarizes the key topics discussed at the 2010 CROA conference on children's rights. It outlines the political context in the UK, including the Conservatives' ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991. It also lists the questions asked of the government and reviews significant policy developments, the financial context of children's services, and implications of the Human Rights Act and Equality Act for children.
An analysis juvenile justice system in IndiaPriyanka Singh
This document provides an overview of juvenile justice systems and policies in India. It discusses the high rates of issues faced by children such as mortality, school dropouts, child labor, and delinquency. It outlines the Juvenile Justice Act of 2000 and amendments made to improve implementation and protections for children. However, it notes there are still shortcomings like fragmented implementation, lack of coordination and data, and gender imbalances. Suggestions are provided to better integrate juvenile justice systems and increase community participation, training, and alternatives to reform approaches.
What is Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Crimes in India, What is Juvenile Delinquency, what are their causes and reasons, what is juvenile Justice , Comparison Between Juenile Justice Act 2000 and Juvenile Justice Act 2015, Case study, Pros and cons for Juvenile Justice Act and conclusion
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015D Murali ☆
This document is the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 which consolidates and amends laws related to children alleged or found to be in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection. It aims to cater to the basic needs of children through proper care, protection, development, treatment, social re-integration and rehabilitation using a child-friendly approach. The Act establishes bodies like the Juvenile Justice Board and the Child Welfare Committee to handle matters related to children in a manner that protects their interests and rights. It defines various terms related to children in need of care and protection, juveniles, adoption and child care institutions. The Act also aims to be in line with international instruments
The code of practice overview october 2013FVSurrey
The document provides an overview of the Draft SEN Code of Practice, which contains statutory guidance for identifying and supporting students with special educational needs. It outlines 9 chapters that cover topics like involving families, inter-agency cooperation, the local offer of services, assessments and education plans, and resolving disputes. The Code applies to local authorities, schools, colleges, health services and others, to help them carry out their duties under the Children and Families Bill to meet students' special educational needs.
Surrey Parent Partnership provides telephone support, face-to-face support, and community support through workshops to parents and carers of children with special educational needs. They offer impartial, confidential advice regarding rights and responsibilities, assessments, statutory processes, and connecting parents to other services. The organization aims to empower parents of children with special educational needs or disabilities to play an active role in their child's education.
The Surrey Rapid Improvement for Paediatric Therapies EventFVSurrey
Surrey recently carried out a rapid improvement exercise for its paediatric therapies to find out what they were like and how they could be quickly improved.
The document summarizes a review of provision for children and young people with learning difficulties in Surrey. Key findings indicate current provision is inconsistent and fragmented. Recommendations include improving inclusion in mainstream schools, clarifying the roles of specialist centers, and developing flexible further education options. A consultation seeks feedback on taking the recommendations forward, including developing more inclusive mainstream schools and actions for an implementation plan.
Surrey SEN/D SE7 Pathfinder - early learning FVSurrey
The document discusses Surrey SEND Pathfinder's early learning trial of a key working approach. It states that 25 families are currently involved in the trial with 4 interested in personal budgets. It also outlines the key worker's functions in the trial's process such as forming relationships with families, coordinating assessments, supporting planning and facilitating meetings. Finally, it mentions some of the training provided to support practitioners in the key worker role such as early support and person-centered planning.
Este documento presenta la sinopsis y los detalles de una serie de comedia propuesta titulada "#PEPA71". La serie seguirá a Pepa, una viuda de 71 años, y sus dos inquilinos más jóvenes, Lora y Gino. A través de la convivencia, los tres encontrarán formas de ayudarse mutuamente y superar desafíos personales, como encontrar el amor para Pepa y alcanzar el éxito profesional para Lora y Gino. La serie también explorará temas como la soledad en la vejez y el uso de las
The document discusses imaging in cases of suspected nonaccidental injury (NAI) in children. It notes that imaging alone cannot distinguish accidental from nonaccidental injury or determine if underlying medical conditions were contributing factors. It also summarizes the traditional views and evidence around shaken baby syndrome (SBS), including the concept of the "triad" of encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhages, and subdural hemorrhages. However, it finds that most evidence for SBS is only class IV and notes issues with diagnostic criteria, inclusion criteria, and logical circularity in some studies. Biomechanical evidence on shaking and injury mechanisms is also summarized.
The document discusses addition and subtraction of signed numbers on a number line. It explains that the + sign means to move to the positive side of the number line and the - sign means to move to the negative side. It provides examples of adding (+2) + (+4) = +6 and subtracting (-3) - (-1) = -5 on the number line. It also notes that when multiplying a number by a signed number, you add or subtract that number to itself the same number of times to the positive or negative side depending on the sign. Finally, it explains that you can use a number line to divide by splitting it into equal parts.
Child atd reconstruction of a fatal pediatric fallAlison Stevens
This document summarizes a study reconstructing a fatal pediatric fall involving a 23-month old child. Researchers used a CRABI-18 anthropomorphic test device to recreate the fall dynamics observed in a video of the actual accident. The reconstruction yielded peak linear accelerations of 125 ± 7 g and HIC15 values of 335 ± 115. Peak angular velocities and accelerations were also quantified. The results were consistent with head injury tolerances reported in other studies and provide additional data to evaluate proposed injury assessment reference values for children.
El documento presenta una propuesta para crear una empresa organizadora de eventos de XV años llamada "XV hermosos". La empresa ofrecerá servicios de alta calidad como video, fotografía, comida, pirotecnia, música en vivo y más. Su misión es satisfacer a los clientes y ofrecer el mejor servicio para hacer del día especial de los XV años una experiencia inolvidable. Su visión es mejorar continuamente y contar con un personal capacitado. Los valores de la empresa incluyen la ética y formalidad.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
O Jardim das Perdizes é um grande empreendimento imobiliário da Tecnisa na Barra Funda, transformando um terreno de 250 mil m2 em um novo bairro com 30 prédios em torno de uma praça. Para apoiar as vendas por 5 anos, a Tecnisa criou um estande com um museu sobre a história da região e uma galeria da natureza ilustrando as espécies nativas plantadas no projeto.
This case report describes a 21-month-old boy who presented with a Glasgow Coma Score of 3 after reportedly falling from a kitchen chair. Imaging showed subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and retinal hemorrhages. The autopsy revealed an impact site on the head and a fatal spinal cord injury at the cervicomedullary junction. Biomechanical analysis found that the injuries could have resulted from the described accidental fall rather than presumed nonaccidental trauma.
Este documento describe los virus informáticos, sus métodos de infección, tipos de virus, y medidas para prevenirlos y eliminarlos. Explica qué es un antivirus, sus características clave, y algunos de los antivirus más populares como Norton, McAfee y Sophos. Concluye que es difícil prevenir la propagación de virus y que es importante contar con protecciones adecuadas como un buen antivirus para estar protegidos.
Dr. randell alexander improper impeachment of dr plunkettAlison Stevens
The document summarizes a court case where Lexter Caban was convicted of first-degree murder and child abuse for the death of a two-year-old boy he was babysitting. Caban appealed, arguing ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to object to improper impeachment of his expert witness, Dr. Plunkett, by the state's expert witnesses. The court found that the state's experts improperly attacked Dr. Plunkett's credibility, qualifications, and opinions. As this was a close case that hinged on expert testimony, Caban was prejudiced by his counsel's failure to object. The court remanded for an evidentiary hearing on the ineffective assistance claim regarding the improper impeachment of Dr. Plunk
Streax Pro (Hair Care) Live Case solutionJobin Mathew
The document provides recommendations for growing a hair care brand including developing smaller trial sizes, strategic business partnerships with salon chains, opening exclusive brand salons, and exploring international markets. It also discusses optimizing the product mix by focusing on quality, value-based pricing, distribution through multi-brand and local salons, and using promotions like discounts, social media engagement, and sponsoring fashion events. Reducing the working capital cycle is recommended through bill discounting, cash discounts, and smaller stock keeping units for small salons. A permanent journey plan for sales representatives is outlined involving call center assistance, mobile app location pinpointing, prioritizing major and proximate accounts, and linking the plan to daily sales reports.
The document discusses various strategies in place at different levels to coordinate services for children and young people in Bromley. There are organizational, departmental, service, individual, and partnership level strategies that all aim to achieve common visions and outcomes. Key changes like the Health and Social Care Bill and new structures like Health and Wellbeing Boards and their strategies will impact how services are coordinated and prioritized going forward, with a focus on issues like mental health needs, children in social care, and those with complex disabilities. The draft Health and Wellbeing Strategy will be presented to relevant boards to help guide agencies in addressing challenges.
This document summarizes a review of Ontario's Child and Family Services Act being conducted by the Ministry of Children and Youth Services from fall 2009 to winter 2010. The ministry is seeking public input on ways to improve outcomes and experiences for children, youth, and families. The review will examine how the Act helps or hinders better results and service delivery. It will also assess compliance with provisions supporting Aboriginal children and youth. The ministry aims to use findings to enhance services for Ontario's young people.
NCB London Seminar GoL Presentation The Health Of Looked after Children Febru...Shirley Ayres
Shirley Ayres, Amy Wilkinson, the health of children in care, NCB, scoping review, learning from emerging practice, final report, GoL, promoting good practice, integrated working, be inspired
All 3-4 year olds in the UK are entitled to 15 hours per week of free early years education, which is funded by the government. This entitlement aims to provide equal opportunities for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. While the entitlement is the same, provision differs in each part of the UK - in England there is one framework for ages 3-5, Wales has the Foundation Phase for ages 3-7, Scotland uses Curriculum for Excellence from ages 3-18, and Northern Ireland follows the Foundation Stage. The goal across frameworks is to support learning through play in a way suited to each child's development.
2013 report mbk in msia policies programme interventionsylvester simin
This document provides an overview of policies, programs, interventions and stakeholders related to children with disabilities in Malaysia. It begins with an introduction and outlines its objectives to map stakeholders, services, and identify gaps. It then reviews Malaysia's international commitments under the CRC and CRPD, as well as national laws and policies related to children and persons with disabilities. Key points identified include reservations made upon ratifying the CRC and gaps in protection for persons with disabilities. The document goes on to analyze statistical data on children with disabilities, identify government and non-government stakeholders, and examine programs and services across areas such as healthcare, education, rehabilitation and protection. It concludes with recommendations to improve policies and coordination of services for children with disabilities in an integrated and
- Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) were established in 2000 through the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 to take a multi-agency approach to preventing youth offending through swift justice, confronting youths on their actions, and providing sentencing options proportionate to the offense.
- The Swansea YOT partnership has seen a 75% reduction in youth crime reports between 2000-2010 through prevention strategies like the Youth Bureau program and working with schools, resulting in fewer youths being remanded to custody or receiving custodial sentences.
- Through early intervention, prevention, and restorative approaches rather than punitive responses, the Swansea YOT has been largely successful in reducing youth offending and the severity of offenses over the past decade
Jamaica - Office of the Children's Advocate 2070 2008 annual report Rodje Malcolm
The document provides an annual report from the Office of the Children's Advocate for the 2007/08 fiscal year. It summarizes the OCA's activities over the past year including public outreach, participation in policy discussions, increased complaints reported, and improvements to case management systems. It also presents a brief situation analysis on the status of children in Jamaica, noting some improvements but that threats like poverty, crime and natural disasters continue to jeopardize many children's rights.
Family and Childcare Trust's annual review is a record of our achievements over the past financial year, including details of our funders, alongside details about our staff and members of our trustee board.
The document discusses early childhood inclusion in the United Kingdom. It provides background on the development of policies and services to support early intervention and inclusion of children with special educational needs. Key policies and initiatives over the last 20 years aimed to provide universal early childhood services alongside targeted support for children with disabilities or delays. Recent reforms place families at the center of planning and emphasize coordinated support across education, health and care services from birth to age 5. The document also describes current early childhood inclusion practices in the diverse range of settings in the UK.
This document discusses developing a new disability strategy in the UK to enable disabled people to fulfill their potential and have opportunities to play a full role in society. It seeks input on how to overcome barriers, tackle discrimination and outdated attitudes, and give disabled people more choice and control in their lives. The minister for disabled people invites ideas on practical ways to make progress and prioritize those facing the greatest challenges to independent living. Organizations welcome the strategy's focus on disabled people's lived experiences and involvement in shaping the strategy.
The NSPCC is a UK charity that aims to prevent cruelty to children. In 2014, they reached out to 278,700 children through school programs. They work to prevent, protect from, and help children recover from abuse. For £600, the NSPCC School's Service can educate one class of primary school children about abuse signs and where to seek help. They also run campaigns to help parents keep children safe.
Gender equality and women's empowerment Grupo Areté
Asignatura: Historia de los países de habla inglesa / History of english-speaking countries.
✏ Título: Gender equality and women's empowerment
#ODS 5: Igualdad de género / #SDG 5: Gender equality
By: Lidia Ramírez López
Presentation given to UB, Faculty of Education on June 8th, 2011. Learn about the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the National Committee for Families and Children (NCFC) and the National Plan of Action (NPA). Connect to our website at www.ncfc.org.bz
This document outlines a strategy for children with disabilities in Rwanda from 2014-2018. It discusses key background information on disability and children's rights. The strategy focuses on three main levels of intervention: community, service delivery, and the political/legal framework. It emphasizes coordination between national and sub-national bodies and promotes an integrated programming approach across sectors to achieve goals related to research, advocacy, programming, and accessibility by 2018. The strategy is guided by human rights principles and aims to transform systems to be inclusive of children with disabilities.
The document discusses key themes from child deaths including social worker blame, family issues, and missed opportunities. It also covers legislation related to children's services, safeguarding, and multi-agency working including the 1989 Children Act, 2004 Children Act, and Working Together 2006. Assessment is discussed as an essential tool for identifying needs, facilitating information sharing, and focusing specialist resources.
The document discusses key themes from child deaths including social worker blame, family issues, and missed opportunities. It also covers legislation related to children's services, safeguarding, and multi-agency working including the 1989 Children Act, 2004 Children Act, and Working Together 2006. Assessment is discussed as an essential tool for identifying needs, facilitating information sharing, and focusing specialist resources.
Youth work helps young people learn about themselves and society through informal educational activities that combine enjoyment, challenge, and learning. It takes place wherever young people gather, such as youth centers and parks. Youth work seeks to promote young people's personal and social development by giving them a voice and influence in their communities. Local authorities are responsible for securing youth work in their areas and integrating it into children's services through children's trusts.
The Child Protection Policy and Procedures aimed to enhance CWISH quality of work with children through building and enabling environment for children to participate with the help of policy and procedure to safeguard children in contact with CWISH from any forms of harms and potential risk.
A new report, 'Written out of the picture', published this week by the North East Child Poverty Commission and the Regional Refugee Forum North East highlights the widespread incidence of poverty amongst refugees and asylum seekers, the ‘new underclass: the minority within a minority`(O’Neill & Hubbard). Because Asylum seekers are not allowed to work whilst their claims are being determined, most depend on Section 95 support, which is a lower rate of support than for UK citizens who are unable to work. It often works out at just over £5 a day (housing and utility bills are paid for separately).
According to researchers, this group ‘are forced to live on the ‘margins of the margins’ while waiting for their cases to be processed. Cut off from the world of work, and often denied decent housing, adequate medical provision or cultural services, many drift into a state of destitution, rely on charity hand-outs or are forced into an underground economy.‘(O’Neill & Hubbard)
Despite a growing acknowledgement that the support offered to asylum seekers in the UK effectively ‘traps’ them in poverty, the role of local services and the issue of poverty amongst individuals once granted leave to remain has received little attention from researchers or campaigners. Little central or local government attention has been paid to poverty amongst these groups, with government documents and statistics appearing to ‘miss out’ asylum seeking children
Similar to Children and equality equality evidence relating to children and young people in england (20)
Sue Amphlett founded Parents Against Injustice in 1985 after her family was wrongly accused of child abuse. Her youngest daughter had fractures from minor falls but doctors initially suspected abuse. This led to an investigation where Sue and her family felt marginalized as strangers passed judgement on them. The process was long, traumatic and damaging as they tried to prove their innocence without support. Most people caught up in similar situations lose self-esteem and cannot cope as their life structure revolves around their children. Sue felt the process focused too much on child protection and not enough on properly investigating allegations and supporting families impacted.
court applications under the children's actAlison Stevens
This document provides information about mediation and the requirement to attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) before applying to family court regarding disputes over children or finances.
It states that applicants are now legally required to consider mediation through attending a MIAM before submitting a court application, to explore if mediators can help resolve arrangements. Exceptions include cases involving domestic violence, where evidence must be provided.
It provides details on what mediators do, how mediation can help give more control and be less stressful than court. It provides information on finding mediators and mediation services online or by scanning a QR code, and that MIAM attendance is free if qualifying for legal aid.
Applicants
This document provides guidance on the rules for McKenzie Friends in family court proceedings. It summarizes that litigants in person have a right to reasonable assistance from a layperson known as a McKenzie Friend. The presumption is in favor of allowing a McKenzie Friend unless fairness or justice require otherwise. A McKenzie Friend may provide moral support, take notes, help with paperwork, and quietly advise on legal points, but cannot address the court or examine witnesses without permission. The court has discretion to grant rights of audience or litigation to McKenzie Friends in some cases.
The document provides an overview of child protection processes and offers tips for dealing with a child protection situation. It explains that child protection focuses on assessing adults for risk to children and that the local authority has a duty to investigate potential harm and intervene even without prosecution being likely. It describes the roles of various professionals involved like social workers, police, and solicitors. Key tips include remaining calm, keeping records, listening to professionals, and understanding what the social services consider in their assessments of the home and family environment.
The document discusses guidelines for McKenzie Friends (MKFs) assisting litigants in family court proceedings. It provides an overview of current legislation regarding MKFs, their role and responsibilities, and best practices. Key points include:
- MKFs can provide support to litigants but cannot act as their legal representative or address the court without special permission.
- Litigants have a strong presumption to receive assistance from an MKF unless fairness or justice say otherwise. Objections from other parties do not outweigh this presumption.
- It is best practice for potential MKFs to introduce themselves to the judge assigned to the case in advance whenever possible to avoid objections from other parties.
- Applications to
The document sets out the code of practice for social care workers in the UK. It outlines six key responsibilities for social care workers: 1) protect service users' rights and interests, 2) establish trust with service users, 3) promote independence while preventing harm, 4) respect service users' rights while preventing harm to others, 5) uphold public trust in social care services, and 6) be accountable for their work and improve their skills. It also provides guidance on how the public can complain about a social care worker's conduct.
1) The author and her partner had twins via IVF who both had medical issues from birth. Their daughter stopped breathing at 4 months old and was diagnosed with a seizure, but the author believed it was related to acid reflux.
2) A few days later, both twins were found to have subdural bleeding and fractures through medical imaging at the hospital. The parents were accused of non-accidental injury (NAI) by hospital staff.
3) Over many months, the parents fought accusations from social services and underwent supervised care of their children. Eventually, the author was diagnosed with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), which she believed explained her children's health issues, but authorities remained skeptical
1) The document discusses several cases of infants who experienced fractures, retinal hemorrhages, and brain injuries. In each case, the injuries were attributed to Shaken Baby Syndrome but the author argues they were actually due to an autoimmune response triggered by vaccination or infection.
2) The author's hypothesis is that vaccination or infection damages the beta cells in the pancreas, causing hypoinsulinemia. This inhibits cellular uptake of vitamin C, leading to "tissue scurvy" and failure of proteins involved in coagulation. This results in the bruising, bleeding, and fractures seen in the "triad".
3) Blood tests in the cases showed markers of coagulation disorders, vitamin deficiencies, and
This document is a quotation from G.A. Pindar & Son (NZ) Ltd for printing a 300-page book titled "Shaken Baby Syndrome". The quotation includes specifications for the physical book, project scope, pricing assumptions, preliminary pricing broken down by quantity, project sequence, and notes on pricing, production process, and terms of trade. Key details are the 300 page extent, paperback binding, 4 color cover and 1 color internal print, and pricing of $17.28 per book for a 2,000 unit print run in New Zealand or $12.75 per book for a 3,000 unit print run in China.
This document summarizes 6 case studies of children who experienced fractures, retinal hemorrhages, and brain injuries. In each case, the injuries were initially attributed to non-accidental trauma (such as shaken baby syndrome), but laboratory tests revealed evidence of autoimmune reactions, vitamin deficiencies, and coagulation disorders following vaccination or childhood illness. The document argues that fractures, hemorrhages, and encephalopathy in these cases were actually caused by an autoimmune response to antigenic stimulation from vaccines or infections, rather than abuse.
This document establishes a pilot scheme for care and supervision proceedings and other proceedings under Part 4 of the Children Act 1989. The pilot scheme will assess new practices and procedures to support the 26 week time limit for these types of cases. It modifies various Family Procedure Rules and Practice Directions to implement the pilot scheme, including establishing case management hearings and timelines. Courts can choose to begin participating in the pilot scheme on one of four start dates between July 2013 and October 2013.
This document outlines the key stages and timelines of the court process for care, supervision, and other Part 4 proceedings based on the Public Law Outline. It includes:
1) The typical stages and timelines for proceedings, including case management hearings, issues resolution hearings, and final hearings, with the aim of resolving proceedings within 26 weeks.
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PAIN aims to ensure fair treatment of families and strict procedures by authorities. It accepts not all families are innocent but takes no sides except the child's best interest. However, it advocates for families' rights which can be overlooked.
The document discusses unexplained fractures in children that may indicate brittle bone disease rather than non-accidental injury. It summarizes 128 cases referred to the author related to unexplained fractures in children living in the UK. In many cases, the author determined the children had forms of brittle bone disease like osteogenesis imperfecta or temporary brittle bone disease. For those returned to parents, no subsequent evidence of non-accidental injury was found in long-term follow-ups of over 400 patient-years. The document concludes some rare cases of brittle bone disease can be difficult to diagnose but falsely accusing parents of abuse in such cases can cause significant harm to families.
This document presents two case reports of infants who were diagnosed with shaken baby syndrome but may have had alternate explanations. Both infants' mothers had nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy and smoked. The infants were formula fed without vitamin C supplements. Both experienced apparent life-threatening events after vaccines and developed bruising, fractures, and other findings commonly associated with shaken baby syndrome. However, the author proposes the infants may have had vitamin C deficiency, as their symptoms and laboratory results resembled Barlow's disease or scurvy. The author argues vitamin C deficiency should be considered before diagnosing shaken baby syndrome.
Three cases of infants and children presenting with concerning medical issues are described. All three cases had signs of metabolic dysfunction, including prolonged prothrombin time and liver abnormalities. One case also presented with the "triad" of subdural hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, and encephalopathy. The document concludes that these presentations may have been caused by deficiencies or abnormalities of vitamins C, D, and K resulting from malnutrition or liver dysfunction, rather than presumed abuse as initially diagnosed.
Bruising forensic study adc.2009.177469.fullAlison Stevens
This study examined autopsy reports of 135 infants between 7-364 days old to determine the significance of bruising. The researchers found that 21 infants (15.6%) had bruising, and of those, 17 (81%) also had other injuries. Only 9 of the 114 non-bruised infants (8%) had other injuries. Bruising was significantly associated with other injuries and homicide. Bruising had a sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 96% for detecting other injuries, increasing to 71% sensitivity at <6 months when independent mobility is limited. The presence of bruising in infants is a significant marker for other injuries including homicide.
Children and equality equality evidence relating to children and young people in england
1. Office of the Children’s Commissioner:
Children and Equality-
Equality evidence relating to
children and young people in
England
April 2012
Author:
Lisa Davis
Senior Policy Officer: Equalities and Rights
www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 1
2. About the Office of the Children’s Commissioner
The Office of the Children’s Commissioner is a national organisation led by the Children’s
Commissioner for England, Dr Maggie Atkinson. The post of Children’s Commissioner for
England was established by the Children Act 2004. The United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child (UNCRC) underpins and frames all of our work.
The Children’s Commissioner has a duty to promote the views and interests of all children in
England, in particular those whose voices are least likely to be heard, to the people who
make decisions about their lives. She also has a duty to speak on behalf of all children in the
UK on non-devolved issues which include immigration, for the whole of the UK, and youth
justice, for England and Wales. One of the Children’s Commissioner’s key functions is
encouraging organisations that provide services for children always to operate from the
child’s perspective.
Under the Children Act 2004 the Children’s Commissioner is required both to publish what
she finds from talking and listening to children and young people, and to draw national
policymakers’ and agencies’ attention to the particular circumstances of a child or small
group of children which should inform both policy and practice.
As the Office of the Children’s Commissioner, it is our statutory duty to highlight where we
believe vulnerable children are not being treated appropriately and in line with duties
established under international and domestic legislation.
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 2
3. Children and Equality
Equality evidence relating to children and young people in England
Summary
The Office of the Children’s Commissioner (OCC) is using equality information and data
outlined in this paper to:
inform its projects
establish objectives that seek to eliminate discrimination, advance equality and
foster good relations
help demonstrate our commitment to meeting the Public Sector Equality Duty
(PSED) set out in the Equality Act 2010. 1
Our evidence relates to what is known about children and young people in relation to the
protected characteristics set out in the 2010 Act (age; disability; race, gender; gender identity
and transgender; marriage and civil partnership; pregnancy, maternity and breast feeding;
religion and belief; and sexual identity and orientation). 2
We are building equality objectives into all of the work of OCC. However the main objectives
for 2012-2014 are:
During 2012 we will undertake a number of Child Rights Impact Assessments
(CRIAs) to ensure that legislation promotes children’s rights as well as highlight
the disproportionate impact proposed policies and legislation may have on
children and young people in general or those from certain groups.
Through our ongoing work following our Inquiry into school exclusions we will aim
to understand why some children are more likely to be disproportionately
excluded. Recommendations will focus on addressing equality issues.
Through our Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups
(CSEGG) we will explore issues of gender, ethnicity, age, sexuality and disability
in relation to experiences of exploitation. This information will be used to inform
how agencies deliver effective services for victims.
In 2012 we will explore disabled children’s views and experiences of living in
poverty and how this impacts on their enjoyment of rights as outlined in the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). This information
will be used to inform how policy and services can eliminate discrimination,
advance equality of opportunity and help foster good relations
Throughout all our child protection work we seek to understand and represent the
views of older children and young people with child protection issues and
concerns
We will improve our recording and monitoring of the equality characteristics of the
children and young people we work with and use this to inform our work.
Specific, measurable equality objectives will be included within project plans and terms of
reference.
1
Equality Act 2010 c. 17, ss149-157, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents
2
This is the terminology used by the Equality Act 2010
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 3
4. Introduction
This report provides a summary of some of the key equality information that relates to
children and young people living in England. The purpose of collating equality evidence is to:
a) Inform the work of the Office of the Children’s Commissioner
b) Establish our overarching equality objectives for 2012-2014
c) Help demonstrate compliance with the PSED
We are collating the evidence in relation to the protected characteristics set out in the
Equality Act 2010. These are:
Age
Disability
Race
Gender
Gender identity and transgender
Marriage and civil partnership
Pregnancy, maternity and breast feeding
Religion and belief
Sexual identity and orientation.
The Equality Act and the Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED)
Since 6 April 2011 all public bodies have been bound by what is known as the Public Sector
Equality Duty. It has three components. Under s149 of the Equality Act 2010, public
authorities must have ‘due regard’ for:
a) Eliminating discrimination, harassment, victimisation and any other
conduct that is prohibited by or under the Act
b) Advancing equality of opportunity between persons who share a relevant
protected characteristic and persons who do not share it
c) Fostering good relations between persons who share a relevant protected
characteristic and persons who do not share it.
The specific equality duties
The s.149 duty underpins two further, specific duties imposed on some public authorities by
the Equality Act 2010 (specific duties) Regulations 2011. These are:
Publication of information: each public authority must publish information to show
that it is complying with the s.149 duty. This must include information about persons
who share a protected characteristic who are its service users.
Equality objectives: each public authority must prepare and publish one or more
objectives it thinks it should achieve to have due regard to the need to eliminate
discrimination and harassment, to advance equality of opportunity or to foster good
relations.
The Office of the Children’s Commissioner is bound by the PSED when exercising public
functions. However, we are not subject to the legal duties under the 2011 regulations to
publish equality information to show our compliance with the PSED, or to publish equality
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 4
5. objectives. We are however, choosing to do this to help us demonstrate due regard to
equality issues when exercising public functions.
The following information is a summary of the key evidence on children and young people’s
equality issues. It has been used to help us establish our equality objectives outlined at the
beginning of this paper.
Links between the Equality Act and children’s rights
Using our powers and independence, the Office of the Children’s Commissioner’s mission is
to protect and promote children’s rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child (UNCRC). We champion children’s and young people’s roles as active,
responsible citizens through our work and influence. Tackling inequality and discrimination
and promoting equality both lie at the heart of the organisation’s values and work.
These vital actions are also at the heart of the UK’s fulfilment of its commitments under the
UNCRC, signed and ratified in 1991. The Convention prohibits discrimination against
children in relation to the Convention rights on the grounds of any status of the child or his or
her parent/legal guardian (article 2 UNCRC). This obligation is not limited to the protected
characteristics under the Equality Act 2010. It is one of the core principles of the Convention.
In our work to promote and protect children’s rights as defined by the UNCRC we consider
both the protected characteristics outlined in the Equality Act and the additional
characteristics of both all children, and particular vulnerable groups of children, all of whom
are covered by the Convention.
It is vital that we acknowledge that children and young people often experience
discrimination simply because they are children and young people, rather than adults with
the power to change things for the better on their behalf. As well as the discrimination faced
by specific groups of children and young people outlined below it is notable that general
perceptions of children and young people, particularly adolescents, are often negative on
slim or prejudicial grounds. Policy makers too often overlook the impact of their decisions on
children and young people, both the general population of those aged 0 to 18, and the more
vulnerable among them. As a result we have long held the view that, as the State Party
whose responsibilities include delivering on the UNCRC, the Government should undertake
Child Rights Impact Assessments (CRIAs) on draft legislation and policy, just as it is
required to do on grounds of equality across the protected characteristics.
In the absence of a Government commitment to undertake CRIAs, OCC intends to carry out
a number of Child Rights Impact Assessments beginning in May 2012, as a means of
highlighting the relevant issues as represented in draft legislation and/or other proposed
policies/measures.
What this means for the work of the OCC:
The primary way in which we will tackle the issue during 2012/13 is by undertaking a number
of Child Rights Impact Assessments to ensure that legislation, policies and other measures
promote children’s rights as we as highlight the disproportionate impact proposed policies
and legislation may have on children on young people and/or children and young people
from particular groups.
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 5
6. Equality evidence relating to the protected characteristics
Age
During the passage of the Equality Bill through Parliament OCC argued that children and
young people should benefit from the same legal protections against unfair discrimination on
the grounds of age as adults. However, the 2010 Act does not make this provision. As a
concession, however, the Government provided assurances during debates on the Bill that
guidance on the PSED will give practical assistance to public service providers on how they
can implement the age provisions for children and young people. Our work demonstrates
that some children are discriminated against on the grounds of age.
Research carried out by OCC cited that many 16 and 17 year olds find it difficult to access
social services and mental health services, and experience difficulties with transition
between provision for children and adults. 3 Other research also documents the severe
neglect of young people’s mental health problems which lead to serious self harm; and of a
lack of ongoing support to vulnerable teenagers who leave care. 4
There are substantial doubts that the child protection system as currently structured is
appropriate for and accessible to these older young people in the way it is for younger
children. For example, the Children’s Society found a tendency for children’s social care
professionals to assume greater ‘resilience’ on the part of older young people, concluding
that they did not need support. The Children’s Society study found that resource issues in
many services also led to a lower priority being given to young people by a range of
services, than was given to younger children. 5
We also know that infants under the age of 1 are more likely to be victims of homicide than
any other age group. While one child aged under 16 died as a result of cruelty or violence
each week in England and Wales in 2008/09, two-thirds of them were aged under five. 6
Evidence also shows that younger children (those under 8) are less likely to be consulted or
involved in decision making. 7 Anecdotal evidence indicates that some professionals consider
young children incapable of engaging in discussions leading to decisions about their lives,
an attitude which denies them their say when many of them are in fact able to do so.
Some welfare reforms introduced via the Welfare Reform Bill Act 2012 will also have a
disproportionate effect on children and young people. Research produced by the Children’s
Society has shown that 75% of people affected by the benefit cap to be imposed under s96
of the Act will be children - 210,000 children in all – and that children are nine times more
likely than adults to be affected. 8
3
Office of the Children’s Commissioner (2007) Pushed into the Shadows? Young Peoples experiences of adult
mental health facilities
4
Stein, M. Rees, G. Hicks, L. and Gorin, S. (2009), Neglected Adolescents: Literature Review, DCSF
5
Rees, G., Gorin, S., Jobe, A., Stein, M., Medforth, R., and Goswami, H. (2010) Safeguarding young people:
responding to young people aged 11 to 17 who are maltreated. The Children’s Society, London
6
EHRC (2010) How fair is Britain? The first Triennial Review. London EHRC
http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/key-projects/how-fair-is-britain/online-summary/legal-and-physical-
security/
7
Davey (2010) Children's participation in decision-making: a summary report on progress made up to 2010
(National Participation Forum, 2010)
http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/content/publications/content_412
8
The Children’s Society (2011),The distributional impact of the benefit cap. London. The Children’s Society
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 6
7. What this means for the work of the OCC:
During 2012/13 the Office of the Children’s Commissioner will undertake
at least four Child Rights Impact Assessments on Government Bills/other
proposed policies or measures that will highlight how they impact children
and young people in relation to adults as well as specific groups of young
people within our remit.
OCC is currently considering how we support younger children’s
participation and involvement in decision making
OCC will continue to advise the Government via consultation and select
committees on the needs of older children and young people in relation to
access to child protection, mental health services and experiencing
difficult transitions from children’s services to adult services. The issue of
older young people will also be looked at within the Child Sexual
Exploitation in Gang and Groups (CSEGG) Inquiry as older children are
underrepresented in current data or not identified as readily by services.
We will continue to monitor the disproportionate impact of welfare reforms
on children and young people, highlighting the need to eliminate
discrimination and advice quality in outcomes and share this with relevant
agencies and organisations which are able to directly impact any form of
discrimination.
Disability
The OCC Inquiry School Exclusions Inquiry found that pupils with Special Educational
Needs (SEN) are eight times more likely to be permanently excluded than their peers who
do not have these needs. The Inquiry also highlighted that when different characteristics are
combined, figures show that a Black boy from an African Caribbean background, who has
SEN and is also from a low income household, is 168 times more likely to be permanently
excluded from the same school than a White female classmate, who does not have SEN and
who comes from a more affluent household. 9 In addition to poorer academic attainment,
pupils with SEN who are also eligible for free school meals are almost twice as likely to be
permanently excluded as pupils with SEN from wealthier backgrounds. 10
We are also concerned about the bullying of disabled children and young people. In 2007,
Mencap undertook a survey of 507 children and young people with a learning disability aged
8 to 19 years. The results showed that 8 out of 10 children with a learning disability had been
bullied. 11
Literature also suggests that disabled children are afforded few opportunities to voice their
views to those offering health and personal care services, and that health professionals often
struggle to communicate effectively with them. Misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment is
an obvious and all too frequent result where a child has too little say or engagement in
decision making. 12
9
OCC (2012) They Never Give Up on You Office of the Children’s Commissioners School Exclusions Inquiry.
London. OCC
10
http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/e/education%20bill%20%20%20equalities%20impact%20assess
ment%20equia.pdf
11
Mencap (2007) Bullying Wrecks Lives: the experiences of children and young people with a learning
disability
12
Every Disabled child matters Campaign (2009) Disabled children and health, accessed at
http://www.edcm.org.uk/media/8101/edcm_disabled_children_and_health.pdf, April 2012
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 7
8. The Childcare Act 2006 imposes a duty on local authorities to secure provision for childcare
sufficient to meet the requirements of all parents with disabled children up to the age of 18.
However, despite this duty there is evidence that in 2009 almost half of local authorities
reported insufficient childcare for disabled children (49%). 13
We also know that there is a widespread lack of local and national data on disabled children
subject to safeguarding children procedures in England. Part of the reason for lack of data is
the way services are structured and delivered to disabled children. Working with children
with disabilities is seen as a specialism and therefore in many localities remains something
delivered separately from the work of child protection teams.
It is reported that 25% of young people in the youth justice system have a learning disability
and 30% have a physical disability. 14 15 Research also demonstrates consistently high levels
of complex developmental issues and unmet emotional and other mental health needs
among children and young people in the youth justice system. Speech and language
difficulties are also common. Approximately 60% of children and young people in the youth
justice system have significant speech, language and communication needs, sometimes
undiagnosed and therefore untreated. 16 Between 46 and 67% of young people in the youth
justice system, many of whom have these verbal communication difficulties, are also
recognised as having poor or very poor literacy and numeracy skills. 17 Up to one third of
children with untreated speech and language difficulties develop subsequent mental health
problems. 18 Communication disability is strongly linked to deprivation and poverty in the
early years. There is some evidence that children may be misdiagnosed as having a mental
health problem or a conduct disorder when in fact they have an undiagnosed communication
problem. 19
Evidence shows that more disabled children live in poverty compared to their non-disabled
peers. Over four in 10 of families with disabled children live in poverty. This compares to
three in 10 of the general population5. This means that 320,000 disabled children are living
in low-income families. 20 Our Child Rights Impact Assessment of the Welfare Reform Bill,
published in January 2012 and quoted by members of both Houses during its passage
through Parliament, highlighted the disproportionate impact of some of the Bill’s provisions
on disabled children.
What this means for the work of the OCC:
The Office will work to eliminate bullying and advance good practice to
tackle bullying in schools through the Anti-Bullying Alliance (ABA) and the
work of the Director of Policy who is the current chair. One of ABA’s
13
Daycare Trust (2010) Childcare Cost Survey. London. Daycare Trust
14
Department of Health. (2009). Healthy children, safer communities. London: Department of Health
15
Prison Reform Trust (2010) Children with learning disabilities more likely to go to prison. London. Prison Reform
Trust
16
Bryan, K. Freer, J. and Furlong, C. (2007). Language and communication difficulties in juvenile
offenders. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42, 505 -520
17
Bryan, K. Freer, J. and Furlong, J. (2004). Speech and language therapy provision for young people
in prison. Third project report
18
Clegg, J. Hollis, C. and Rutter, M. (1999). Life sentence RCSLT Bulletin; 571, 16-18
19
Lens, R. (2009). Speech and language therapy within the Milton Keynes Youth Offending Team. A
four-month pilot project
20
The Children’s Society (2011) 4 in every 10 Disabled Children are Living in Poverty. London: The Children’s
Society. http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/4_in_10_summaryfinal.pdf
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 8
9. priorities over the coming year will be to raise the profile of SEN/disability
bullying and seek to undertake new research on successful anti-bullying
practice in this area. Within this work we also seek to foster better
relations between groups of children, by supporting the development of a
consensus around how to stop and prevent bullying.
The Office will explicitly capture data on disability and work with
organisations that specialise in disability to capture these issues properly
when investigating the prevalence of CSEGG. The CSEGG Inquiry interim
report will be published in 2012 with the final report due in 2013.
We will explore the disproportionate impact of exclusion on children with
SEN (both with and without statements) via the next stages of our School
Exclusions Inquiry.
We are concerned about the disproportionate number of disabled children
living in poverty compared to their non-disabled peers. We will explore
this issue with disabled children and young people and their families. The
issues of the availability and cost of childcare will be an issue explored via
this work.
Following the publication of OCC’s report “I think I must have been born
bad” 21 and our work on the mental health of young people in the youth
justice system we will continue to monitor trends and report our findings
and concerns to government and various UN committees.
Race
Her Majesty’s Inspector of Prisons (HMIP) found that the proportion of Black and Minority
Ethnic (BME) children, already hugely over-represented in youth justice settings, increased
to 39% in 2010/11 from 33% in 2009/10. In addition, evidence shows that Black boys were
disproportionately restrained by staff when compared to White boys. 22 Rates of stop and
search are higher for Black and Asian people than White people. 23 Black people are much
less likely than White people to believe that their complaints about the police will be taken
seriously, and are more likely to worry about police harassment. 24
School exclusion rates among some ethnic groups of children are much higher than those in
others. Our 2011-12 School Exclusions Inquiry found that in 2009-10, exclusion categorised
by the ethnic origin of those excluded showed the highest rate was among children from
Gypsy and Roma Traveller backgrounds, those who were Irish Travellers, and Black
Caribbean 25 children. Black Caribbean pupils were almost four times more likely to be
permanently excluded from school in 2009-10 than the school population as a whole. The
rate of fixed-term exclusion was also higher for these ethnic groups.
Seventeen per cent of Irish Traveller children, 15% of Gypsy and Roma Traveller children
and 11% of Black Caribbean children received a permanent exclusion from school.
22
http://www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-prisons/docs/Children_report_2010_rps.pdf
23
EHRC (2010) Stop and think: A critical review of the use of stop and search powers in England and Wales.
London: EHRC
http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/raceinbritain/ehrc_stop_and_search_report.pdf
24
EHRC (2010) How fair is Britain? The first Triennial Review. London: EHRC
http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/key-projects/how-fair-is-britain/online-summary/legal-and-physical-
security/
25
Terms consistent with descriptor used by DfE in its data collection
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 9
10. Differences in exclusion rates are particularly marked if excluded pupils’ gender and ethnicity
are examined together. In the statistics available for 2009-10, Black Caribbean boys were 11
times more likely to be permanently excluded than White girls of the same age in similar
schools. The same boys were 37 times more likely to be permanently excluded than Indian
girls, who had the lowest rate of exclusion in the entire system. In the same year, Gypsy and
Roma Traveller and Irish Traveller children were four times more likely to be permanently
excluded than was the school population as a whole. 26
We also know that Irish Travellers and Gypsy and Roma Travellers are the only groups
whose test and examination performance has deteriorated sharply in recent years, dropping
from 42% and 23% respectively obtaining 5 GCSEs A*--C in 2003 to just 16% and 14% in
2007. 27 However, the raw figures of these children in the school population are very low,
meaning a very small number of children may substantially affect the percentages of those
attaining particular levels of performance. These percentages may also mask differences in
record-keeping rather than differences in performance, for the same reason.
As young as age five, pupils from African, African-Caribbean, Bangladeshi and Pakistani
backgrounds perform less well in school than do other pupils. 28 The government’s own
Equality Impact Assessment notes that overall, 50% of all children achieve a good level of
development, but for children of Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds the proportion is
around 38%, and for those of African and African-Caribbean backgrounds it is around
42%. 29
At age 16, there are significant differences in educational attainment according to ethnicity,
and these vary significantly between England’s nine regions. The two large communities in
which attainment is substantially below the national average are the African-Caribbean
community and the Pakistani community. Overall, the attainment gap for African-Caribbean
pupils in comparison to the general population was about 11 percentage points in 2009. But
in the East Midlands and in Yorkshire it was close to 20 points, and in the North East over
30.
Similarly in the Pakistani community in England, there are significant regional differences.
Overall, the attainment gap in 2009 was almost eight percentage points, but once again this
masked regional differences that cannot be fully explained by variables like funding levels.
The proportion of African-Caribbean and African students getting first or upper class second
degrees remains only two-thirds of the level of white students. African, African-Caribbean,
Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani communities all have at least 44% of their graduates
coming from a former polytechnic University, whilst the average for other communities is
around 34%. African-Caribbean and African students are least likely to attend a Russell
Group university, with only eight per cent, compared with 24% of White students. 30
26
Office of the Children’s Commissioner (2012) They never give up on you: Office of the Children’s
Commissioner School Exclusions Inquiry
27
http://www.insted.co.uk/selection-of-key-facts.pdf
28
http://www.insted.co.uk/selection-of-key-facts.pdf
29
DfE (2011) Equality Impact Assessment. London: DfE
www.education.gov.uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/Entitlement%20Equality%20IA.doc
30
http://www.insted.co.uk/selection-of-key-facts.pdf
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 10
11. In 2009 a Teachers TV survey of 802 teachers found that nearly half of teachers say racist
bullying is a problem in their schools. The survey also found that two thirds said their schools
had no policy on such bullying, and many worried about religious intolerance. 31
Infant mortality rates are higher among some ethnic groups than others. African-Caribbean
and Pakistani babies are twice as likely to die in their first year than Bangladeshi or White
British babies. 32
The 2010 Marmot review of health inequalities in England states that, amongst other social
and demographic indicators, ethnicity is an important determinant of health inequalities in the
UK. Some ethnic groups experience higher incidences of certain health conditions, but the
link between ethnicity and low health outcomes needs to be seen in relation to other factors
such as income, education, occupation, gender and living standards. However, the 2010
Marmot Review (except for data on childhood obesity) does not include data on health
outcomes broken down by ethnicity, and since the 2004 report of the Health Survey for
England focused on the health of ethnic minorities, the Government has published no new
data on the health differences between ethnic groups.
The prevalence of obesity in children varies across different ethnic groups. Black or Black
British children have the highest obesity rates at 25.3%, followed by Asian or Asian British
children (21.6%) and children of a mixed background (21%). Obesity rates are lower for the
White ethnic group (17.3%), and lower still for the Chinese group (16.1%). 33
One person in five lives in households with less than 60% median income (after housing
costs). However, this rises to nearly one in three for Bangladeshi-headed households. Data
suggests that as many as two thirds of Bangladeshi and Pakistani people live below the
poverty line (compared to around a sixth of the general population). Nearly three-quarters of
Bangladeshi children and half of Black African children in Britain grow up in poverty. 34 We
have highlighted the likely disproportionate impact of the 2012 Welfare Reform Act’s benefit
cap on some BME communities with an average family size larger than the population as a
whole. 35
What this means for the work of the OCC:
Our second year of work in our School Exclusions Inquiry seeks to
understand the over representation of certain minority groups of children
excluded from school. We are particularly aware of the evidence
concerning some groups who are more likely to be overrepresented in
exclusions, including Irish Travellers, Gypsy and Roma Travellers, and
pupils from African and African-Caribbean backgrounds, and will look to
highlight relevant areas of discrimination in order to eliminate such
behaviour and advance good practice in how to achieve this.
31
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/8014880.stm
32
EHRC (2010) How fair is Britain? The first Triennial Review. London EHRC
33
Marmot, Michael, Allen, Jessica, Goldblatt, Peter, Boyce, Tammy, McNeish, Di, Grady, Mike, and Geddes,
Ilaria, Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review, Strategic Review of Health inequalities in England
post-2010 (The Marmot Review, 2010) p.147,
http://www.marmotreview.org/AssetLibrary/pdfs/Reports/FairSocietyHealthyLives.pdf
34
Referenced in EHRC (2010) How fair is Britain? The first Triennial Review. London. EHRC Source
document: The AA Motoring Trust(2003) AA Foundation for road safety research where term ethnic
minority is not defined
35
Office of the Children’s Commissioner, Child Rights Impact Assessment of the Welfare Reform Bill, 11
January 2012
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 11
12. We will explore the ethnicity of victims from BME backgrounds, and work
with organisations which specialise on ethnicity to capture these issues
properly with the CSEGG Inquiry.
We will continue to monitor the disproportionate number of children from
different ethnic groups living in poverty.
In continuing to seek the implementation of recommendations from “I
must have been born bad” we will continue to visit youth justice secure
settings and monitor the proportion of black and minority ethnic (BME)
children represented across areas that have been a concern to OCC –
including incidence of strip searching and restraints. Where we are aware
of any issues of discrimination we will contact the relevant institution and
the YJB to seek its elimination.
Gender
There are many ways in which gender impacts on children and young people’s experiences.
In 2011-12 our School Exclusions Inquiry found that the permanent exclusion rate for boys in
2009-10 was approximately four times higher than that for girls. Boys represented 78% of
the total number of permanent exclusions from school. The fixed-term exclusion rate for
boys was almost three times higher than that for girls. Boys accounted for 75% of all fixed-
term exclusions. 36
By the age of five, girls’ development is measurably more advanced in 11 of the 13
assessment scales on the early years foundation stage (EYFS) profile, which covers social
and emotional areas of development as well as cognitive. The gap is greatest in writing –
nearly three quarters of girls (72%) reach the expected level, but barely more than half
(53%) of boys. The two categories in which boys outperform girls are problem solving and
knowledge of the world.
In the seven key scales of personal, social and emotional (PSE) development, and in
communication, language and literacy (CLL) 61% of girls achieve Level 6 or more, compared
with only 43% of boys.
In the second half of 2008, 91% of the sentenced population were boys and 9% girls. 37 A
report published by the Office of the Children’s Commissioner, Young People’s view on
Restraint in the Secure Estate, 38 demonstrates that the way the girls interviewed
experienced restraint varied dramatically from the boys’ experiences. Many girls felt the
procedure impacted negatively on their mental health and well-being. They disliked it
intensely. Boys in contrast reported feelings of anger, indifference, or acceptance that it was
a necessary part of the custodial regime.
Girls are also more likely to experience sexual violence. Data shows that almost one in three
girls have experienced unwanted sexual touching at school. 39 In addition, 33% of girls in an
36
Office of the Children’s Commissioner (2012) They never give up on you: Office of the Children’s
Commissioner School Exclusions Inquiry
37
Prison Reform Trust (2010) A Profile of Children in Custody. London. Prison Reform Trust.
38
User Voice (2011) Young peoples views on restraints in the secure estate. London: Office of the Children’s
Commissioner
39
End Violence Against Women and YouGov, Sexual Harassment in UK Schools Poll (2010)
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 12
13. intimate relationship aged 13-17 have experienced some form of sexual violence from a
partner. 40
What this means for the work of OCC:
Boys and girls experience life differently and this is reflected in the
numbers of children within youth justice settings, numbers of children
excluded from school and in relation to the nature of offences committed
by children and young people. We will continue to examine gender
disproportionalities through our visits to the secure estate and through our
work on school exclusions.
Through our public inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and
Groups (CSEGG) we will explore issues of gender in relation to
experiences of exploitation and use this to inform how agencies deliver
effective services for victims. The CSEGG Inquiry interim report will be
published in 2012 with the final report due in 2013.
Gender identity and transgender
Very little data is currently collected that relates to how gender identity and transgender
issues impact on children and young people’s equality of opportunities and outcomes. Some
of what we do know around gender identity and transgender is researched alongside issues
of sexual orientation. We also know more about these issues from studies within the adult
population. Given how little we know about children’s issues, we will use what is available to
inform our work.
Adult Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGB and T) people complain of childhoods
"tainted by patterns of worthlessness and shame and a chronic need to apologize for
oneself". 41
Bullying of LGB and T people is high and this puts their mental health and educational
attainment at risk. The Skills Funding Agency recently reported that among LGB people 14%
experienced bullying or harassment; among trans people 30% experienced bullying or
harassment, and only 47% of LGB and T people felt able to go to tutors with any problems. 42
In the school setting 25% of transgender adults reported damaging memories of having been
bullied by their teachers, in addition to the harassment they experienced from other pupils. 43
The associated internalised transphobia and homophobia 44 that resulted causes depression,
low self-esteem, self-harm and suicidality which can carry over into adulthood and through
these individuals’ problems become a burden on the public purse, through pressures on
services in the NHS. Adolescents are a particularly high risk group, and the figures for
40
Barter et al, Partner exploitation and violence in teenage intimate relationships, NSPCC (2009)
41
Schaeffer,L and Wheeler, C. (2004) Guilt in cross-gender identity conditions: presentation and treatment.
Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy. 8(1/2):117--127
42
Skills Funding Agency (2011) Research into LGB & T experiences in Further Education
http://readingroom.skillsfundingagency.bis.gov.uk/sfa/Sexual_Orientation_and_Gender_Identity_Equality_in_A
dult_Learning-_Published_August_2011.pdf
43
Whittle, S, Turner, L, Al-Alami, M (2007) Engendered penalties: transgender and transsexual people's
experiences of inequality and discrimination. Available at www.pfc.org.uk/files/EngenderedPenalties.pdf
44
Reed, T (2011)Trans in the 21st Century, Supporting the families of those experiencing gender variance., Ed.
Alice Purnell and Jed Bland, Beaumont Trust, London. 160- 173.
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 13
14. suicide attempts generally in these groups, at all ages, continue to be well above the rest of
the population.
In another study 22% of trans women and 20% of trans men reported a history of mental
health hospitalization; 32% (both groups) reported prior suicide attempts. 45
What this means for the work of OCC:
OCC will continue to support the work of the Anti-Bullying Alliance (ABA)
via the Director of Policy who is the current chair. Within this capacity we
support the development of a consensus around how to stop and prevent
bullying on transgender, influence policy and we work to develop and
disseminate best practice in reducing the bullying. We will support the
work of ABA who are seeking to include transgender issues in the
Government’s Guidance on bullying; the Government’s definition of
bullying, and links to transgender support organisations on the
Department of Education’s website.
Marriage and civil partnership
Very little is currently known about children and young people’s experience of discrimination
based on the marriage or civil partnership status of the child or their parents.
What this means for the work of the OCC:
There is very little known about the views and experience of children in
relation to marriage and civil partnership. We will consider whether this is
an issue to be included in our business plan for 2013/14 as we undertake
our work and gather evidence through 2012/13.
Pregnancy, maternity and breast feeding
The evidence outlined in Taking Responsibility for Young Lives 46 shows that children born to
teenage mothers are more likely to experience a range of negative outcomes in later life and
are more likely, in time, to become teenage parents themselves – perpetuating the
disadvantage that young parenthood brings from one generation to the next.
Each year, around 40,000 young women under 18 become pregnant in England (around
four in every 100 young women). The majority of under-18 conceptions are unintended and
around half lead to an abortion. Where young women choose to go ahead with the
pregnancy, although it is difficult to quantify the exact extent to which teenage pregnancy
exacerbates existing problems, they are at greater risk of experiencing a range of poor
outcomes. For example:
Teenage mothers are less likely to finish their education, and more likely to bring up
their child alone and in poverty;
The infant mortality rate for babies born to teenage mothers is 60% higher than for
babies born to older mothers;
45
Clements-Nolle, Katz, & Marx, “Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-
based discrimination and victimization,” Journal of Homosexuality 2006; 51(3):53-69
46
Straight Talking (2010) Taking Responsibility for Young Lives: A policy Report on Teenage Pregnancy and
Young Parenthood. London
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 14
15. Teenage mothers have three times the rate of post-natal depression of older mothers
and a higher risk of poor mental health for three years after the birth;
Children of teenage mothers are generally at increased risk of poverty, low
educational attainment, poor housing and poor health, and have lower rates of
economic activity in adult life.
The UK Government published its 10 year Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999. Its primary
targets were to halve the under-18 conception rate and increase the proportion of teenage
parents in education, employment or training (EET) to 60% by 2010. In 2007, the UK Office
for National Statistics (ONS) reported that the under-18 conception rate in England had
fallen by less than 11% to 4.17% between 1998 and 2007. In addition, only 31.5% of
teenage mothers were engaged in EET between 2005 and 2007. This represents only a
10% increase on the 1998 baseline figure.
What this means for the work of OCC:
We will work with the NHS and Department of Health to ensure that the
views, concerns, experiences and needs of those under 18 who become
pregnant are considered in the development of the children and young
people's health outcomes forum. We will do this directly through the
Children’s Commissioner’s participation in the group tasked with
developing the framework.
We will seek the implementation of any relevant recommendations from
our research on complaints systems for young people’s in sexual health
care services in order to ensure that equality is fostered and advanced
with regard to this protected characteristic.
Religion or belief
Very little is known about the impact of religion and belief. In relation to education and health
for example, very little data correlates experiences with religious affiliations.
What this means for the work of the OCC:
As part of the Office for National Statistics’ steering group and working
group on a children and young people’s well-being measure we will seek
ways of measuring this issue. We will also meet with the EHRC to agree
any further (and possibly joint) work on this matter.
We will capture data via the CESGG Inquiry on the impact of religion and
belief in relation to experiences of exploitation and use this to inform how
agencies deliver effective services for victims. The CSEGG Inquiry interim
report will be published in 2012 with the final report due in 2013.
Sexual identity and orientation
No surveys have yet collected data from a large enough sample to provide precise
information on the LGB population and related outcomes. Between 2006 and 2009, the
ONS’ Sexual Identity Project developed a question on sexual identity for use on social
surveys and for equality monitoring. However, despite extensive lobbying the ONS refused
to include a question on sexual orientation in the 2011 Census.
Stonewall does collate a lot of information around the views and experiences of Lesbian,
Gay and Bisexual children’s and young people’s experience. For example, in 2007,
Stonewall conducted research with 1,145 young LGB pupils across Britain about their
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 15
16. current experiences in school, the largest survey of young LGB people ever conducted in
Great Britain. This research 47 revealed the alarming extent and nature of homophobic
bullying currently faced by young Gay people in school. Almost two thirds of young LGB
people have experienced direct homophobic bullying. Children also reported that teachers
think the word ‘gay’ is a bit like swear word and they don’t respond to anti-gay language in
the same way they respond to racist language.
Stonewall has also looked at the issues relating to Lesbian and Gay people seeking asylum.
This work has documented the specific disadvantages faced by Lesbian and Gay people
seeking asylum as a direct consequence of their sexual orientation. However, this research
relates to adult asylum seekers.
What this means for the work of the OCC:
We will explicitly capture data on LGB and T children who are sexually
exploited and work with agencies which specialise in sexual identity and
orientation to better understand and reflect these issues.
The Office will continue to support the work of the Anti-Bullying Alliance
via the Director of Policy who is the current chair. Within this capacity we
support the development highlighting the prevalence and impact of
homophobic bullying in schools, and seek further guidelines and support
from the voluntary sector in order to support schools’ activity to tackle this
issue.
Additional information on equality issues not covered by provisions of the Equality
Act 2010
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child prohibits discrimination against children in
relation to the Convention rights on the grounds of any status of the child or his or her family
(Article 2 UNCRC). This obligation is not limited to the protected characteristics under the
Equality Act 2010. It is one of the core principles of the Convention. In our work OCC
therefore aims to eliminate discrimination against children in the enjoyment of their rights on
the grounds of any status.
Socio-economic disadvantage
We have found young people associate stigma with being poor and are reluctant to tell
others about their circumstances. They are embarrassed to ask for help and can be unwilling
to accept support when it is offered. Young people felt pressure to own certain material items
such as branded clothing, mobile phones and personal computers (PCs). Young people
believe that there is an expectation from their teachers and schools that they will have
access to a PC and the internet at home. They also think that limited access to technology,
particularly mobile phones and the internet, also means that young people can feel socially
isolated. 48
Only 35% of pupils eligible for free school meals reach the expected level of development at
age five, compared with 55% of those who are not eligible. 49
47
Stonewall (2007) The School Report: The experiences of young gay people in Britain's schools: London.
Stonewall
48
Office of the Children’s Commissioner (2011) Trying to get by: Consulting with children and young people.
London: OCC
49
Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) 2010a. Early Years Foundation Stage Profile
Achievement by Pupil Characteristics, England 2008/09. Statistical First Release 03/10
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 16
17. Boys eligible for free school meals have lower attainment than girls who are also eligible,
and this is the case whatever their ethnicity. Also, only 25% of White British boys eligible for
free school meals attain a good level of development at age five, compared with 42% who
are not eligible.
On the basis of the income deprivation affecting children indices (IDACI), only 39% of pupils
aged five in the most deprived ten per cent of areas achieve a good level of development,
compared with 67% in the least deprived ten per cent of areas.
It is also reported that we have one of the most stratified and segregated school systems in
the world, with a gap between our private schools and the state system wider than in almost
any other developed country. In 2006, England came near the bottom of a list of 57 countries
for educational equality in an OECD report, and the gap is still vast. The most recent year for
which we have data, of the 80,000 students in one year eligible for free school meals, just 40
went on to Oxford or Cambridge universities – fewer than some private schools manage to
send by themselves. 50
Comparing across parental social backgrounds, 44% of children from professional family
backgrounds attend a Russell Group University, compared with 23% of those from an
unskilled family background.
Men and women in the highest socio-economic group can expect to live up to seven years
longer than those in the lower socio-economic groups. 51
What this means for the work of the OCC:
In 2012 we will explore disabled children’s views and experiences of living
in poverty and how this impacts on their enjoyment of rights as outlined in
the UNCRC. This information will be used to inform how policy and
services can eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity and
help foster good relations. Where we believe low income leads to children
and young people not being able to realise and enjoy their rights we will
bring this to the attention of the Government and CRC with an aim of such
violations being eliminated.
Looked after children and care leavers
There were 64,400 children looked after by local authorities in England as at 31 March 2010.
As referenced in the Government’s consultation on preventing suicide, 52 children who have
been in care are between four and five times more likely to attempt suicide in adulthood,
have a fivefold increased risk of all childhood mental, emotional and behavioural problems
and a six to sevenfold increased risk of conduct disorders. Around 60% of Looked After
Young People have some level of mental health problem (NICE).
In 2009 just 15% of children who had been in care for at least a year left school with five
GCSEs at grades A*-C, or the equivalent alternative qualification, compared with 70% of all
http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/SFR/s000911/SFR03_2010v2.pdf Accessed 4/08/2010
50
http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/e/education%20bill%20%20%20equalities%20impact%20assess
ment%20equia.pdf
51
EHRC (2010) How fair is Britain? The first Triennial Review. London EHRC
52
http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Consultations/Liveconsultations/DH_128065
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 17
18. children. Nearly one in three Looked After Children (32%) got no GCSEs or equivalent last
year, compared with one in a hundred (1%) of all children, and these children are more than
three times more likely to end up unemployed when they leave school: last year 14% of
children in care who left school had no job to go to, compared with just 4% of all children. 53
What this means for the work of OCC:
We will explicitly capture data on the looked after status of children who
are sexually exploited as part of the CSEGG Inquiry, and children who go
missing from care. The CSEGG Inquiry interim report will be published in
2012 with the final report due in 2013.
We will complete our co-ordinated work with the Office of the Children’s
Rights Director to study the complaints systems available to children and
young people, and support their work on looked after children’s ability to
make a complaint regarding the social care they have received. We will
do this with the aim of advancing better practice at local authority level.
We will continue to support work on advocacy for young people,
especially those who are looked after, in order to promote and foster a
better understanding of their needs.
Asylum seeking children
Asylum seeking children and young people face inequality in experience in many aspects of
their lives. Our report Landing in Dover 54 documents the experiences of a very small group
of children and young people arriving as unaccompanied illegal entrants to the port. They
recount their experiences of the journeys they made to get here, many of them harrowing.
They have then been held, questioned, medically assessed and their cases reviewed in
terms of a need for social welfare and safeguarding services. Their experiences vary from
being treated with the greatest care, to being questioned whilst still tired, hungry, thirsty and
frightened, and sometimes sick. The worst cases we found were those who, without benefit
of a translator, a health or welfare assessment, were between 1995 and 2011 returned to
their port of embarkation in France or Belgium under what was termed the Gentleman’s
Agreement between the governments concerned.
Children and young people who are refugees or seeking asylum are frequently at a
disadvantage educationally, since it can take weeks or even months after their arrival to find
a school place.
Research also shows that levels of support available to asylum seekers and their families
are extremely low and this is forcing around 10,000 children to live far below the poverty
level. Many families cannot even afford the basics, including clothing and powdered milk or
nappies for their babies. 55
53
http://www.thewhocarestrust.org.uk/pages/educational-outcomes-for-children-in-care.html
54
Office of the Children’s Commissioner (2011) Landing in Dover. The Immigration Process Undergone by
Unaccompanied Children Arriving in Kent. London. OCC
55
The Children’s Society (2012) A briefing from The Children’s Society Highlighting the gap between asylum
support and mainstream benefits
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 18
19. What this means for the work of OCC:
Children entering the country as either an accompanied or
unaccompanied child seeking asylum encounter inequality in their
experience and access to services. The challenge for OCC is
understanding and ensuring governments and services meet the needs of
these children, and so we will establish a group of young people who
have direct experience of the immigration system to advise and inform our
work.
Children sentenced to custody
A large proportion of children who offend have been taken into care at some point in their
lives. Research by Arnull et al (2007) found 24% had been accommodated by the local
authority via voluntary agreements with parents, 10% had been subject to a care order and
20% had been on the child protection register. A survey of children in the secure estate (15-
18 years) conducted by HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP), consistently show the high
proportions who have care histories. In the most recent survey of 1,046 boys and 54 girls,
24% of boys and 49% of girls said they had been in care (Tye, 2009). A study by the Youth
Justice Board for England and Wales (YJB) in 2007 showed that 40% had been homeless in
the six months before entering custody.
Eighty eight percent of young men and 89%of young women in youth offending institutions
(YOIs) had been excluded from school at some point and more than a third were younger
than 14 when they last attended mainstream school. 56 Literacy and numeracy levels of
children admitted to custody are also low: 38% of boys had numeracy levels of a seven year
old and 31% had literacy levels at the same stage. 57 Some evidence indicates that young
people who are out of education, training or employment for more than six months are more
likely to have a criminal record by the age of 21. 58
It is widely recognised that abuse and neglect in the general population is under recorded,
making it difficult to make accurate comparisons with the youth justice system. However,
evidence suggests that children and young people in the youth justice system are more likely
to have experienced abuse and neglect. A report by the NSPCC (2000) indicated that at
least 16% of the population had experienced some form of abuse or neglect, whereas
studies on the prevalence of previous abuse and neglect among children and young people
in custody estimate that anywhere between 33% and 92% have experienced some sort of
maltreatment. 59 In 2008, a YJB report into accommodation needs said that two out of five
boys and one out of five girls in custody had experienced violence in the home; the same
report showed one in twenty boys and one in three girls reporting sexual abuse. 60 A study by
Oxford University based on Asset returns showed high rates of previous abuse for children
56
HM Inspectorate of Prisons/YJB. (2009). Children and young people in custody 2008-2009. London:
HMPI
57
HM Inspectorate of Prisons. (2002). A second chance: a review of education and supporting
arrangements within units for juveniles managed by HM Prison Service. A thematic review carried out
jointly with the Office for Standards in Education. London: HMIP
58
Employ ability Framework for Scotland: Report of the NEET Work stream - June 2005;
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/08/30111605/16069 [accessed 9 June 2011]
59
Cadman, S; Day, C and Hibbert, P. (2008). A literature review into children abused and/or
neglected prior to custody. London: Youth Justice Board
60
Youth Justice Board, Accommodation needs and experiences, 2007, as cited in Legal Action,
February 2008
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 19
20. and young people on YOT caseloads, with a significantly higher rate for those in custody –
50% higher than others on the YOT caseload. 61
It is estimated that 25% to 30% of children and young people in the youth justice system are
learning disabled and that around 50% of those in custody have a learning difficulty. 62
Around 6% of children and young people aged five to 16 experience some form of conduct
disorder 63 and 50% of these will develop anti social personalities where such disorders
manifest themselves before the age of 10. 64
Research shows that children and young people in the youth justice system have higher
than normal levels of depression (18%), anxiety disorders (10%) and psychotic-like
symptoms (5%). Additionally, one in 10 boys and one in five girls in young offender
institutions (YOIs) have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (ADHD). 65 Research
commissioned by the YJB found that 19% of 13-18 year olds in custody had depression,
11% anxiety and 11% post traumatic stress disorder. A further study found that 85% of
young people aged 16 to 20 in custody showed signs of a personality disorder 30 as
compared with 10 to 13% of the general population.
Research shows that young people in prison are 18 times more likely to take their own lives
than others of the same age. In 2008, there were 686 recorded incidents of self harm by girls
in custody and 743 by boys, although it is likely that this is an underrepresentation. Girls in
custody are twice as likely to injure themselves as adult women: in 2007, 89% of girls in
custody had self harmed. In a review of the ASSET assessments 66 of 214 children aged 12,
13 and 14, Barnardo’s found that 8% had attempted suicide at some stage in their short
lives.
What this means for the work of the OCC:
We will be speaking to children in the secure estate as part of the CSEGG
Inquiry, and working with youth justice agencies to identify sexually
exploited children within the system. The CSEGG Inquiry interim report
will be published in 2012 with the final report due in 2013.
Children entering custody are some of England’s most vulnerable children
and young people. That is why we will continue to visit and speak to
children and young people in the secure estate. We will do so using our
61
Baker, K, et al (2004). The evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Youth Justice Board’s
assessment for young offenders. London: Youth Justice Board
62
Department of Health. (2009). Healthy children, safer communities. London: Department of Health
63
Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. (2009). Chance of a lifetime: preventing early conduct
disorders and reducing crime. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health
64
Green, H. M. (2005). Mental health needs and effectiveness of provision for young offenders in
custody and the community. London: Youth Justice Board
65
Fazell, D. A. (2008). Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional
facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys. Journal of American
Academy
66
ASSET is the primary assessment tool used by Youth Offending Teams in relation to children under 18 in the
youth justice system
67
The UK’s National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) was established in March 2009 under the
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT). A United Nations (UN) treaty, OPCAT was ratified by the UK in
2003. OPCAT requires the UK to have in place a ‘national preventive mechanism’ to visit all places of
detention and monitor the treatment of and conditions for detainees. The NPM consists of 18 existing
bodies throughout the UK, which are independent and have the right regularly to inspect all places of
detention. It is coordinated by HM Inspectorate of Prisons and reports to the UN treaty body
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 20
21. powers of entry outlined in the Children Act 2004 and as part of our
responsibility to the National Preventative Mechanism. 67 This will enable
OCC to make recommendations that are sensitive to the inequalities
faced by children and young people and ensure that prevention aims to
reduce inequalities in outcomes.
Conclusion
This paper has outlined the evidence that the Office of the Children’s Commissioner has
collected and considered in the development of its Business Plan for 2012/13, its Strategic
Plan for 2012-14 and Equality objectives stated above. OCC is a small organisation with a
limited budget. We cannot therefore address all the issues of discrimination faced by
children and young people in England. Neither can we undertake large scale work to
promote equality and rights. Both are the responsibility of the Government and other
agencies that have a statutory responsibility in this respect.
We are able to have a great deal of impact, disproportionate to our size and budget, through
working in partnership with others and influencing key decision makers and those delivering
services. This strategy is outlined in our Strategic Plan, and we will use the powers and
means available to us to undertake the broad range of work outlined in the boxed sections
throughout this document and the objectives set out at the start. In doing so we hope to
make a real difference to the lives of children and young people by playing a role in
eliminating discrimination, advancing equality of opportunity and fostering good relations
between different groups.
Lisa Davis
Office of the Children’s Commissioner
April 2012
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
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22. Appendix A
The concept of due regard
Case law has established that having due regard to the three aims of the general duty
involves compliance with the following six principles (sometimes known as ‘the
Brown principles’, after the specific case which generated them):
A decision-maker who has to take decisions which do or might affect an equality
group (for example, disabled people, or persons of a particular ethnic background
or gender) must be made aware of their duty to have due regard to the three
aims of the Act.
Due regard must be fulfilled before and at the time that a particular decision is
being considered. Attempts to justify a decision as being consistent with the
exercise of the duty when it was not, in fact, considered before the decision, are
not sufficient to discharge the duty.
The duty must be exercised in substance, with rigour and with an open mind and
with conscious and deliberate attention to relevant evidence, including evidence
derived from consultation with staff and service-users.
The duty cannot be delegated.
The duty is a continuing one – namely, it cannot be exercised once and for all,
but on the contrary must continually be revisited and borne in mind.
It is good practice to keep an adequate record showing that the equality duties
have been actually considered and pondered. This disciplines decision-makers to
undertake their equality duties conscientiously.
Further information is available via Equality and Human Rights Commission’s website:
http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/advice-and-guidance/public-sector-equality-
duty/guidance-on-the-equality-duty/
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
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23. For more information
Office of the Children's Commissioner
33 Greycoat Street
London
SW1P 2QF
Tel: 020 7783 8330
Email: info.request@childrenscommissioner.gsi.gov.uk
Website: www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk
Office of the Children’s Commissioner: Equality evidence relating to children and young
people in England
April 2012 23