Chemical Kinetics & Rate of a chemical reaction.pptxDidarul3
Rate of reaction
✓Zero order reaction
✓1st order reaction
✓2nd order reaction
✓Theories of chemical reaction rate
Determination of order of reaction
Factors that influence reaction rates
Activation energy
Activation complex
A complete introduction to all things chemical kinetics designed specifically for non-chemists to understand. Fair warning: The presentation is very rigorous in its mathematical treatment, which is makes it a useful reference for looking up equations, but this can unfortunately make it less polished and flowing then a typical presentation. I tried my best to spell everything out clearly, but despite my best efforts it's still pretty dense.
Chemical Kinetics & Rate of a chemical reaction.pptxDidarul3
Rate of reaction
✓Zero order reaction
✓1st order reaction
✓2nd order reaction
✓Theories of chemical reaction rate
Determination of order of reaction
Factors that influence reaction rates
Activation energy
Activation complex
A complete introduction to all things chemical kinetics designed specifically for non-chemists to understand. Fair warning: The presentation is very rigorous in its mathematical treatment, which is makes it a useful reference for looking up equations, but this can unfortunately make it less polished and flowing then a typical presentation. I tried my best to spell everything out clearly, but despite my best efforts it's still pretty dense.
9.2Physical Science SHS Measurement of Reaction Ra.pptxgoddesshera
It tells how fast or slow a certain chemical reaction occur.
There are two factors that can be used to determine reaction rates: concentration and rate constant.
It can simply be determined by measuring the changes in the concentrations of the reactants or products within a particular time frame.
Generally, a chemical reaction is represented in the following format.
As the chemical reaction takes place, the amount of reactants decrease as the amount of the products increase.
Δ[A], Δ[B], Δ[C], and Δ[D] are the measures of the change in respective concentrations over a period of time, Δt.
Reaction rates are always positive.
In terms of appearance of a product in a reaction, the expression is positive since the change in concentration is positive.
In term of disappearance of a reactant, the case is opposite; hence the expression is appended by a negative sign.
The rate law expresses the relationship of the rate of reaction to the rate constant and the concentration of the reactants raised to certain exponents.
The rate constant, k, is a constant of proportionality between the reaction rate and the concentration of the reactants.
Rate laws are always determined experimentally.
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
9.2Physical Science SHS Measurement of Reaction Ra.pptxgoddesshera
It tells how fast or slow a certain chemical reaction occur.
There are two factors that can be used to determine reaction rates: concentration and rate constant.
It can simply be determined by measuring the changes in the concentrations of the reactants or products within a particular time frame.
Generally, a chemical reaction is represented in the following format.
As the chemical reaction takes place, the amount of reactants decrease as the amount of the products increase.
Δ[A], Δ[B], Δ[C], and Δ[D] are the measures of the change in respective concentrations over a period of time, Δt.
Reaction rates are always positive.
In terms of appearance of a product in a reaction, the expression is positive since the change in concentration is positive.
In term of disappearance of a reactant, the case is opposite; hence the expression is appended by a negative sign.
The rate law expresses the relationship of the rate of reaction to the rate constant and the concentration of the reactants raised to certain exponents.
The rate constant, k, is a constant of proportionality between the reaction rate and the concentration of the reactants.
Rate laws are always determined experimentally.
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
FAIRSpectra - Towards a common data file format for SIMS imagesAlex Henderson
Presentation from the 101st IUVSTA Workshop on High performance SIMS instrumentation and machine learning / artificial intelligence methods for complex data.
This presentation describes the issues relating to storing and sharing data from Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry experiments, and some potential solutions.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. *Chemical kinetics is the study of the
rate and the mechanism of chemical
reactions, proceeding under given
conditions of temperature, pressure,
concentration etc.
*The study of chemical kinetics not only
help us to determine the rate of a
chemical reaction, but also useful in
optimizing the process conditions of
industrial manufacturing processes,
organic and inorganic synthesis etc.
3. Rate
In a chemical reaction, the change in
the concentration of the species
involved in a chemical reaction per unit
time gives the rate of a reaction.
7. Average rate and instantaneous rate.
Average rate is defined as the rate of
reaction at a particular interval of time.
Instantaneous rate is the rate of a
reaction at that instant i.e, infinitesimally
small time period.
8. Rate law and Rate constant.
Rate law which relate rate of a reaction
with rate constant and concentration of
reactant.
Ex. A+B --> c ; For this reaction rate law is
written as r = k [A] [B]
Rate constant is equal to rate of the
reaction when concentration of all the
reactants kept unity.
9. order
It is defined as sum of the power of
concentration term that involved in rate
equation.
The rate law for the reaction
aA + bB----> Product
Rate = K [ A ]a [ B ]b
Order = a + b
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. Molecularity is the total number of
reactants present in the elementary step.
Rate determining step with examples
Slowest step is the rate determining step in the
series of chemical reaction which occurs
simultaneously.
Consider a reaction A--------> C
The product formed in two steps.
A--->B (slow) -------step:1
B-->C (fast) -------- step:2
Among these step 1 is slow step and it is rate
determining step.