Chapter 2 provides an overview of C++, emphasizing its development as an extension of C and its support for object-oriented programming, making it a hybrid language. It includes practical examples such as converting measurements and introduces data types, operators, and assignment rules in C++. Additionally, it explains the structure of functions and presents operator precedence and evaluation orders.

1. Chapter 2
An Overview of C++
Ragia A. Ibrahim, Ph.D. Student
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

2. ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬
2
Is prime?
Start
“Enter Positive Integer Number”
Store Value In
N
i<n
i=2
prime= true
i++
prime= false
n mod i = 0
print prime
Stop

3. Introduction
• The programming language C++ was
developed as extension of C.
• C++ provides capabilities for object
oriented programming.
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

4. C++ is hybrid language which has
structured style, an object-oriented style
or both
Introduction
‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬

5. Programming example: converting
units of measurement
• Problem statement: you work in a store
that imports textile most of the textile you
receive is measured in square meters.
However, the store’s customers want to
know the equivalent amount in square
yards. You need to write an algorithm that
performs this conversion
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

6. Problem analysis:
• Problem input:
• The textile size in square meters
• Problem output:
• The textile size in square yards
• Relevant formula:
• 1 square yards= 1.196 square meter
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

7. Program
// this program converts square meters to square yards
# include <iostream.h>
Int main()
{
float m,y;
cout<<“enter the textile size in square meters:n”;
cin>>m;
y = 1.196*m;
cout<<“the textile size in square yards is”<<y;
return 0;
} ‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

8. Output window
Enter the textile size in square meters:
2.0
The textile size in square yards is 2.392
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

9. Data Types and Variables
Declaration
ExampleDetailsData
type
Ch=‘K’;
ch=‘k’;
char ch;8 bitschar
n=9;Int n;Short 16, 32 bits
long 64 bits (10 digits)
Int
s=4.7float s;(machine Dependent)
float s;
(6 digits).
float
f=0;0
0 false
1 true
bool f;bool f;bool
Sign -1 Magnitude-31
Sign -1 Exponent 23 Fraction-8
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

10. Arithmetic operators
operation C++ operator expression
Addition + X+y
Subtraction - X-y
Multiplication * X*y
Division / x/y
Modulus % X%y
‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬

11. Assignment operators
• Sum = i = 0;
• Sum = (i=0);
Precedence order
last2nd1st
+ ,-*,/,%()
Associates RIGHT to LEFT
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

12. Relational Operators
Operation C++
operator
Expression
Equality == X==y
inequality != X!=y
Greater than > X>y
Less than < X<y
Greater than or equal to >= X>=y
Less than or equal to <= X<=y
‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬

13. Logical operators
Operation C++ operator Expression
Logical negation ! !x
Logical and && X && y
Logical or || X || y
‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬

14. Shorthand Assignment Operators
• lhs op = rhs
• +=,-=,*=,/=,%=,>>=,<<=,&=,|=,and ^=
• P *=x;
• lhs = lhs op rhs
e.g. p *=x; p=p*x;
p+=x; p=p+x;
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

15. Postfix and Prefix Assignment
i++ or ++i is equivalent to i + = 1
i-- or --i is equivalent to i - = 1
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

16. Postfix and Prefix Assignment
//pre-incrementing and post-incrementing
#include <iostream.h>
Int main()
{ int c=5;
cout<<c;
cout <<c++;
cout <<c<<endle;
c=5;
cout <<c;
cout <<++c;
cout <<c;
return 0;
}
5 5 6
5 6 6
Output
window
‫االحصائيه‬ ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫والبرمجيات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬

17. The Evaluation Order of Operators
Operator type Operation Associativity
Prefix ++, --
Unary ! Left to right
Arithmetic * , / , % , + , - Left to right
Relational < , > , <= , >=,==,!= Left to right
Logical && || Left to right
Assignment
postfix
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Right to left
++ , --
‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬

18. Expression Value
X>y || z<=y 0||1 1
--x || y&&z 0||1 1
++x + y > !z /w 2 + 3> 0/4 1
E.g.
x=1 y=2 z=3 w=4
‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬

19. ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬
Function?.
Function body consists of declaration and
statements enclosed between { }
Variable type f_name(tyep1,type2…)
{
}
e.g.
Int main()
{
}

20. ‫والبحوث‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫معهد‬ ‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫االحصائيه‬
HW…please try to solve the
following from the text book:
1
4
5
7