This document provides an overview of a course on central banking taught at the University of Management and Economics in Kratie, Cambodia. The course is taught by Nguon Mengsong in April 2022 and covers the history and functions of central banks. It introduces students to monetary policy tools and how central banks impact financial stability and the economy. The course contents include chapters on the history of central banks, the role of central banks, monetary policy, and Cambodia's banking system. It also provides learning outcomes which are for students to understand how central banks affect interest rates, money supply, and inflation, and how they responded during the global financial crisis.
The central bank of the Philippines is called the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). It was established in 1949 through the passage of the Central Bank Act as the country's monetary authority, replacing the Department of Finance and National Treasury. The BSP is responsible for maintaining price stability and a sound financial system. It regulates banks, implements monetary policy, and oversees the country's payments system. The BSP has achieved its objectives, keeping inflation low at 1.6% and maintaining a stable banking sector with high deposits and loan growth.
The document discusses the role of central banks as regulatory authorities of financial markets and institutions. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of central banking. It then discusses Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), the central bank of Nepal, outlining its objectives, governance structure, and key functions. The central bank controls money supply, stabilizes markets, acts as lender of last resort, oversees payments and maintains a sound banking system. It carries out various monetary policy tools and provides public information.
The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) was established in 1963 through proclamation to serve as Ethiopia's central bank. It was granted autonomy and tasked with key central banking functions like monetary policy, managing reserves, supervising other banks, and issuing currency. In 1976, a new proclamation expanded the NBE's role in accordance with Ethiopia's socialist policies at the time. The NBE remains the central bank of Ethiopia today, guiding monetary policy and overseeing the financial system.
This document provides an overview of monetary policy and its implementation in India. It discusses the history and trends in central banking, including the development of independent central banks. It outlines the objectives and tools of monetary policy in India, which is implemented by the Reserve Bank of India to maintain price stability and economic growth. The key tools discussed are open market operations, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, bank rate policy, credit ceilings, and repo/reverse repo rates.
The document summarizes the evolution of the Philippine financial system from Spanish colonial period to present. It outlines the major milestones and periods of development, including the establishment of the first banks in the 1800s, growth during the American period, restructuring post-World War 2, and creation of the central bank Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas in 1993 to modernize monetary policy. Key reforms have aimed to strengthen regulation and encourage universal banking.
EvaluatingtheintlmonetarysystemandtheavailtomovetowardsoneMohammedIbrahimMohammed Ibrahim
This thesis examines the international monetary system and the possibility of moving toward a single global currency. It is divided into three parts. The first part provides a history of global monetary systems, including the gold standard and Bretton Woods systems. It identifies criteria for evaluating system efficiency. The second part assesses problems with the current system, including the dominance of the US dollar and demand for reserves. It also examines the potential for the Chinese yuan to become a global currency. The third part will evaluate the performance of the contemporary system. In summary, the document provides an overview of past and present international monetary systems and identifies issues to consider regarding a single global currency.
Understanding How Money Works_ A Comprehensive Guide.pdfgoodwill36
Money is a system that allows people to exchange goods and services easily. It serves as a common unit of value and comes in various forms, like coins, notes, or digital currencies. Central banks and commercial banks create money through processes like issuing currency or lending. They control the money supply to regulate factors such as inflation and interest rates. Banks and financial institutions play a crucial role in the monetary system by facilitating lending and providing financial services. Money has a significant impact on the economy, influencing factors like growth and employment. To make better financial decisions, it's important to understand how money works. Take the time to educate yourself about money, its creation, and its impact on the economy. By doing so, you can make informed choices and achieve your financial goals.
“A study on financial statement by using camel ration with special reference toAKHIL D.C HARIDAS
This document provides an introduction and background on a study analyzing the financial performance of State Bank of Travancore using the CAMEL framework. It discusses the objectives of the study, scope, data collection methods, period of study from May 1-June 15, 2014. It also provides context on the banking industry and origin of banking in India. The study aims to understand the bank's financial performance, importance of ratings, and how factors like capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity, and systems/controls impact performance.
The central bank of the Philippines is called the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). It was established in 1949 through the passage of the Central Bank Act as the country's monetary authority, replacing the Department of Finance and National Treasury. The BSP is responsible for maintaining price stability and a sound financial system. It regulates banks, implements monetary policy, and oversees the country's payments system. The BSP has achieved its objectives, keeping inflation low at 1.6% and maintaining a stable banking sector with high deposits and loan growth.
The document discusses the role of central banks as regulatory authorities of financial markets and institutions. It provides an overview of the history and evolution of central banking. It then discusses Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), the central bank of Nepal, outlining its objectives, governance structure, and key functions. The central bank controls money supply, stabilizes markets, acts as lender of last resort, oversees payments and maintains a sound banking system. It carries out various monetary policy tools and provides public information.
The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) was established in 1963 through proclamation to serve as Ethiopia's central bank. It was granted autonomy and tasked with key central banking functions like monetary policy, managing reserves, supervising other banks, and issuing currency. In 1976, a new proclamation expanded the NBE's role in accordance with Ethiopia's socialist policies at the time. The NBE remains the central bank of Ethiopia today, guiding monetary policy and overseeing the financial system.
This document provides an overview of monetary policy and its implementation in India. It discusses the history and trends in central banking, including the development of independent central banks. It outlines the objectives and tools of monetary policy in India, which is implemented by the Reserve Bank of India to maintain price stability and economic growth. The key tools discussed are open market operations, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, bank rate policy, credit ceilings, and repo/reverse repo rates.
The document summarizes the evolution of the Philippine financial system from Spanish colonial period to present. It outlines the major milestones and periods of development, including the establishment of the first banks in the 1800s, growth during the American period, restructuring post-World War 2, and creation of the central bank Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas in 1993 to modernize monetary policy. Key reforms have aimed to strengthen regulation and encourage universal banking.
EvaluatingtheintlmonetarysystemandtheavailtomovetowardsoneMohammedIbrahimMohammed Ibrahim
This thesis examines the international monetary system and the possibility of moving toward a single global currency. It is divided into three parts. The first part provides a history of global monetary systems, including the gold standard and Bretton Woods systems. It identifies criteria for evaluating system efficiency. The second part assesses problems with the current system, including the dominance of the US dollar and demand for reserves. It also examines the potential for the Chinese yuan to become a global currency. The third part will evaluate the performance of the contemporary system. In summary, the document provides an overview of past and present international monetary systems and identifies issues to consider regarding a single global currency.
Understanding How Money Works_ A Comprehensive Guide.pdfgoodwill36
Money is a system that allows people to exchange goods and services easily. It serves as a common unit of value and comes in various forms, like coins, notes, or digital currencies. Central banks and commercial banks create money through processes like issuing currency or lending. They control the money supply to regulate factors such as inflation and interest rates. Banks and financial institutions play a crucial role in the monetary system by facilitating lending and providing financial services. Money has a significant impact on the economy, influencing factors like growth and employment. To make better financial decisions, it's important to understand how money works. Take the time to educate yourself about money, its creation, and its impact on the economy. By doing so, you can make informed choices and achieve your financial goals.
“A study on financial statement by using camel ration with special reference toAKHIL D.C HARIDAS
This document provides an introduction and background on a study analyzing the financial performance of State Bank of Travancore using the CAMEL framework. It discusses the objectives of the study, scope, data collection methods, period of study from May 1-June 15, 2014. It also provides context on the banking industry and origin of banking in India. The study aims to understand the bank's financial performance, importance of ratings, and how factors like capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity, and systems/controls impact performance.
“A study on financial statement by using camel ration with special reference toAKHIL D.C HARIDAS
This document provides an introduction and background on a study analyzing the financial performance of State Bank of Travancore using the CAMEL framework. It discusses the objectives of studying the bank's capital adequacy, asset quality, management soundness, earnings and profitability, liquidity, and sensitivity to risk. The document outlines the methodology, including primary and secondary data collection. It provides context on the banking industry and history in India.
This document discusses lessons from the global financial crisis for monetary and financial policy. It makes three key points:
1) Monetary policy can still be expansionary even when interest rates hit zero, through quantitative easing and credit easing measures.
2) The crisis showed the critical importance of a strong, robust financial system for withstanding economic downturns. Countries without financial crises fared better.
3) There is a need for macroprudential supervision that looks at systemic risks across the entire financial system, but tools for this are still limited, relying largely on existing microprudential tools adapted for macro purposes. Coordination across supervisory agencies is also important.
This document provides a history of banking in India from ancient times to the present. It discusses the evolution of banking practices in India prior to independence, including indigenous banking systems. It then outlines the major developments in the Indian banking sector post-independence, including the nationalization of banks in 1969 and 1980, and the financial sector reforms that began in the early 1990s. The document also provides brief descriptions of the Reserve Bank of India and the classification of banks in India's organized and unorganized banking sectors.
This document provides an overview of monetary policy through 7 chapters. It begins with an introduction and outlines the objectives, methodology and limitations of the report. Chapter 2 defines monetary policy and provides a history and overview of its scope, objectives and tools. Chapter 3 discusses the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through interest rates and financial markets. Chapter 4 examines the impacts of monetary policy on capital markets and inflation. Chapter 5 analyzes Bangladesh's monetary policy strategy, instruments and challenges. Chapter 6 concludes with an advocacy perspective on monetary policy in Bangladesh.
Hong Kong has a three-tiered banking structure consisting of fully licensed banks, restricted license banks, and deposit taking companies. Fully licensed banks make up the dominant sector and include both domestic and foreign banks. The banking industry has historically been regulated in response to crises, with regulations tightened after crashes in the 1960s and 1980s. In recent decades, Hong Kong banks have faced challenges integrating with mainland China and becoming less reliant on property lending.
This document provides an overview of the financial system and money in Egypt, with a focus on the historical development of Egypt's banking system. It discusses how Egypt's financial system consists of financial markets, institutions, and instruments, and plays an important role in economic development by facilitating investment. The banking system in Egypt underwent several phases of development, starting with the establishment of foreign-owned banks in the 1850s, a period of nationalization in the 1960s, and a move towards privatization and economic reforms beginning in the 1970s and continuing into the 1990s.
The central bank plays a key role in a country's monetary and banking system by maintaining financial sovereignty and economic stability. It is the apex institution in the monetary system, controlling and supervising commercial banks. The central bank manages the currency, credit policy, and money supply. It has several key functions, including acting as a bank of note issue, banker and adviser to the government, banker's bank, lender of last resort, clearing house, custodian of foreign exchange reserves, and controller of credit in the economy. The central bank aims to promote economic development while maintaining price and exchange rate stability.
Central banking and its functions were discussed in this online lecture. The central bank acts as a bank for commercial banks and the government. It has the sole authority to issue currency and regulates the money supply through various mechanisms like setting reserve requirements, conducting open market operations, and acting as a lender of last resort. The central bank also manages the country's foreign exchange reserves and provides clearing house services to facilitate interbank settlements. Overall, the central bank aims to promote financial stability and economic growth.
The development of bank system in Vietnam and its impacts on the development ...Vietcuong Le
This presentation summarizes the development of Vietnam's banking system and its impacts. It discusses the history and present state of Vietnam's banks, including the State Bank of Vietnam and commercial banks. The banking system's development positively impacted the economy through supporting GDP growth, but its efficiency declined over time. Socially, banking growth supported poverty reduction but also inequality. Nationally, an expanded banking sector contributed to Vietnam's economic and diplomatic integration internationally.
This document discusses how technological changes are driving the "unbundling" of traditional banking services and the rise of new FinTech banks. It notes that the nationwide universal banking model that emerged in the 1980s-1990s in the U.S. is no longer as efficient or stable due to high costs, lack of new entry, and many underserved customers. New technologies now allow FinTech banks to provide lending and payment services in ways that threaten the status quo. However, special interests may try to block these changes and preserve the existing banking structure. The future path depends on whether technological progress or politics dominate in shaping new banking regulations and charters.
Central bank is the most important monetary and banking institution in any state. It has authority over monetary and credit policies, issues banknotes, and advises the government on economic matters. Central banks originated as commercial banks in many countries. They have unique characteristics in each country but generally are owned by the state and aim to achieve monetary stability and support public policy goals. The key functions of central banks are issuing currency, acting as the bank for the government, serving as the bank for other banks through reserves and lending, and controlling credit in the economy.
The central bank has several key functions:
1) It issues currency and regulates the money supply to promote economic growth and stability.
2) It acts as a lender of last resort to commercial banks and governments to maintain confidence in the financial system.
3) It implements monetary policy by setting interest rates to target low inflation and steady growth.
In developing countries, the central bank works to promote economic development in addition to its traditional roles. It supports growth through investment and credit expansion. It also aims to establish a stable banking system and expand access to rural areas to aid the agricultural sector.
The financial system is crucial for allocating resources in an economy. It includes banking institutions and non-bank financial intermediaries that facilitate the flow of funds from savers to borrowers. Common deposit products offered by banks include current deposits, savings deposits, fixed deposits, and recurring deposits. Current deposits are payable on demand while savings and fixed deposits have restrictions on withdrawals but offer interest. Recurring deposits require fixed regular installments over a set period.
The Failure Of The Federal Reserve SystemHolly Vega
The document discusses the history and role of the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency and how this status benefits American global dominance. It explains that while military power is visible, the dollar's role in the global economy is equally important for securing U.S. control of international markets. Maintaining the dollar's status is crucial for continued American hegemony into the future.
Essay On Banking Industry
The Bank of the United States Essay
History of Banks Essay
Economic Effectiveness And Impact Of The Bank
Ex-Im Bank Essay
The World Bank Essay
A Summary And Suggestions Of The Bank Essay
Bank Marketing Essay
Essay on Banking
National Bank Essay
The Future Of The Bank Essay
Bank Essay
Benefits Of A Banking Career Essay
The Operation Of Bank Operation Essay
Bank and Essay
Bank Essay
Bank Accounting Essay
bank failures Essay
What is the World Bank? Essay
Ethics in Banking Essay
ReformingtheglobalmonetarysystembyMohammedIbrahimMohammed Ibrahim
This doctoral thesis examines the possibility of reforming the global monetary system after the 2008 financial crisis through a comparative study. It is divided into four parts. Part one provides an analytical overview of the global monetary system, its history and components, and analyzes problems with the current system such as the dominance of the US dollar and imbalanced growth between monetary and real sectors. Part two studies how changes in the global economic balance of power are impacting the system and possibilities for alternative reserve currencies. Part three evaluates proposals for reforming the system. Part four provides the study's conclusions and recommendations for establishing a more stable and balanced global monetary system.
The document discusses issues with the global financial system and the need for reform. It describes how the financial sector has become disconnected from the real economy and increasingly unstable, leading to repeated crises that harm ordinary people. While governments bailed out banks after the 2008 crisis, real reforms were not enacted. As a result, the same problems remain and future crises may be on the horizon unless action is taken to address the power imbalance between the financial sector and society.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of banking in Malaysia across several chapters:
- Chapter 1 discusses the introduction and history of banking in Malaysia from the 1800s to present, including key milestones like the establishment of major banks and the introduction of technologies like ATMs.
- It also covers the roles, responsibilities, and economic importance of banks in facilitating transactions and capital formation.
- The structure of Malaysia's financial system is explained, comprising banking institutions, non-bank financial intermediaries, and various financial markets.
- The definitions and types of banks are defined, including conventional, Islamic, and investment banks.
- The role and functions of the Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 to serve as the central bank of the United States. It aims to maintain stable prices and full employment through its control of monetary policy. The Fed influences monetary conditions in the economy by regulating the money supply and interest rates. It also supervises and regulates banks to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system. The Federal Reserve System is made up of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and the Board of Governors in Washington D.C.
Research on High School in Cambodia boundaryMengsongNguon
This document provides background information on the history and development of Preah Sisowath High School in Cambodia. It discusses the school's origins in the late 19th century and renaming over time. It also outlines increases in student and teacher populations from 1980 to 2005. The document proposes research on teaching methods of mathematics at the school, with the objectives of identifying strong and weak points to improve education quality. The proposed methodology is to observe mathematics teachers monthly and analyze findings.
trends of the MBA students to take MBA program and choose their specificaliza...MengsongNguon
The document summarizes a research study on trends of MBA students in choosing their program and specialization. Key findings include:
- Most students said they took an MBA program to learn more skills or to become a businessman in the future.
- Students primarily chose Build Bright University for its qualified lecturers and convenient class times.
- When selecting a specialization, most students considered the opportunities available, though some focused on fitting their current work or interests.
- The most popular specializations chosen were general management, followed by finance and banking.
The researchers recommend the graduate program adapt its curriculum to meet students' skill needs for current jobs and add more value in areas like availability and quality of
“A study on financial statement by using camel ration with special reference toAKHIL D.C HARIDAS
This document provides an introduction and background on a study analyzing the financial performance of State Bank of Travancore using the CAMEL framework. It discusses the objectives of studying the bank's capital adequacy, asset quality, management soundness, earnings and profitability, liquidity, and sensitivity to risk. The document outlines the methodology, including primary and secondary data collection. It provides context on the banking industry and history in India.
This document discusses lessons from the global financial crisis for monetary and financial policy. It makes three key points:
1) Monetary policy can still be expansionary even when interest rates hit zero, through quantitative easing and credit easing measures.
2) The crisis showed the critical importance of a strong, robust financial system for withstanding economic downturns. Countries without financial crises fared better.
3) There is a need for macroprudential supervision that looks at systemic risks across the entire financial system, but tools for this are still limited, relying largely on existing microprudential tools adapted for macro purposes. Coordination across supervisory agencies is also important.
This document provides a history of banking in India from ancient times to the present. It discusses the evolution of banking practices in India prior to independence, including indigenous banking systems. It then outlines the major developments in the Indian banking sector post-independence, including the nationalization of banks in 1969 and 1980, and the financial sector reforms that began in the early 1990s. The document also provides brief descriptions of the Reserve Bank of India and the classification of banks in India's organized and unorganized banking sectors.
This document provides an overview of monetary policy through 7 chapters. It begins with an introduction and outlines the objectives, methodology and limitations of the report. Chapter 2 defines monetary policy and provides a history and overview of its scope, objectives and tools. Chapter 3 discusses the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through interest rates and financial markets. Chapter 4 examines the impacts of monetary policy on capital markets and inflation. Chapter 5 analyzes Bangladesh's monetary policy strategy, instruments and challenges. Chapter 6 concludes with an advocacy perspective on monetary policy in Bangladesh.
Hong Kong has a three-tiered banking structure consisting of fully licensed banks, restricted license banks, and deposit taking companies. Fully licensed banks make up the dominant sector and include both domestic and foreign banks. The banking industry has historically been regulated in response to crises, with regulations tightened after crashes in the 1960s and 1980s. In recent decades, Hong Kong banks have faced challenges integrating with mainland China and becoming less reliant on property lending.
This document provides an overview of the financial system and money in Egypt, with a focus on the historical development of Egypt's banking system. It discusses how Egypt's financial system consists of financial markets, institutions, and instruments, and plays an important role in economic development by facilitating investment. The banking system in Egypt underwent several phases of development, starting with the establishment of foreign-owned banks in the 1850s, a period of nationalization in the 1960s, and a move towards privatization and economic reforms beginning in the 1970s and continuing into the 1990s.
The central bank plays a key role in a country's monetary and banking system by maintaining financial sovereignty and economic stability. It is the apex institution in the monetary system, controlling and supervising commercial banks. The central bank manages the currency, credit policy, and money supply. It has several key functions, including acting as a bank of note issue, banker and adviser to the government, banker's bank, lender of last resort, clearing house, custodian of foreign exchange reserves, and controller of credit in the economy. The central bank aims to promote economic development while maintaining price and exchange rate stability.
Central banking and its functions were discussed in this online lecture. The central bank acts as a bank for commercial banks and the government. It has the sole authority to issue currency and regulates the money supply through various mechanisms like setting reserve requirements, conducting open market operations, and acting as a lender of last resort. The central bank also manages the country's foreign exchange reserves and provides clearing house services to facilitate interbank settlements. Overall, the central bank aims to promote financial stability and economic growth.
The development of bank system in Vietnam and its impacts on the development ...Vietcuong Le
This presentation summarizes the development of Vietnam's banking system and its impacts. It discusses the history and present state of Vietnam's banks, including the State Bank of Vietnam and commercial banks. The banking system's development positively impacted the economy through supporting GDP growth, but its efficiency declined over time. Socially, banking growth supported poverty reduction but also inequality. Nationally, an expanded banking sector contributed to Vietnam's economic and diplomatic integration internationally.
This document discusses how technological changes are driving the "unbundling" of traditional banking services and the rise of new FinTech banks. It notes that the nationwide universal banking model that emerged in the 1980s-1990s in the U.S. is no longer as efficient or stable due to high costs, lack of new entry, and many underserved customers. New technologies now allow FinTech banks to provide lending and payment services in ways that threaten the status quo. However, special interests may try to block these changes and preserve the existing banking structure. The future path depends on whether technological progress or politics dominate in shaping new banking regulations and charters.
Central bank is the most important monetary and banking institution in any state. It has authority over monetary and credit policies, issues banknotes, and advises the government on economic matters. Central banks originated as commercial banks in many countries. They have unique characteristics in each country but generally are owned by the state and aim to achieve monetary stability and support public policy goals. The key functions of central banks are issuing currency, acting as the bank for the government, serving as the bank for other banks through reserves and lending, and controlling credit in the economy.
The central bank has several key functions:
1) It issues currency and regulates the money supply to promote economic growth and stability.
2) It acts as a lender of last resort to commercial banks and governments to maintain confidence in the financial system.
3) It implements monetary policy by setting interest rates to target low inflation and steady growth.
In developing countries, the central bank works to promote economic development in addition to its traditional roles. It supports growth through investment and credit expansion. It also aims to establish a stable banking system and expand access to rural areas to aid the agricultural sector.
The financial system is crucial for allocating resources in an economy. It includes banking institutions and non-bank financial intermediaries that facilitate the flow of funds from savers to borrowers. Common deposit products offered by banks include current deposits, savings deposits, fixed deposits, and recurring deposits. Current deposits are payable on demand while savings and fixed deposits have restrictions on withdrawals but offer interest. Recurring deposits require fixed regular installments over a set period.
The Failure Of The Federal Reserve SystemHolly Vega
The document discusses the history and role of the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency and how this status benefits American global dominance. It explains that while military power is visible, the dollar's role in the global economy is equally important for securing U.S. control of international markets. Maintaining the dollar's status is crucial for continued American hegemony into the future.
Essay On Banking Industry
The Bank of the United States Essay
History of Banks Essay
Economic Effectiveness And Impact Of The Bank
Ex-Im Bank Essay
The World Bank Essay
A Summary And Suggestions Of The Bank Essay
Bank Marketing Essay
Essay on Banking
National Bank Essay
The Future Of The Bank Essay
Bank Essay
Benefits Of A Banking Career Essay
The Operation Of Bank Operation Essay
Bank and Essay
Bank Essay
Bank Accounting Essay
bank failures Essay
What is the World Bank? Essay
Ethics in Banking Essay
ReformingtheglobalmonetarysystembyMohammedIbrahimMohammed Ibrahim
This doctoral thesis examines the possibility of reforming the global monetary system after the 2008 financial crisis through a comparative study. It is divided into four parts. Part one provides an analytical overview of the global monetary system, its history and components, and analyzes problems with the current system such as the dominance of the US dollar and imbalanced growth between monetary and real sectors. Part two studies how changes in the global economic balance of power are impacting the system and possibilities for alternative reserve currencies. Part three evaluates proposals for reforming the system. Part four provides the study's conclusions and recommendations for establishing a more stable and balanced global monetary system.
The document discusses issues with the global financial system and the need for reform. It describes how the financial sector has become disconnected from the real economy and increasingly unstable, leading to repeated crises that harm ordinary people. While governments bailed out banks after the 2008 crisis, real reforms were not enacted. As a result, the same problems remain and future crises may be on the horizon unless action is taken to address the power imbalance between the financial sector and society.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of banking in Malaysia across several chapters:
- Chapter 1 discusses the introduction and history of banking in Malaysia from the 1800s to present, including key milestones like the establishment of major banks and the introduction of technologies like ATMs.
- It also covers the roles, responsibilities, and economic importance of banks in facilitating transactions and capital formation.
- The structure of Malaysia's financial system is explained, comprising banking institutions, non-bank financial intermediaries, and various financial markets.
- The definitions and types of banks are defined, including conventional, Islamic, and investment banks.
- The role and functions of the Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 to serve as the central bank of the United States. It aims to maintain stable prices and full employment through its control of monetary policy. The Fed influences monetary conditions in the economy by regulating the money supply and interest rates. It also supervises and regulates banks to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system. The Federal Reserve System is made up of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and the Board of Governors in Washington D.C.
Similar to CHAPTER I HISTORY OF CENTRAL BANK.pdf (19)
Research on High School in Cambodia boundaryMengsongNguon
This document provides background information on the history and development of Preah Sisowath High School in Cambodia. It discusses the school's origins in the late 19th century and renaming over time. It also outlines increases in student and teacher populations from 1980 to 2005. The document proposes research on teaching methods of mathematics at the school, with the objectives of identifying strong and weak points to improve education quality. The proposed methodology is to observe mathematics teachers monthly and analyze findings.
trends of the MBA students to take MBA program and choose their specificaliza...MengsongNguon
The document summarizes a research study on trends of MBA students in choosing their program and specialization. Key findings include:
- Most students said they took an MBA program to learn more skills or to become a businessman in the future.
- Students primarily chose Build Bright University for its qualified lecturers and convenient class times.
- When selecting a specialization, most students considered the opportunities available, though some focused on fitting their current work or interests.
- The most popular specializations chosen were general management, followed by finance and banking.
The researchers recommend the graduate program adapt its curriculum to meet students' skill needs for current jobs and add more value in areas like availability and quality of
customer perception on how to make customer satisfaction for Cambodia Tech in...MengsongNguon
This document outlines a research study conducted on customer satisfaction at CamboTech Internet Shop in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The study aimed to identify factors influencing decreasing customer numbers and profits since 2008. A questionnaire was administered to 105 customers to understand perceptions of customer service, price, location, and competitors. Results showed dissatisfaction with internet speed, computer performance, price, and shop appearance. Recommendations included lowering prices, improving technology, and increasing promotion of customer satisfaction surveys.
financial instruments, financial markets, and financial institutions is a fin...MengsongNguon
This document provides an overview of financial instruments, markets, and institutions. It defines key terms like assets, liabilities, and different types of financial markets. It explains that financial instruments are used for means of payment, storing value, and transferring risk. Financial markets allow for buying and selling of instruments and provide liquidity, communicate information, and enable risk sharing. Financial institutions specialize in issuing securities, screening borrowers, and transforming short term liabilities into long term loans to reduce costs. They play an important role in the financial system by facilitating the flow of funds.
investment decision is a plan to run investmentMengsongNguon
1) Investment decisions depend on whether the expected returns from investment are greater than the cost of borrowing funds or the opportunity cost of other investments.
2) Using the present value calculation, investments should be made if the present value of expected future returns is greater than the initial cost.
3) The interest rate, income level, wage rate, technology, and taxes influence investment levels by impacting the profitability of investments.
production function and aggregate supply is a tool to measure to total supplyMengsongNguon
The aggregate supply curve is derived from the production function and factor markets. In the short run, the AS curve can be upward sloping under wage rigidity or perfectly elastic under price rigidity. In the long run, with wage-price flexibility, the AS curve is perfectly inelastic as output is constant at the full employment level, while money wages and prices adjust to maintain full employment.
entrepreneurship is a business owner to lead a company to achieve the ultima...MengsongNguon
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial processes. It defines entrepreneurship as the functions performed by entrepreneurs in establishing an enterprise, noting that it involves innovation and risk-bearing. The document then discusses entrepreneurship as a multi-stage process, from generating new product ideas to developing and launching ventures. It also examines barriers to entrepreneurship and emphasizes the importance of environmental analysis, including analyzing political, economic, social, technological, legal, cultural and physical forces that shape opportunities and constraints.
An Economies Analysis of Financial Structure is a tool to analysis on how eco...MengsongNguon
This document discusses the economic analysis of financial structure and sources of external finance. It summarizes that:
1) Indirect finance through financial intermediaries like banks is a more important source of external business finance than direct finance through securities markets.
2) Asymmetric information problems like adverse selection and moral hazard help explain why intermediation is predominant and why debt is used more than equity.
3) Financial intermediaries help address these problems through tools like monitoring, private information production, and net worth requirements for borrowers.
Money banking add financial markets is a foundation of financial system and b...MengsongNguon
This document introduces topics in money, banking, and financial markets. It discusses why these topics are studied, including that financial markets channel funds from savers to investors, and banks play a crucial role in money creation. It also outlines how the topics of bonds, stocks, foreign exchange, business cycles, inflation, and monetary/fiscal policy will be covered. The document concludes by explaining the basic analytic framework that will be used, including supply and demand analysis and case studies.
business borrowing corporate is a source of fund for corporate to get capital...MengsongNguon
This chapter discusses various forms of business borrowing, including corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, bank loans, and commercial mortgages. It examines factors that influence the amount businesses borrow from financial markets. Some key points covered include the characteristics and innovations of corporate debt instruments, the securitization process for asset-backed securities, major investors in corporate debt, and the significant growth in business borrowing levels in recent decades.
the financial information marketplace is a database set to help marketing str...MengsongNguon
The document discusses sources of financial information and the efficient market hypothesis. It identifies five main sources of information - debt security prices and yields, stock prices and dividend yields, information on security issuers, general economic conditions, and social accounting data. It also discusses the efficient market hypothesis, which argues that financial markets efficiently incorporate all available information into asset prices, and the alternative view of asymmetric information. The document provides examples of different market structures and inefficiencies that can arise from asymmetric information.
Critical forces of Business Environment is an analysis tool to critical thin...MengsongNguon
The document discusses the internal and external business environment factors that influence international business operations. It defines micro and macro environmental factors, with the micro including suppliers, customers, and competitors, while the macro encompasses broader forces like economic, political, social, and technological factors operating at domestic, foreign, and global levels. Several tables provide economic data on SAARC and ASEAN countries to compare their size, growth rates, and income levels.
Globalization major forces is kind of components of global running business o...MengsongNguon
Globalization involves integrating economies and removing barriers between nations. It occurs at both the micro level of individual firms expanding globally and the macro level of integrating entire economies. Globalization creates an environment where capital, trade, technology, and labor can flow freely between countries. It allows companies to access new growth opportunities overseas but also increases competition as foreign firms enter domestic markets. Globalization has led to a more integrated and interdependent world economy.
introduction to organizational behavior is a broad knowledge to understand to...MengsongNguon
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior (OB) including:
- Defining OB and how it can help managers understand individual and group behavior within organizations.
- The 4 main goals of OB which are to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior at work.
- The 4 key forces affecting OB which are people, structure, technology, and environment.
- The 4 disciplinary foundations of OB which are psychology, sociology, social psychology, and anthropology.
- The 4 approaches to OB which are human resources, contingency, results-oriented, and systems approaches.
- Challenges and opportunities for applying OB concepts like managing a diverse workforce and improving employee performance.
Introduction to international business environment is talking about world bus...MengsongNguon
The document provides an introduction to international business environment. It defines international business environment as the sum total of factors external to and beyond the control of a firm's management that influence the firm. These factors can be domestic, foreign, or international in nature. It discusses how the business environment has changed from pre-globalization to post-globalization with increasing global competition and integration of markets. It also defines key terms related to international business such as multinational corporations, foreign business, global companies, and discusses trends toward increasing globalization and interdependence between firms and countries.
business unit performance measurement is a way to measure a business performa...MengsongNguon
This document discusses various performance measures that can be used to evaluate business unit performance, including accounting income, return on investment (ROI), residual income, economic value added (EVA), and issues with using historical costs and net book values. It provides examples of how to calculate ROI and compares using gross book value versus net book value, historical costs versus current costs, and issues with using beginning, ending, or average balances when evaluating performance.
planning and budgeting is a way to set budgeting planning to spending coverin...MengsongNguon
This document provides an overview of key concepts in planning and budgeting. It discusses how budgets are used to manage resources and cash flows. It also explains the importance of participative budgeting that involves input from employees. The document outlines various steps in budgeting like sales forecasting, production budgeting, developing cash budgets and budgeted financial statements. It discusses budgeting challenges in service organizations and the need for sensitivity analysis to account for uncertainty. Ethical issues that can arise from budgets and performance evaluation are also covered.
fundamentals of management control systemMengsongNguon
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 12 of a management control systems textbook. It discusses the role of management control systems in aligning managerial and organizational interests. It also covers topics like the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization, the basic framework for management control systems including elements like performance evaluation and compensation, responsibility accounting and how it relates to organizational structure, evaluating managerial performance using concepts like controllability and relative performance evaluation, analyzing dual-rate versus single-rate corporate cost allocation systems, potential issues with incentive-based performance evaluation systems, and how internal controls can help protect organizational assets.
service department and joint cost allocationMengsongNguon
The document discusses various methods for allocating costs between service and production departments, including direct, step, and reciprocal methods. It also covers allocating joint costs using the net realizable value and physical quantities methods, and how cost data is used to determine whether to sell a joint product or process it further. By-products are accounted for by either deducting their net realizable value from joint costs or treating proceeds as other revenue. Spreadsheets can be used to solve reciprocal cost allocation problems through simultaneous equations.
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptxILC- UK
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Poonawalla Fincorp’s Strategy to Achieve Industry-Leading NPA Metricsshruti1menon2
Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, under the leadership of Managing Director Abhay Bhutada, has achieved industry-leading Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) below 1% and Net Non-Performing Assets (NNPA) below 0.5% as of May 31, 2024. This success is attributed to a strategic vision focusing on prudent credit policies, robust risk management, and digital transformation. Bhutada's leadership has driven the company to exceed its targets ahead of schedule, emphasizing rigorous credit assessment, advanced risk management, and enhanced collection efficiency. By prioritizing customer-centric solutions, leveraging digital innovation, and maintaining strong financial performance, Poonawalla Fincorp sets new benchmarks in the industry. With a continued focus on asset quality, digital enhancement, and exploring growth opportunities, the company is well-positioned for sustained success in the future.
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Government Accounting in Nigeria
Being a Paper Presented at the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Budget Office Staff at Sojourner Hotel, GRA, Ikeja Lagos on Saturday 8th June, 2024.
Calculation of compliance cost: Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic bi...Alexander Belyaev
Calculation of compliance cost in the fishing industry of Russia after extended SCM model (Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic biological resources (ABR) - Preparation of documents, passing expertise)
Vadhavan Port Development _ What to Expect In and Beyond (1).pdfjohnson100mee
The Vadhavan Port Development is poised to be one of the most significant infrastructure projects in India's maritime history. This deep-sea port, located in Maharashtra, promises to transform the region's economic landscape, bolster India's trade capabilities, and generate a plethora of employment opportunities. In this blog, we will delve into the various facets of the Vadhavan Port Development: what to expect in and beyond its completion, and how it stands to influence the future of India's maritime and economic sectors.
Vadhavan Port Development _ What to Expect In and Beyond (1).pdf
CHAPTER I HISTORY OF CENTRAL BANK.pdf
1. University of Management and Economics (UME),
Kratie Campus
Course on Central Bank
Lecturer: Nguon Mengsong
(MPP/ED,MFB,BBA)
April, 2022
2. University of Management and Economics
(UME), Kraties Campus
Course on Central Bank
Taught by Mr.Nguon Mengsong
(BBA, MBF,MPP/ED)
April,2022
3. Central Bank
Theory and Practice in Sustaining
Monetary and Financial Stability
Price Stability, Economic Growth, and
Employment Creation
4. Central Banking and Monetary Policy
LEARNING OUTCOMES
➢ This course studies the purpose and the functions of central banks and
monetary policies and how they have evolved over time. Students are
introduced to the tools of monetary policy and to the rules that central
banks follow, with special attention to inflation targets.
➢ At the end of the course students know the effects of the main policy
tools and understand how central banks affect the financial system and
the economy more generally and the role they have played in the
recent financial crisis.
5. CONTENTS
➢ CHAPTER I A BRIEF HISTORY OF CENTRAL BANKS
➢ CHAPTER II ROLE OF CENTRAL BANK
➢ CHAPTER III MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION
➢ CHAPTER IV EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM
➢ CHAPTER V GLOBAL MONEY SYSTEM
➢ CHAPTER VI MONETARY POLICY
➢ CHAPTER VII BANKING SYSTEM IN CAMBODIA
7. One of the world’s foremost economic historians explains
the forces behind the development of modern central banks,
providing insight into their role in the financial system and
the economy.
A central bank is the term used to describe the authority
responsible for policies that affect a country’s supply of
money and credit. More specifically, a central bank uses its
tools of monetary policy—open market operations, discount
window lending, changes in reserve requirements—to affect
short-term interest rates and the monetary base (currency
held by the public plus bank reserves) and to achieve
important policy goals.
8. ❖ There are three key goals of modern monetary policy
➢ The first and most important is price stability or stability in the
value of money. Today this means maintaining a sustained low
rate of inflation.
➢ The second goal is a stable real economy, often interpreted as
high employment and high and sustainable economic growth.
Another way to put it is to say that monetary policy is expected
to smooth the business cycle and offset shocks to the economy.
➢ The third goal is financial stability. This encompasses an
efficient and smoothly running payments system and the
prevention of financial crises.
9. Beginnings
➢ The story of central banking goes back at least to the seventeenth century, to the
founding of the first institution recognized as a central bank, the Swedish
Riksbank. Established in 1668 as a joint stock bank, it was chartered to lend the
government funds and to act as a clearing house for commerce.
➢ A few decades later (1694), the most famous central bank of the era, the Bank of
England, was founded also as a joint stock company to purchase government
debt. Other central banks were set up later in Europe for similar purposes,
though some were established to deal with monetary disarray.
➢ For example, the Banque de France was established by Napoleon in 1800 to
stabilize the currency after the hyperinflation of paper money during the French
Revolution, as well as to aid in government finance. Early central banks issued
private notes which served as currency, and they often had a monopoly over
such note issue.
10. While these early central banks helped fund the government’s debt, they
were also private entities that engaged in banking activities. Because
they held the deposits of other banks, they came to serve as banks for
bankers, facilitating transactions between banks or providing other
banking services.
hey became the repository for most banks in the banking system
because of their large reserves and extensive networks of correspondent
banks. These factors allowed them to become the lender of last resort in
the face of a financial crisis. In other words, they became willing to
provide emergency cash to their correspondents in times of financial
distress.
11. Transition
➢The Federal Reserve System belongs to a later wave
of central banks, which emerged at the turn of the
twentieth century. These banks were created primarily
to consolidate the various instruments that people
were using for currency and to provide financial
stability. Many also were created to manage the gold
standard, to which most countries adhered.
12. Central banks adhered to the gold standard’s rule of maintaining gold
convertibility above all other considerations. Gold convertibility served as
the economy’s nominal anchor.
That is, the amount of money banks could supply was constrained by the
value of the gold they held in reserve, and this in turn determined the
prevailing price level. And because the price level was tied to a known
commodity whose long-run value was determined by market forces,
expectations about the future price level were tied to it as well.
In a sense, early central banks were strongly committed to price stability.
They did not worry too much about one of the modern goals of central
banking—the stability of the real economy—because they were
constrained by their obligation to adhere to the gold standard.
13. Financial Stability
Financial stability can be defined as “a condition in
which the financial system is not unstable". It can
also mean a condition in which the three components
of the financial system -- financial institutions,
financial markets and financial infrastructure -- are
stable.
An increasingly important role for central banks is
financial stability. The evolution of this responsibility
has been similar across the advanced countries.
14. Challenges for the Future
The key challenge I see facing central banks in the future will be to balance their
three policy goals.
The primary goal of the central bank is to provide price stability (currently viewed
as low inflation over a long-run period). This goal requires credibility to work.
The second policy goal is stability and growth of the real economy. Considerable
evidence suggests that low inflation is associated with better growth and overall
macroeconomic performance.
The third policy goal is financial stability. Research has shown that it also will be
improved in an environment of low inflation, although some economists argue that
asset price booms are spawned in such an environment.
15. ❖ History of the National Bank of Cambodia
The National Bank of Cambodia has a rich and complex history which can be
divided into four distinct periods.
16.
17.
18.
19. ❖ INDEPENDENCE AND ESTABLISHMENT (1954-1964)
The National Bank of Cambodia was established on December 23, 1954,
after the country gained independence from the French Protectorate and
after the Institut d Émission (the printing house for the three Indochine
countries was closed).
Before then, the Institute d'Émission, located in Cambodia, printed one
currency for the three Indochine countries (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam).
After independence, the NBC printed its own national currency, the Khmer
riel in order to have complete sovereignty of Cambodia's monetary stability
and to help build the identity of the nation. At the same time, the local
banking system was being established, in which state banks and private
banks started operating together.
20. Under King Norodom Sihanouk's Sangkum Reastr Niyum era in the 1960s, development
flourished in the kingdom. In 1964, the banking system was reformed to meet the nation's
growing economic and development needs. As such, the National Bank of Cambodia
became a semi-autonomous institution to the state-owned bank, under the form of the
public entity with characteristics of industry and commerce. Meanwhile national and
foreign private banks were closed, and the government established some state-owned banks
such as the Inatean cheat Development Bank, and the Rural Agricultural Bank.
❖ KHMER ROUGE (1975 - 1979)
On April 17th, 1975, the National Bank of Cambodia was closed when the Khmer Rouge
regime came into power. The NBC building was destroyed, the banking system was
eliminated, and the use of riel banknotes was abolished. On January 7, 1979 the Khmer
Rouge regime collapsed and the NBC was reestablished as the central bank of the country
on October 10, 1979. It was renamed the "People's Bank of Kampuchea" by the Council of
the Revolutionary People of Cambodia. However, rebuilding the bank and the nation was
extremely difficult soon after the war. With an effort in overcoming the obstacles of
reconstructing a new banking system from scratch, H.E. Chea Chanto, Senior Minister and
Governor of the National Bank of Cambodia (and one of the initial founders of the NBC),
along with a few of the staff who survived, committed to rebuilding the NBC.
21. The challenges soon after the Khmer Rouge regime were enormous. Since many
intellectuals were killed by the Khmer Rouge or fled the country after the war,
there was very little knowledge, expertise, and experience to draw from. Some
qualified survivors that did remain in the country were mentally frightful of
working since they feared the Khmer Rouge could return. In addition, there was a
severe lack of financial resources.
As the economy was still weak and money supply was virtually non-existent due
to the Khmer Rouge's policy, economic activities were still largely conducted on a
trade and barter system, and civil servant salaries were paid in available local
commodities (rice, fish, oil, gas, etc.). It wasn't until March 20th, 1980 when the
People's Bank of Kampuchea reissued the riel banknotes to facilitate the exchange
of goods and the payment of civil servant salaries. Despite these challenges with
every day, month and year that passed the NBC staff continued to move forward in
reestablishing the nation's bank piece by piece.
22. REBUILDING THE NATIONAL BANK OF CAMBODIA (1979 - 1993)
During the 1980s, the People's Bank of Kampuchea had three basic functions; be the monetary
authority, serve as the National Treasury, and provide banking services including credit, deposits,
and a payment system. Since the NBC building was nearly demolished by the Khmer Rouge, the
temporary head office of the bank was opened on the upper floor of the Khmer Bank of
Commerce.
The People's Bank of Kampuchea set up the leadership structure as well as the operational
activities. Furthermore, the bank extended to 20-provincial and municipal networks across the
country. Since 1989 the banking system was gradually reformed through transforming the 20-
provincial and municipal banks into specialized provincial and municipal banks and operating
with economic and financial autonomy in their territory.
As the monetary authority, the People's Bank of Kampuchea supervised the operations of these
banks. As for the ruined NBC building, it was removed and rebuilt in 1990.
23. In 1991, the first commercial bank (Cambodia Commercial Bank "CCB") was established
under the form of a state joint venture bank to attract investors and serve the activities of the
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). The Paris Peace Accord on
October 23, 1991 transformed the economic regime from a planning economy to a free market
economy.
On January 30, 1992, the National Assembly of Cambodia adopted the Law on the Change of
Organization's name and duty of the bank of Cambodia from the "People's Bank of
Kampuchea" back to the "National Bank of Cambodia", which was promulgated by the council
of state in February 8, 1992.
The NBC compiled and prepared the Financial Sector Blueprint for 2001-2010. The document
served as the foundations for the Financial Sector Development Strategy to increase the
public's confidence of the banking system and how Cambodia can be better integrated into the
global financial system. As the nation's central bank, in order to raise its influence and prestige,
the NBC building was again renovated in 2003.
Cambodia's banking system has made remarkable progress since the second half of the 1990's
when the Law of Organization and Conduct of the National Bank of Cambodia, the Law on
Banking and Financial Institutions, and other laws and regulations, as well as other key
banking reforms were implemented.
24. MODERNIZATION OF THE BANKING SYSTEM (1993 - PRESENT)
Presently, the banking system in Cambodia comprises of 36
commercial banks, 11 specialized banks, 7 foreign bank
representative offices, 39 microfinance institutions (including 7
microfinance deposit taking institutions), 38 rural credit
operators, 6 leasing companies, 1 credit bureau company, 6 third
party processers, and 1,770 money changers. Banking and
financial institutions have continued to expand their operating
networks through the opening of representative branches and
offices in the capital and provinces, and installing Automatic
Teller Machines (ATM) in addition to electronic payment
services.
25. Cambodia's banking system has come a long way; from
building the foundations of a banking system soon after
independence, to the destruction of a monetary system
during the Khmer Rouge regime, to paying civil servant
salaries with rice and fish soon after the regime, to building
an increasingly well managed and sophisticated banking and
financial sector from scratch.
26. Structure
The board of directors is the highest decision making body of the NBC and consists
of five representatives from government, academia, the private sector, and NBC staff.
The Governor is the Chairman of the board and serves as the Chief Executive Officer
of the central bank, reports to the board, and is responsible for implementing the
policy and conduct of day-to-day operations. The Governor is appointed, replaced,
and dismissed by a royal decree on the recommendation of the Royal Government.
At the operational level there are five divisions that are responsible for executing the
day to day functions of the NBC's central banking operations which are divided into
the following: Secretariat General, Directorate General of Central Banking,
Directorate General Supervision, Cash General and Inspector General. There are 21
departments that are supervised by a director, which implements NBC policy on a day
to day basis.
27.
28. The board of directors is the highest decision making body of the
National Bank of Cambodia. The board consists of seven
members. The Governor is the Chairman of the board and serves
as the Chief Executive Officer of the central bank, reports to the
board, and is responsible for implementing the policy and the
conduct of day-to-day operations. The Governor is appointed,
replaced, and dismissed by a royal decree on the recommendation
of the Royal Government. The board holds meetings not less than
once every two months.
29. The National Bank of Cambodia's headquarters is in Phnom Penh, the
capital of Cambodia. The NBC has 21 branches in 25 provinces and
cities. There are a total of 1,384 staff in total with 979 in headquarters
and 405 in provinces. Below are the list of branches and contacts for your
information.
All - Phnom Penh - Kandal - Kampong Cham - Battambang - Prey Veng -
Siem Reap - Kampong Thom - Takeo - Pursat - Kampong Chhnang -
Kampong Spue - Kampot - Sihanoukville - Koh Kong - Preah Vihear -
Kratie - Ratanakiri - Mondulkiri - Stung Treng - Banteay Meanchey -
Svay Rieng
30.
31.
32. Reserve Requirements
Reserve Requirement is one of the monetary policy instruments used by the National Bank
of Cambodia in order to control the speed of credit growth. Currently, the reserve
requirement rate for foreign currency (esp. USD) and local currency have been treated
differently. The reserve requirement rate in foreign currency and domestic currency are set
at 12.5 percent and 8 percent, respectively. The National Bank of Cambodia has offered
interest rates on the 4.5 percent of reserve requirement in foreign currency, while the
remaining 8 percent is not offered interest. No interest is offered to the reserve requirement
in riel.