Chapter 4 and 5 of research

1. Chapter 4:
Results and
Discussion

2. This section objectively
presents the data you
gathered during your
research.
1. Presentation of Results

3. ✅ What to include:
•Tables, graphs, or charts to show
quantitative data
•Themes or categories (qualitative research)
•Results for each research question or
hypothesis
•Descriptive statistics (mean, percentage,
frequency, etc.)
•Statistical test results (e.g., t-test, ANOVA,
Chi-square) if applicable

4. This section explains and interprets
the data. You connect your findings
to your research objectives, prior
studies, and theoretical framework.
2. Discussion of Results

5. What to include:
•Interpretation of key findings
•Comparison with previous
studies
•Explanation for unexpected
results
•Implications for education, policy,
practice, or future research

6. APA 7TH
EDITION

8. 1. Descriptive Level:
This level focuses on summarizing the
findings and describing what the data
reveals. It includes presenting the data
in tables, figures, and other relevant
formats to illustrate the results clearly.
3 levels of interpretation

9. What did you find?

12. 2. Theoretical Level:
Discuss how the results contribute to or
challenge existing knowledge in the field,
propose possible explanations for their
findings, and suggest directions for future
research based on their conclusions.
3 levels of interpretation

13. 3. Critical/Contextual Level:
“Why is this result important?”
“How does this relate to what others
have found?”
“What are the implications for practice
or future research?”
3 levels of interpretation

14. Critical/Contextual Level:
• Connects your results to previous research
or theory
• Explains agreement or disagreement with
past findings
• Shows implications for future research,
policy, or practice
• Discusses broader meaning or real-world
impact

17. Chapter 5:
Summary,
Conclusion, and
Recommendation

18. Summary of Findings (Level 2
heading)
•Summarize only the key results of your
study.
•Present them in the past tense.
•Avoid interpreting or explaining—focus
on what was found.
•Organize according to research
questions, SOP or objectives.

19. Conclusions (Level 2 heading)
•Based on your findings, state
generalizations or insights.
•Align each conclusion to a research
question or hypothesis.
•Write in a scholarly tone, using the past
tense.

20. Recommendations (Level 2 heading)
•Provide actionable suggestions based
on findings and conclusions.
•Address recommendations to specific
stakeholders (e.g., teachers, school
administrators, future researchers).
•Include practical, feasible, and
research-grounded suggestions.