Chapter 7.pptx

Chapter Seven
Environmental Management

Global environmental dealings
 Historically, resource management has not follow sustainable use of natural
resources until very recently. Rather, short-term economic gain has been
achieved by sacrificing long-term economic welfare
 International conventions conferences related to environment for the last 30
years was the realization of how unsustainable growth and environmental
degradation have impacted on poverty. It has contributed to a renewed
emphasis on environment and development as a global collective issue.
 This is motivated by a concern that environmental disasters result in
devastating problems, and also by the recognition that the majority of
environment and development related problems cannot be solved by one
country acting alone.
 To address this issue at the international level major international conventions
conferences have been made by governments. Some of the conferences
include:

UN Global summits
1. The 1972 Stockholm Conference in Sweden
 The foundations for global environmental governance were laid down at
the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. This was
the first international forum aimed at addressing global environmental
challenges.
 Attended by 113 countries, the Stockholm Conference considered the
need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and
guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of
the human environment. The Conference resulted in the establishment of
the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (Khor, 1997).

UN Global summits…….cont’d
 UNEP is the agency with global responsibility for the environment. It has
as its main functions in:
 promoting international environmental cooperation and recommending policies
 providing policy guidance for the direction and coordination of environmental
programs in the UN system;
 regularly reviewing the world’s environmental situation; and implementation of
environmental and natural resource conservation programs and strategies within
the UN system.
 UNEP’s list of achievements includes the initiation of negotiations on
many major environmental issues, several of which were concluded in
the Rio Earth Summit (Bilsborrow & DeLargy, 1991).

2. The 1992 Rio Earth Summit in Brazil
 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992; it is popularly known as the
‘Earth Summit’. It was the world’s largest environmental meeting,
attracting 103 heads of State and 179 governments (Khor, 1997).
 Rio Earth Summit established the growing recognition amongst the world’s
political leaders that cooperative global action on a number of key issues
is essential.
 The Earth Summit produced several landmark documents to chart a
course that would halt natural resource destruction, poverty and
inequality.

 The Rio Earth Summit marked the coming age of sustainable development.
 It emphasized that economic and social progress depends critically on the
preservation of the natural resource base with effective measures to prevent
environmental degradation. It also pointed out that developing countries
should cooperate in addressing global threats to their natural resource base.
 The Rio Earth Summit Principles & strategy outcomes are:
 the UNF framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC),
 the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
 the Rio Forestry Principles,
 the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and
 the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)

3. Kyoto Protocol in 1997 in Japan
 The Kyoto Protocol is the extension of the 1992 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
• The Kyoto protocol was made at Japan Kyoto in 1997 to reduce the
amount of carbon emission by 10% from the 1990 level of emission by
individual country.
• The reduction has been agreed to be effective in 2012 and to resume up
to 2020 with reduction level increment.

4. The World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg 2002
 The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in September 2002
reaffirmed land degradation as one of the major global environmental and
sustainable development challenges of the 21stcentury, calling for action to
address root causes of desertification and land degradation in order to restore
land and address poverty resulting from land degradation (Khor,1997).
 The commitment toward environmental protection is motivated by land resource
deterioration mainly desertification, soil degradation and frequent drought.
 It was agreed that addressing land degradation, desertification and poverty
would contribute significantly to achieving the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) of reducing poverty and ensuring environmental sustainability (Mustafa,
and Zahir, 2007).

5. The Copenhagen Conference on Climate Change 2009
 The Conference of the Parties (COP) for the UNFCCC was held in
Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009.
 The goal was to discuss the revision of the Kyoto Protocol that is
due to end in 2012 and to develop other stronger agreements for
implementing the Climate Change Convention as had been agreed
in an earlier meeting in Bali in 2007.
 Central to combating climate change is the need for governments
to implement policies and strategies to reduce and stabilize
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

 The green house gases are generally accepted to be
responsible causes for the observed increase in the average
global temperature at sea and land level, presently around
14°C, which is bringing about changes in weather patterns
including increasing numbers of extreme events such as
droughts, rain storms and hurricanes.
 Changes in climate at local, national, regional and global levels
are predicted to bring major changes to the overall global
environment resulting in increased economic and social risks,
posing challenges and requiring decisions to mitigate and
adapt to the problems that are and will continue to arise.

 It was hoped that the Copenhagen conference would result in a major revision of
the Kyoto Protocol and/or a similar effective and stronger agreement on how to
combat climate change starting from the year 2012.
 Nevertheless, no agreement was made. Instead, a political agreement of intent,
called the ‘Copenhagen Accord’, was concluded and signed by the majority of the
governments in the meeting.
 One part of the agreement contains a commitment for 30 billion USD dollars to be
given as compensation for developing countries over the next three years, rising to
100 billion USD dollars per year by 2020 for climate change mitigation and
adaptation, environmental rehabilitation particularly focused on forests and other
management measures that can have a positive impact on addressing
environmental degradation.
 However, the document is not legally binding and does not contain any obligatory
commitment for reducing emissions.

Ways to Conserve natural resources
Resources should be managed safely using various techniques like:
o Conserving: protecting damage and improving the quality
o Efficiency – improvements occur when the same task is
accomplished with fewer resources. Wise use of NRs.
o Recycling – Reuse occurs when the same resource is used again in
the same form. Re-using.
o Substitution – occurs when one resource is used instead of another.

Environmental governance Vs Environmental management
What is the difference b/n Environmental governance
and Environmental management?

Environmental governance
 The central component of governance is ‘decision-making’.
 It deals on who is decision maker in managing the resource
 It is about how government and other social organizations interact,
how they relate to citizens, and how decisions are taken in a
complex world.
 Environmental governance is understood as “the sum of the legal,
social, economic and political arrangements used to develop &
manage natural resources and the environment”
 Environmental governance involves a framework that includes:
– agreements and conventions
– policies and procedures that define who gets the power, how
decisions are taken and how accountability is rendered

Environmental governance………….
 Natural resources governance involves an analysis of:
– Legal and policy framework
o How effective are the existing laws and policies?
o Do they support good governance of resources?
– Institutions and agencies responsible
o How effective are the institutions in supporting good
governance of resources?
– Processes and levels of implementation
o Strategies of implementation
o Environmental management
o Technical management elements

Principles of environmental governance
 Basic principles include:
– Making decisions at the appropriate level
– Providing access to information and participation
– Integrate the environment into all decisions ( main streaming)
 A good NR governance respects:
o Legitimacy
o Transparency
o Accountability
o Inclusiveness
o Fairness
o Integration
o Capability
o Adaptability

Environmental management
 Environmental management is part and component of environmental
governance.
 It is dealing on the process and implementation of activities in conserving
natural resources and how to use them.
 It is mainly concerned with how properly to run the conservation activities
rather than who is making decision. Situations are already framed.
 It is about:
 Technical concerns of Resource management
 The way of using resources
 The techniques
 The process
 Implementation
 Organizing
 Coordinating etc of conservation activities
Example: Park management, watershed management, forest management etc.

Historical Evolution of Resource Management Approaches
Resource management
Approaches/Models
A. Based on Participation of the stakeholders
B. Based on level of resource exploitation
 The classic theory/ approach
 The neo-liberal theory
 The neo-populist theory,
 Community-based conservation theory
 Exploitation,
 preservation,
 utilitarian, and
 ecological or sustainable approach.

Resource Management Approaches…….cont’d
A. Based on Participation of the stakeholders
 The dominant theoretical paradigms that explain the evolution of
Sustainable land resource management and development paths based on
the participation of the stakeholders’ in managing the resources include
the following conservation perspectives and approaches:
1. The classic theory/ approach
2. The neo-liberal theory
3. The neo-populist theory,
4. Community-based conservation theory

1. The classic theory/ approach
 The classic‘ paradigm, which was predominant between 1950 and 1975, drew its sources
from notions relating to rural development and environmental management.
 The model is top-down, state instigated, informed by state-sponsored scientific
institutions, and promoted via extension agents.
 The following steps characterize the classic paradigm‘s approaches:
1) Perceived problems are identified by external agents (government officers, donors, Researchers
etc.);
2) technical measures are formulated by these external agents but require community cooperation; and
3) plans are implemented using a combination of encouragement, persuasion and subtle threats.
 With the classic model, local knowledge is seen as defective, traditional, irrational, non-
scientific and even superstition, which should be replaced by expert-led knowledge and
officially sponsored innovations (Blaikie, 1996). Failure with this approach, however, is
blamed on the community or the environment.

2. The neo-liberal theory
 The neo-liberal and neo-populist paradigms were formulated at about the
same time because of the rejection of the classic model.
 The neo liberal paradigm is closely associated with the World Bank (WB,
1992). The paradigm relies on incentives and regulations and is related to
the economics of externalities and property rights.
 It is mainly market oriented economic benefit based approach that
functions on competitive bases.

3. The neo-populist theory
 People oriented approach of conservation
 The neo-populist approach is a result of the rejection of the top-down, techno
centric and state-led model of technology transfer. It is a reaction against the
incapability of central or external authorities and the market to stop resource
degradation.
 This approach, which promotes a more participatory style, became central to
the development agencies by the 1980s. It allows community based or co-
management approach to ensure sustainability of local communities. It is
flexible in planning at which local people use their own local knowledge and
skills to figure out solutions to their problems (Gary, 1991). It is more of people
centered.

4. Community-based conservation theory
 Recently, the neo-populist approach has led to a shift from supply-driven approaches to
demand-driven ones and from centralized command and control to local management or co-
management of resources and services.
 Hence, the neo-populist approach has evolved to the current conservation approach paradigm
of Community-based conservation thinking.
 Community-based conservation widely entertain active involvements of the local people in
SLM activities with bottom-up approach & indigenous conservation uses.
 Participatory approaches allow greater community (direct or indirect) involvement in the
policy formulation and decision-making processes or the technical aspects of the functions of
the central authority.

B. Based on the extent of resource exploitation
 Four resource management perspectives have been historically evolved
based on the extent of resource exploitation. These are:
Exploitation, preservation, utilitarian, and ecological or sustainable approach.
o Exploitation / classical/
 Intensive use of resources to maximize profit
 Natural resources seemed inexhaustible
 Oldest & out dated approach
o Preservation/fortress
 resources should be preserved, set aside, and protected
 limit human uses of important resources
 Preventing human intervention in to an ecosystem
 It has got criticisms this days

o Utilitarian/neo-liberal/
 Rational economic utilization of natural resources
 harvest resources at rates that can be replenished and
sustained over the long run
 assumes single purpose of a resource( Economic dimension)
 Assumes natural resources mainly from the economic
benefits perspective and may not consider the ecological
and social values of natural resources.
This approach resembles the Neo-liberal theory of conservation

o Ecological/sustainable use
 Concerned on sustainable use of natural resources from
economic, ecological and social values.
 designed to protect more than harvestable species
 embraces the concept of multiple uses
 think in terms of whole systems, not just isolated parts
 Protect the diversity of species, populations, and ecosystem
in a given management area
 Most contemporary approaches to ecosystem management call for
integrating scientifically based ecological understanding and
socioeconomic perspectives and values.
 The Ecological/sustainable use perspective has been currently extended to the
three contexts of ecosystem management model as discussed below.

Three contexts of ecosystem management
 The three contexts of ecosystem management/ a collaborative approach is the model
used to apply sustainable environmental management.
 Interests from the ecological, socioeconomic, and institutional
perspectives relevant to ecosystem management are involved
 It shares concerns of:
 Participatory approaches
 emphasized on the participation of resources users
 extended including other stakeholders (stakeholders approach)
 Livelihoods approach
 management of resources in view of the livelihoods of the
communities around the NR area
 resource management should be viewed in a holistic way rather
than independent entity

Three contexts of ecosystem management model
Socioeconomic context
Social, cultural, political Values,
interests, information, assets,
and private sector responsibilities
Institutional context
Law, policies, authority, state rules,
regulations, assets, and public sector
responsibilities
Ecological context
Environmental values, ecological issues,
Data, mathematical models, concepts,
understanding, scientific responsibilities of
environment etc.
Ecosystem
Management

A: Zone of regulatory or management authority.
B: Zone of societal obligations.
C: Zone of influence/ individuals willingness to conserve
D: Zone of win-win-win partnerships.
Three contexts of ecosystem management model…….

Community governance of natural resources
 Currently many scholars highly recommend the involvement
of the local communities in managing and decision ( N.R
Governance) making of natural resources.
 However, some others also challenge this idea based on the
following arguments:
 The dialogs on Community governance of natural resources
 It encourage overexploitation of natural resources.
 When property rights to natural resources are absent and
unenforced i.e. when there is open access, no individual bears
the full cost of resource degradation.

 On the other hand the proponents of community based
governance of resources argued that the problem results not from
any inherent failure of common property, but from institutional
failure to control access to resources, and to make and enforce
internal decision for collective use.

 Institutional failure could be due to:
o Internal factors – users inability to manage resources, population
pressure,
o External pressure – invasion by others such as state intervention,
market forces, introduction of technology
 Despite all the views and debates, it is generally agreed that
resource management under common property institutions is the
most viable option for a long-term economic and ecological
sustainability of natural resources.
 Co-management: Both state and community are involving in
decision making, managing and utilization of the NR.
 Community based conservation
 Participatory approach of conservation

Institutions in resource governance
 Institutions are structure and mechanism of social & legal orders in
governing the behavior of individuals or groups
 Institution types:
– Formal or informal
– Local/indigenous or national
– National or international
 Environmental governance should include all institutional solutions
for resolving conflicts over environmental resources.
 Conflicts can be occur on:
 Resource use right = to share benefits from the resource
 Resource governance = to involve on decision makings
 Resource management = to participate in the conservation activities

Enhancing the role of community in resource management
Traditional resource management plays an important role
in the conservation of natural resources.
Traditional resource management is recognized based on
important pillars like:
 Traditional resource tenure/ ownership
 Traditional conservation knowledge
 Customary institutions have traditional protocols/rules used
manage resources

Community in resource governance…………..
 Strengthening community participation involves:
 Acknowledging the traditional/customary resource
governance system can contribute an effective tool to
resources management
 Recognition of traditional knowledge, practices and
institutions in national legal frameworks & policies
 Developing capacity building strategy for traditional
communities and institutions

Multi-stakeholder approaches of environmental Management
 Environmental governance operates at every level ranging from the
individual to the global
 It calls for a shared leadership and combined responsibility by all
stakeholders for maintaining environmental sustainability
 Stakeholders include:
 individuals
 communities,
 civil societies,
 government,
 NGOs and
 The private sector
 However, different stakeholders have different ways of carrying out
their environmental responsibility.

Natural resource management and decentralization
 Experiences have shown that centralized "top-down" approach to
NRM is only effective with large expenditures on enforcement or
under undemocratic circumstances.
 In NRM, the need for decentralization is grounded in 3 arguments:
1. The limited effectiveness of government institutions in managing
natural resources, especially at the local level.
2. The ability of local institutions rules and regulations enable them
to effectively manage natural resources.
3. The cost-effectiveness of devolution due to a reduction in
transaction costs associated with the management of resources.

cont’d
 Decentralization policies have potential to encourage the
evolution of community-based institutions to manage natural
resources locally.
 However, the decentralization of responsibility and authority
for resource management decisions should be done to the
most appropriate level
 design of appropriate decentralized financial instrument (such
as social fund, demand driven rural investment fund, or local
development fund) for financing local resource management
initiatives

Challenges to effective global environmental governance
 Lack of coordination and cooperation among international organizations
 The rapid growth in the number of actors has made coordination difficult
 weak connections between science and environmental policy-making
 Lack of implementation, compliance, enforcement and effectiveness
 Lack of global instruments to ensure compliance and enforcement
 failure to shift from negotiations to local level implementation
 Inefficient use of financial resources
o There is not enough money where it is needed
o Inappropriate use and management of money

Challenges to global environmental governance…………………
 External decisions affecting the environment
o many environment affecting decisions are made outside the
international agreements of environmental managements.
o decisions related to investment, development, and trade affect
patterns of natural resource use, production and consumption
 Overlooking the significant contribution and involvement of
civil society actors and the private sectors
o contributions in international policy-making, capacity building and
local level implementation

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
What do we mean by Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?

 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can broadly be defined as
a study of the effects of a proposed project, plan or program on the
environment.
 At the international level, lending banks and bilateral aid agencies
have EIA procedures that apply to borrowing and recipient
countries.
 Most developing counties have also embraced and are in the process
of formalizing EIA through legislation.

EIA in developing countries
 Until recently, EIA was not readily understood and accepted as
a tool in developing countries mainly due to:
1. Developers resisted and argued that it was anti development
bureaucratic block in the path of development.
2. It was conceived as a disturbing means of industrialized
countries intended to affect developing countries from breaking
the vicious cycle of poverty.
3. The experts in the developing countries were foreigners who
were viewed as agents of colonization.

EIA………..
 The need for EIAs has become increasingly important and is
now a statutory requirement in many developing countries.
 Historically, the choice of new projects was primarily based on
one criterion: economic viability.
 Today, a second and a third choice criteria, environmental and
social impact, have become a strong yardstick, hence the triple
bottom-line approach (i. economic, ii. environmental and iii.
social) to project viability are required.

The role of Multilateral and bilateral financial institutions on environmental
safeguards:
 Investment banks like:
 African Development Bank (AfDB),
 Asian Development Bank (ADB),
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),
 European Investment Bank (EIB),
 Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC),
 World Bank (WB) etc.
have environmental safeguards to ensure that financing of projects is
not only based on the precautionary principle, preventative action
rather than curative treatment but sustainable development.

Cont’d
 Borrowing countries are responsible for the preparation of the
EIA, and this requirement possibly more than any other has
influenced the introduction and development of EIA in many
developing countries.
 The EIA should examine project alternatives and identify ways
of improving project selection, siting, planning, design and
implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating and
compensating for adverse environmental impacts.

The World Bank criteria for screening projects:
 Category A: If the project likely to have significant environmental
impacts that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts
may affect an area broader than the communities benefiting from
infrastructure investments.
 Category B: If the projects potential adverse impacts on human
populations or on environment are less adverse than those of
Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; and in most
cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for
Category A projects.
 Category C: If the project is likely to have minimal or no adverse
environmental impacts. Once the project is assessed and determined
as Category C, no further action would be required. Some examples
of Category C projects include: Education (i.e. capacity-building,
etc., not including school construction), Family planning etc.

National legislations of EIA
• National legislation may include a statutory requirement for an
EIA to be done in a prescribed manner for specific
development activities. Most legislation lists projects for
which EIA is a mandatory requirement.
• The statutory requirement to carry out an EIA for specific
projects will, for example:
 require registered experts to carry out the study,
 the authority with the help of technical committees to review the EIA and approve
the project.

EIA related studies
1. Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
– Social Impact Assessment (SIA) includes the processes of analyzing, monitoring and
managing the intended and unintended social. consequences, both positive and negative,
2. Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
– Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
absence of disease or infirmity.
3. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
– It aims to incorporate environmental and sustainability considerations into strategic
decision making processes, such as the formulation of policies, plans and programs.

EIA GUIDING PRINCIPLES
 Participative: The process should provide appropriate opportunities to inform and
involve the interested and affected publics.
 Transparency: Assessment process, outcomes & decisions should be open and
accessible.
 Certainty: The process and timing of the assessment should be agreed in advanced
and followed by all participants.
 Accountability: The decision-makers and project proponents are responsible to all
parties for their action and decisions.
 Credibility: Assessment is undertaken with professionalism and objectivity.
 Cost-effectiveness: The assessment process and its outcomes will ensure
environmental protection at the least cost to the society.

EIA GUIDING PRINCIPLES ………
• Practical - the process should result practical outputs, which can be
implemented by proponent.
• Relevant - the process should focus information that is relevant for
development planning and decision-making.
• Focused - the process should concentrate on significant environmental effects
and key issues that need to be taken into account in making decisions.
• Interdisciplinary - the process should ensure that the appropriate techniques
and experts in the relevant disciplines are employed, including use of
traditional knowledge as relevant.
• Integrated - the process should address the interrelationships of social,
economic and biophysical aspects.

Chapter 7.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Chapter 7.pptx

Similar to Chapter 7.pptx (20)

More from etebarkhmichale

More from etebarkhmichale (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter 7.pptx