1. The document summarizes key concepts in learning from classical and operant conditioning. It describes Pavlov's experiments with classical conditioning and key terms like the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
2. It then discusses Skinner's experiments on operant conditioning including concepts like shaping, reinforcement, and reinforcement schedules.
3. The summary also compares classical and operant conditioning, noting the differences in the associations formed in each type of learning.
1) Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. It allows for more flexibility than genetically programmed behaviors.
2) There are different types of learning, including associative learning (connecting events), classical conditioning (associating a stimulus with a response), and operant conditioning (associating a behavior with a consequence).
3) Classical conditioning experiments by Pavlov demonstrated that a neutral stimulus could elicit a conditioned response through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. Operant conditioning experiments by Skinner showed that behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
This chapter discusses different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through processes like Pavlovian conditioning. Operant conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors. Observational learning occurs when observing and imitating the behaviors of others.
This document provides an overview of learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. It summarizes key experiments and findings in these areas. For classical conditioning, it describes Pavlov's experiments with dogs and conditioning and key concepts like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. For operant conditioning, it outlines Skinner's experiments with rats in operant chambers and concepts like shaping, reinforcement schedules, and punishment. It also discusses Bandura's experiments demonstrating observational learning in children through imitation of rewarded and punished behaviors.
Learning is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience or practice that results in relatively permanent changes to behavior. There are two main types of learning:
Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through experiences, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response. Operant conditioning involves changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment in response to the consequences of an action.
Social Learning Theory proposes that learning occurs through observation and modeling of others' behaviors. It bridges behaviorist and cognitive learning paradigms by including cognitive processes like attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Key concepts include observing and modeling behaviors, the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment, and cognitive processes involved in learning from observation. Related theories emphasize the social and contextual aspects of learning, such as communities of practice, cognitive apprenticeships, and activity theory.
Seminar conducted at Manuel L. Quezon High School, Manila Philippines September 1, 2007. Presentation showing qualities of leaders and leadership styles.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as a field that investigates how individuals, groups, and organizational structure impact behavior in organizations. It discusses key topics in OB like the Hawthorn studies, complementing intuition with systematic study, and that there are few absolutes in OB due to contingency factors. The document also outlines individual, group, and organizational independent variables that can impact dependent variables like productivity, absenteeism, and job satisfaction. Finally, it discusses challenges and future trends in OB like responding to globalization, improving quality and productivity, and reengineering organizations.
The document discusses various theories of leadership including:
- Trait theory which focuses on personal qualities that differentiate leaders.
- Behavioral theories including Ohio State studies identifying consideration and initiating structure as key dimensions.
- Contingency theories which propose that leadership style depends on situational factors. Fiedler's contingency model assesses situational favorability.
- Transformational leadership inspires followers through idealized influence, inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration.
1) Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. It allows for more flexibility than genetically programmed behaviors.
2) There are different types of learning, including associative learning (connecting events), classical conditioning (associating a stimulus with a response), and operant conditioning (associating a behavior with a consequence).
3) Classical conditioning experiments by Pavlov demonstrated that a neutral stimulus could elicit a conditioned response through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. Operant conditioning experiments by Skinner showed that behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
This chapter discusses different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through processes like Pavlovian conditioning. Operant conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors. Observational learning occurs when observing and imitating the behaviors of others.
This document provides an overview of learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. It summarizes key experiments and findings in these areas. For classical conditioning, it describes Pavlov's experiments with dogs and conditioning and key concepts like acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. For operant conditioning, it outlines Skinner's experiments with rats in operant chambers and concepts like shaping, reinforcement schedules, and punishment. It also discusses Bandura's experiments demonstrating observational learning in children through imitation of rewarded and punished behaviors.
Learning is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience or practice that results in relatively permanent changes to behavior. There are two main types of learning:
Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through experiences, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response. Operant conditioning involves changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment in response to the consequences of an action.
Social Learning Theory proposes that learning occurs through observation and modeling of others' behaviors. It bridges behaviorist and cognitive learning paradigms by including cognitive processes like attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Key concepts include observing and modeling behaviors, the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment, and cognitive processes involved in learning from observation. Related theories emphasize the social and contextual aspects of learning, such as communities of practice, cognitive apprenticeships, and activity theory.
Seminar conducted at Manuel L. Quezon High School, Manila Philippines September 1, 2007. Presentation showing qualities of leaders and leadership styles.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as a field that investigates how individuals, groups, and organizational structure impact behavior in organizations. It discusses key topics in OB like the Hawthorn studies, complementing intuition with systematic study, and that there are few absolutes in OB due to contingency factors. The document also outlines individual, group, and organizational independent variables that can impact dependent variables like productivity, absenteeism, and job satisfaction. Finally, it discusses challenges and future trends in OB like responding to globalization, improving quality and productivity, and reengineering organizations.
The document discusses various theories of leadership including:
- Trait theory which focuses on personal qualities that differentiate leaders.
- Behavioral theories including Ohio State studies identifying consideration and initiating structure as key dimensions.
- Contingency theories which propose that leadership style depends on situational factors. Fiedler's contingency model assesses situational favorability.
- Transformational leadership inspires followers through idealized influence, inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of Psychology (9th Edition) by David Myers regarding learning. It discusses three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. For classical conditioning, it describes Pavlov's experiments with dogs and conditioning and key concepts like acquisition, extinction, and generalization. For operant conditioning, it outlines Skinner's experiments with rats in operant chambers and concepts like reinforcement schedules, shaping, and punishment. It also discusses Bandura's bobo doll experiment regarding observational learning from models.
1) The document discusses classical and operant conditioning, summarizing key experiments and findings. It describes Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs and salivation. 2) It also summarizes B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning experiments using operant chambers and reinforcement schedules to shape animal behaviors. 3) The document notes extensions of classical and operant conditioning theories to incorporate cognitive processes and biological constraints on learning.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 7 of the 9th edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It discusses three major types of learning: classical conditioning explored through Pavlov's experiments on dogs, operant conditioning studied using Skinner's experiments in operant chambers, and observational learning demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, operant conditioning forms associations between behaviors and consequences, and observational learning occurs when behaviors are learned through observing others. The document also outlines concepts like acquisition, extinction, reinforcement schedules, and punishment in operant conditioning.
This document provides an overview of learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. It summarizes key experiments and findings from Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner on operant conditioning, and Albert Bandura on observational learning. The document outlines concepts such as acquisition, extinction, generalization, reinforcement schedules, and applications of these learning theories to behavior modification.
This document summarizes different theories and experiments on how learning occurs. It discusses classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner. It also covers observational learning through Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Later sections extend these theories by considering cognition, biological constraints, and real-world applications of conditioning principles.
Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, like Pavlov's dog experiment, while operant conditioning involves associating behaviors with consequences through reinforcement or punishment, as in Skinner's experiments. Both types of learning are important and observations also influence learning through imitation of models.
Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning forms associations between behaviors and consequences. Classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors that operate on the environment. Skinner developed the operant chamber to study how reinforcement and punishment shape behaviors over time according to various schedules of reinforcement. Operant conditioning principles can be applied in education, sports, workplaces, and parenting to modify behaviors.
Classical conditioning involves associating stimuli to form automatic responses, while operant conditioning associates behaviors with consequences; B.F. Skinner expanded on Thorndike's law of effect through experiments using operant chambers to study how reinforcement and punishment shape behaviors under schedules like fixed-ratio and variable-interval reinforcement. Operant conditioning principles can be applied in education, sports, and work to modify behaviors through consequences.
This document provides an overview of learning in psychology from several perspectives. It discusses classical and operant conditioning, including their basic principles and examples of how they are applied in everyday life. Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a reflexive response with a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing. Operant conditioning examines how voluntary behaviors are strengthened by reinforcement or weakened by punishment. The document also covers types of learning like shaping behavior through successive approximations and uses of reinforcement schedules.
Classical conditioning was elucidated by Ivan Pavlov through his famous dog experiments. Pavlov found that a neutral stimulus could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. For example, Pavlov paired the sound of a tone (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which caused dogs to salivate (unconditioned response). After conditioning, the dogs learned to salivate to the tone alone (conditioned response). Pavlov's work provided the basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Introductory Psychology: Learning Part II (Operant)Brian Piper
lecture 19 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, operant conditioning
This document discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs. Classical conditioning is a learning process where associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an innate response and a neutral stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response. Examples are given of how classical conditioning is used to train animals and explains concepts like generalization, discrimination, and extinction of conditioned responses. The document also discusses applications of classical conditioning to understanding phobias and behavior modification techniques.
6LearningRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of.docxfredharris32
6
Learning
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Learning
Acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience
Associative learning: Learning that certain events occur together
Events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.
Cognitive learning: Acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language
2
Forms of Conditioning
Classical conditioning
One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Produces respondent behavior
Operant conditioning
One learns to associate an action and its consequence.
Produces operant behavior
Conditioning - A process of learning associations.
Stimulus: Any event or situation that evokes a response.
Respondent behavior: Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant behavior: Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
3
Figure 6.1 - Classical Conditioning
4
Figure 6.2 - Operant Conditioning
Retrieve and Remember 1
Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?
ANSWER: Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and, as a result, learn associations—often without our awareness. For example, we may have eaten a sweet pastry with a cup of coffee often enough to associate the flavor of the coffee with the treat, so that the cup of coffee alone just doesn’t seem right anymore!
6
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s experiments
Pavlov’s legacy
Figure 6.3 - Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
8
Classical Conditioning: Terms
Neutral stimulus (NS): Evokes no response before conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US): Unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
Unconditioned response (UR): Unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
9
Conditioned Response and Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Irrelevant stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Pavlov’s Experiments
Explored conditioning processes
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Ivan Pavlov: “Experimental investigation…
should lay a solid foundation for a future true
science of psychology” (1927).
Retrieve and Remember 2
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff that causes your eye to blink.
After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone.
What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
ANSWERS: NS = tone before conditioning; US = air puff; UR = blink to air puff; CS = tone after conditioning; CR = blink to tone
12
Acquisition
I.
1. Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, occurs when behavior changes as a result of observing others.
2. Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasized that observational learning can occur without direct reinforcement or punishment - by observing models and the consequences of their behavior, people can learn new behaviors.
3. Observational learning involves four processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. By observing models, consequences, and one's own abilities, people determine which behaviors to adopt and perform.
These slides are about different methods and types of learning and basically concerned about classical conditioning. Classical conditioning and its whole process is described here briefly.
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental state arising from experience. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Reinforcers that immediately follow a behavior are most effective at shaping learning. Cognitive factors like latent learning and observational learning also influence the learning process.
learning (Developmental Psychology) by maghan dasMaghan Das
1) Learning occurs through association and is relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience.
2) There are two main types of learning - classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, and operant conditioning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened through reinforcement and punishment.
3) Classical conditioning was demonstrated through Pavlov's experiment with dogs where they learned to associate a neutral stimulus like a bell with food. Operant conditioning was explored through Skinner and Thorndike's work showing behaviors are shaped by their consequences.
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning. It discusses Ivan Pavlov's experiments showing that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus like a tone with food. The tone would come to elicit salivation as a conditioned response. Key terms in classical conditioning are defined like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Pavlov's classic experiment is described demonstrating how classical conditioning works. Examples of classical conditioning in human contexts are also provided.
1) The document outlines several theories of learning including classical conditioning by Pavlov involving associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex, operant conditioning by Skinner involving reinforcement of behaviors, social learning by Bandura involving observational learning, and insightful learning involving problem solving.
2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information.
3) Other concepts discussed include latent learning, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development involving learning with guidance, and Lewin's field theory emphasizing the interaction between individuals and their environment in influencing behavior.
The document provides an overview of learning and different types of conditioning processes. It discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's experiments showing that dogs can learn to associate stimuli. Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with food led dogs to eventually salivate to just the stimulus. Operant conditioning is also examined, focusing on how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. Various applications of classical and operant conditioning in teaching are also outlined.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of Psychology (9th Edition) by David Myers regarding learning. It discusses three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. For classical conditioning, it describes Pavlov's experiments with dogs and conditioning and key concepts like acquisition, extinction, and generalization. For operant conditioning, it outlines Skinner's experiments with rats in operant chambers and concepts like reinforcement schedules, shaping, and punishment. It also discusses Bandura's bobo doll experiment regarding observational learning from models.
1) The document discusses classical and operant conditioning, summarizing key experiments and findings. It describes Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs and salivation. 2) It also summarizes B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning experiments using operant chambers and reinforcement schedules to shape animal behaviors. 3) The document notes extensions of classical and operant conditioning theories to incorporate cognitive processes and biological constraints on learning.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 7 of the 9th edition of the psychology textbook by David Myers. It discusses three major types of learning: classical conditioning explored through Pavlov's experiments on dogs, operant conditioning studied using Skinner's experiments in operant chambers, and observational learning demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, operant conditioning forms associations between behaviors and consequences, and observational learning occurs when behaviors are learned through observing others. The document also outlines concepts like acquisition, extinction, reinforcement schedules, and punishment in operant conditioning.
This document provides an overview of learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. It summarizes key experiments and findings from Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner on operant conditioning, and Albert Bandura on observational learning. The document outlines concepts such as acquisition, extinction, generalization, reinforcement schedules, and applications of these learning theories to behavior modification.
This document summarizes different theories and experiments on how learning occurs. It discusses classical conditioning by Pavlov and operant conditioning by Skinner. It also covers observational learning through Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Later sections extend these theories by considering cognition, biological constraints, and real-world applications of conditioning principles.
Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, like Pavlov's dog experiment, while operant conditioning involves associating behaviors with consequences through reinforcement or punishment, as in Skinner's experiments. Both types of learning are important and observations also influence learning through imitation of models.
Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning forms associations between behaviors and consequences. Classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors that operate on the environment. Skinner developed the operant chamber to study how reinforcement and punishment shape behaviors over time according to various schedules of reinforcement. Operant conditioning principles can be applied in education, sports, workplaces, and parenting to modify behaviors.
Classical conditioning involves associating stimuli to form automatic responses, while operant conditioning associates behaviors with consequences; B.F. Skinner expanded on Thorndike's law of effect through experiments using operant chambers to study how reinforcement and punishment shape behaviors under schedules like fixed-ratio and variable-interval reinforcement. Operant conditioning principles can be applied in education, sports, and work to modify behaviors through consequences.
This document provides an overview of learning in psychology from several perspectives. It discusses classical and operant conditioning, including their basic principles and examples of how they are applied in everyday life. Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a reflexive response with a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing. Operant conditioning examines how voluntary behaviors are strengthened by reinforcement or weakened by punishment. The document also covers types of learning like shaping behavior through successive approximations and uses of reinforcement schedules.
Classical conditioning was elucidated by Ivan Pavlov through his famous dog experiments. Pavlov found that a neutral stimulus could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. For example, Pavlov paired the sound of a tone (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which caused dogs to salivate (unconditioned response). After conditioning, the dogs learned to salivate to the tone alone (conditioned response). Pavlov's work provided the basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Introductory Psychology: Learning Part II (Operant)Brian Piper
lecture 19 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, operant conditioning
This document discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs. Classical conditioning is a learning process where associations are made between an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an innate response and a neutral stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response. Examples are given of how classical conditioning is used to train animals and explains concepts like generalization, discrimination, and extinction of conditioned responses. The document also discusses applications of classical conditioning to understanding phobias and behavior modification techniques.
6LearningRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of.docxfredharris32
6
Learning
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Learning
Acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience
Associative learning: Learning that certain events occur together
Events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.
Cognitive learning: Acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language
2
Forms of Conditioning
Classical conditioning
One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Produces respondent behavior
Operant conditioning
One learns to associate an action and its consequence.
Produces operant behavior
Conditioning - A process of learning associations.
Stimulus: Any event or situation that evokes a response.
Respondent behavior: Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant behavior: Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
3
Figure 6.1 - Classical Conditioning
4
Figure 6.2 - Operant Conditioning
Retrieve and Remember 1
Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?
ANSWER: Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and, as a result, learn associations—often without our awareness. For example, we may have eaten a sweet pastry with a cup of coffee often enough to associate the flavor of the coffee with the treat, so that the cup of coffee alone just doesn’t seem right anymore!
6
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s experiments
Pavlov’s legacy
Figure 6.3 - Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
8
Classical Conditioning: Terms
Neutral stimulus (NS): Evokes no response before conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US): Unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
Unconditioned response (UR): Unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
9
Conditioned Response and Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Irrelevant stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Pavlov’s Experiments
Explored conditioning processes
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Ivan Pavlov: “Experimental investigation…
should lay a solid foundation for a future true
science of psychology” (1927).
Retrieve and Remember 2
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff that causes your eye to blink.
After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone.
What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
ANSWERS: NS = tone before conditioning; US = air puff; UR = blink to air puff; CS = tone after conditioning; CR = blink to tone
12
Acquisition
I.
1. Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, occurs when behavior changes as a result of observing others.
2. Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasized that observational learning can occur without direct reinforcement or punishment - by observing models and the consequences of their behavior, people can learn new behaviors.
3. Observational learning involves four processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. By observing models, consequences, and one's own abilities, people determine which behaviors to adopt and perform.
These slides are about different methods and types of learning and basically concerned about classical conditioning. Classical conditioning and its whole process is described here briefly.
Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental state arising from experience. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, such as Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors are reinforced or punished to increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence. Reinforcers that immediately follow a behavior are most effective at shaping learning. Cognitive factors like latent learning and observational learning also influence the learning process.
learning (Developmental Psychology) by maghan dasMaghan Das
1) Learning occurs through association and is relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience.
2) There are two main types of learning - classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, and operant conditioning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened through reinforcement and punishment.
3) Classical conditioning was demonstrated through Pavlov's experiment with dogs where they learned to associate a neutral stimulus like a bell with food. Operant conditioning was explored through Skinner and Thorndike's work showing behaviors are shaped by their consequences.
This document provides an overview of classical conditioning. It discusses Ivan Pavlov's experiments showing that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus like a tone with food. The tone would come to elicit salivation as a conditioned response. Key terms in classical conditioning are defined like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Pavlov's classic experiment is described demonstrating how classical conditioning works. Examples of classical conditioning in human contexts are also provided.
1) The document outlines several theories of learning including classical conditioning by Pavlov involving associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex, operant conditioning by Skinner involving reinforcement of behaviors, social learning by Bandura involving observational learning, and insightful learning involving problem solving.
2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information.
3) Other concepts discussed include latent learning, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development involving learning with guidance, and Lewin's field theory emphasizing the interaction between individuals and their environment in influencing behavior.
The document provides an overview of learning and different types of conditioning processes. It discusses classical conditioning, including Pavlov's experiments showing that dogs can learn to associate stimuli. Repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with food led dogs to eventually salivate to just the stimulus. Operant conditioning is also examined, focusing on how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. Various applications of classical and operant conditioning in teaching are also outlined.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
5. Definition
Learning is a relatively permanent change in an
organism’s behavior due to experience.
Our learning is more flexible in comparison to
the genetically-programmed behaviors of
salmon, for example.
5
6. How Do We Learn?
We learn by association. Our minds
naturally connect events that occur in
sequence.
2000 years ago, Aristotle suggested this
law of association. Then 200 years ago
Locke and Hume reiterated this law.
6
8. Classical Conditioning
Ideas of classical conditioning originate from old
philosophical theories.
However, it was the Russian physiologist Ivan
Pavlov who elucidated classical conditioning.
His work provided a basis for later behaviorists
like John Watson.
8
9. Pavlov’s Experiments
Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned
Stimulus, US) produces salivation
(Unconditioned Response, UR).
However, the tone (neutral stimulus) does not.
9
10. Pavlov’s Experiments
During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone)
and the US (food) are paired, resulting in
salivation (UR).
After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now
Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now
Conditioned Response, CR).
10
14. Stimulus Generalization
Generalization defined -
Pavlov conditioned the dog’s salivation (CR) by
pairing touch on the thigh (CS) with food (US).
When he subsequently stimulated other parts of
the dog’s body, the dog salivated as well but not as
strongly as it salivated when touched on the thigh.
14
16. Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Pavlov and Watson (the Behaviorists)
considered consciousness, or mind, unfit for
the scientific study of psychology.
However, they underestimated the importance
of cognitive processes and biological
constraints.
16
17. Cognitive Processes
Early behaviorists believed that learned
behaviors of various animals could be reduced
to mindless mechanisms.
However, later behaviorists suggested that
animals learn the predictability of a stimulus,
meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a
stimulus (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972).
17
18. Biological Predispositions
Courtesy of John Garcia
Garcia showed that the duration
between the CS and the US may be
long (hours), and still result in
conditioning. John Garcia
18
20. Pavlov’s Legacy
Pavlov’s greatest contribution
to psychology is isolating
elementary behaviors from
more complex ones through
objective scientific
procedures.
Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)
20
21. Applications of Classical
Conditioning
1. Former crack cocaine users should avoid
cues (people, places) associated with
previous drug use.
2. Through classical conditioning, a drug (plus
its taste) that affects the immune response
may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the
immune response.
21
22. Applications of Classical
Conditioning
Watson used classical
conditioning procedures to
develop advertising
campaigns for a number of
organizations, including
Maxwell House, making the
“coffee break” an American
Brown Brothers
custom.
John B. Watson
22
23. Operant & Classical Conditioning
1. Classical conditioning
forms associations
between stimuli (CS
and US). Operant
conditioning, on the
other hand, forms an
association between
behaviors and the
resulting events.
23
24. Operant & Classical Conditioning
2. Classical conditioning involves respondent
behavior that occurs as an automatic
response to a certain stimulus. Operant
conditioning involves operant behavior, a
behavior that operates on the environment,
producing rewarding or punishing stimuli.
24
25. Skinner’s Experiments
Skinner’s experiments extend Thorndike’s
thinking, especially his law of effect. This law
states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur
again.
Yale University Library
25
26. Shaping
Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure
in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the
desired target behavior through successive
approximations.
Khamis Ramadhan/ Panapress/ Getty Images
Fred Bavendam/ Peter Arnold, Inc.
A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminate
objects of different shapes, colors and sizes. 26
27. Types of Reinforcers
Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows. A heat lamp positively
reinforces a meerkat’s behavior in the cold.
Reuters/ Corbis
27
28. Primary & Secondary Reinforcers
1. Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing
stimulus like food or drink.
2. Conditioned Reinforcer: A learned
reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power
through association with the primary
reinforcer.
28
29. Immediate & Delayed Reinforcers
1. Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer that
occurs instantly after a behavior. A rat gets
a food pellet for a bar press.
2. Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that is
delayed in time for a certain behavior. A
paycheck that comes at the end of a week.
We may be inclined to engage in small immediate
reinforcers (watching TV) rather than large delayed
reinforcers (getting an A in a course) which require
consistent study. 29
30. Reinforcement Schedules
1. Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforces the
desired response each time it occurs.
2. Partial Reinforcement: Reinforces a
response only part of the time. Though this
results in slower acquisition in the
beginning, it shows greater resistance to
extinction later on.
30
31. Interval Schedules
1. Fixed-interval schedule: Reinforces a
response only after a specified time has
elapsed. (e.g., preparing for an exam
only when the exam draws close.)
2. Variable-interval schedule: Reinforces a
response at unpredictable time
intervals, which produces slow, steady
responses. (e.g., pop quiz.)
31
34. Punishment
Although there may be some justification for
occasional punishment (Larzelaere & Baumrind,
2002), it usually leads to negative effects.
1. Results in unwanted fears.
2. Conveys no information to the organism.
3. Justifies pain to others.
4. Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its
absence.
5. Causes aggression towards the agent.
6. Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in
place of another. 34
35. Cognition & Operant Conditioning
Evidence of cognitive processes during operant
learning comes from rats during a maze
exploration in which they navigate the maze
without an obvious reward. Rats seem to
develop cognitive maps, or mental
representations, of the layout of the maze
(environment).
35
36. Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a
behavior for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation: The desire to perform a
behavior due to promised rewards or threats of
punishments.
36
37. Skinner’s Legacy
Skinner argued that behaviors were shaped by
external influences instead of inner thoughts and
feelings. Critics argued that Skinner
dehumanized people by neglecting their free will.
Falk/ Photo Researchers, Inc
37
.
38. Applications of Operant
Conditioning
At Home
In children, reinforcing good behavior increases
the occurrence of these behaviors. Ignoring
unwanted behavior decreases their occurrence.
38
42. 14-month-old child
in pulling a toy apart.
begins early in life. This
imitates the adult on TV
Learning by observation
Imitation Onset
42
Meltzoff, A.N. (1998). Imitation of televised models by infants.
Child Development, 59 1221-1229. Photos Courtesy of A.N. Meltzoff and M. Hanuk.
43. Bandura's Experiments
Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that
individuals (children) learn through imitating
others who receive rewards and punishments.
Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies show that
antisocial models (family, neighborhood or TV)
may have antisocial effects.
43
44. Television and Observational
Learning
Gentile et al., (2004) show that children in
elementary school who are exposed to violent
television, videos, and video games express
increased aggression.
Research shows that viewing media violence
leads to an increased expression of aggression.
44