2. Objectives
• Understand IP addressing, it’s architecture and
representation.
• Understand conversion between decimal,
hexadecimal and binary number system.
• Understand different classes of IP address.
• Explain network mask.
• Understand different types of TCP/IP application
layer, Internet layer and transport layer protocols.
CMC Limited
3. IP Addressing
An IP address uniquely identifies a node or host on an IP
network.
An IP address is a software address, not a hardware
address.
The two basic components of the IP Addressing
architecture are:
• Network ID
• Host (or Node) ID
CMC Limited
4. IP Addressing contd..
General IP Addressing Architecture
IP Address consists of 32-bit value. Each Physical Network
has its own unique network address.
Each host has one or more unique addresses.
IP Address Representation
An IP address consists of 32 bits of information.
These bits are divided into four sections, referred
to as octets or bytes, each containing one byte i.e.,
8 bits.
CMC Limited
5. IP Addressing contd..
IPv4 and IPv6
The IP system in widespread use today is also known as
IPv4 ("version four").
IPv4 can only represent a finite number of computers on
the Internet – approximately 4,294,967,296, or 2 raised
to the 32nd power.
CMC Limited
6. Number System
Many number systems are in use in digital technology. The
most common are the decimal, binary, octal and
hexadecimal systems.
Decimal System
The decimal system is composed of 10 numerals or
symbols. These 10 symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
The decimal system is also called the base-10 system
because it has 10 digits.
CMC Limited
7. Number System contd..
Binary System
In the binary system, there are only two symbols or possible
digit values, 0 and 1. This base-2 system can be used to
represent any quantity that can be represented in decimal
or other number system.
Hexadecimal System
The hexadecimal system uses base 16. It uses the digits 0
through 9 plus the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F
CMC Limited
8. Number System contd..
Converting Decimal to Binary
Let's express a decimal number 1341.25 in binary notation.
Note that in the first part the desired base is 2, so we
repeatedly divide the number by 2 until the quotient is 0.
Converting Binary to Decimal
(10100111101.01)2 =
1x(210)+0x(29)+1x(28)+0x(27)+0x(26)+1x(25)+1x(24)+1x(23)+
1x(22)+0x(21)+1x(20)+0x(2-1)+ 1x(2-2) =
1024+0+256+0+0+32+16+8+4+0+1+0+0.25 = (1341.25)10
CMC Limited
9. Number System contd..
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
We repeatedly divide the integer part of the decimal number by
162 until the quotient is 0 and multiply the fraction part by 16.
Thus, (3315.3)10 = (CF3.4CCC)16
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
24.616 = 2 x (161) + 4 x (160) + 6 x (16-1) = 36.37510
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
HEX 5 3 D
BIN 0101 0011 1101
Thus, (53D)16 = (010100111101)2
CMC Limited
10. Classes of IP Addresses
IP addresses can be subdivided into classes. There are
five different classes of networks.
Class A
In a Class A network address, the first byte is assigned to
the network address and the remaining bytes are used for
node (or host) addresses.
CMC Limited
11. Classes of IP Addresses contd..
Class B
In a Class B network address, the first two bytes are
assigned to the network address and the remaining two
bytes are used for node address.
Class C
The first three bytes of a Class C network address are
dedicated to the network portion of the address, with only
one byte remaining for the node address.
Class D
The IPv4 networking standard defines Class D addresses as
reserved for multicast.
CMC Limited
12. Classes of IP Addresses contd..
Class E
The IPv4 networking standard defines Class E addresses
as reserved, meaning that they should not be used on IP
networks.
Special Forms of Internet Address
Limited Broadcast
A special type of IP address is the limited broadcast
address 255.255.255.255.
IP Loopback Address
127.0.0.1 is the loopback address in IP. Loopback is a test
mechanism of network adapters.
CMC Limited
13. Classes of IP Addresses contd..
Zero Addresses
As with the loopback range, the address range from 0.0.0.0
through 0.255.255.255 should not be considered part of the
normal Class A range.
Private Addresses
The IP standard defines specific address ranges within
Class A, Class B and Class C reserved for use by private
networks (intranets).
CMC Limited
14. Network Masks
A network mask helps you know which portion of the
address identifies the network and which portion of the
address identifies the node.
CMC Limited
15. Subnetting
IP networks can be divided into smaller networks called
subnetworks (or subnets).
Each data link on a network must have a unique network ID,
with every node on that link being a member of the same
network.
Subnet Masks
Perhaps the most recognizable aspect of subnetting is the
subnet mask.
A subnet mask neither works like an IP address, nor does
it exist independently from them.
CMC Limited
16. Subnetting contd..
Subnetting Class C Address
To subnet a network, extend the natural mask using some
of the bits from the host ID portion of the address to create
a subnetwork ID.
Subnetting Class B Address
If you have network 172.16.0.0, then you know that its
natural mask is 255.255.0.0 or 172.16.0.0/16.
CMC Limited
17. Configure IP Addresses
To configure IP addresses on an interface, use the ip
address command from interface configuration mode.
CMC Limited
18. Troubleshoot IP Address Schemes
When users start to complain about not being able to get
to their services and applications, you need to quickly be
able to resolve what’s causing the issue.
Test Methodology
• Check physical connectivity
• Verify connectivity from local LAN
• Carry out layer 3 network testing
• Prove name resolution
• Test application layers
CMC Limited
19. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols
The application layer includes the following protocols:
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
• Telnet
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Domain Name Service (DNS)
• Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
• Network File System (NFS)
• X Window
CMC Limited
20. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols contd..
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP permits files to be transferred from one computer
to another using a TCP connection.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
TFTP is an Internet software utility for transferring files
that is simpler to use than the FTP but less capable.
CMC Limited
21. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols contd..
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP permits files to be transferred from one computer to
another using a TCP connection.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
TFTP is an Internet software utility for transferring files that
is simpler to use than the FTP but less capable.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
SMTP specifies the format of messages that an e-mail client
on one computer can use to send (or receive) electronic mail
to and from an SMTP server on another computer.
CMC Limited
22. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols contd..
Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
SNMP is the protocol governing network management and
the monitoring of network devices and their operations.
Telnet
TELNET is the terminal emulation protocol of TCP/IP.
TELNET uses the TCP transport protocol to achieve a
virtual connection between server and client.
CMC Limited
23. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols contd..
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)
DHCP is a communications protocol that lets network
administrators manage centrally and automate the
assignment of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in an
organization's network.
DHCP is an alternative to another network IP management
protocol, Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP).
CMC Limited
24. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols contd..
Domain Name Service (DNS)
On a network as vast as the Internet it would be impractical
to identify each system solely by its numeric IP address.
Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
LPD is a printer protocol that uses TCP/IP to establish
connections between printers and workstations on a
network.
CMC Limited
25. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols contd..
Network File System (NFS)
Suppose the NFS server software is running on a NT server
and the NFS client software is running on a Unix host.
X Window
The X-Window protocol provides a remote windowing
interface to distributed network applications.
CMC Limited
26. TCP/IP Internet Layer Protocols
IP layer is also referred as Network Layer. Internet layer
protocols, that are less visible but play equally important
roles in TCP/IP networks.
Internet Protocol (IP)
IP is a connectionless, unreliable datagram protocol
primarily responsible for addressing and routing packets
between hosts.
CMC Limited
27. TCP/IP Internet Layer Protocols contd..
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used for
error and control messages within the IP world and is
very much integrated with IP.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ARP finds the hardware address of a host from a known IP
address.
If IP does not find the destination host’s hardware address
in the ARP cache, it uses ARP to find this information.
CMC Limited
28. TCP/IP Internet Layer Protocols contd..
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(RARP)
RARP discovers the identity of the IP address for diskless
machines by sending out a packet that includes its MAC
address and a request for the IP address assigned to that
MAC address.
CMC Limited
29. TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols
Transport layer (also known as the Host-to-Host Transport
layer) is responsible for providing the Application layer with
session and datagram communication services.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP is a reliable, connection-oriented delivery service. The
data is transmitted in segments.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
UDP provides a connectionless datagram service that offers
unreliable, best-effort delivery of data transmitted in
messages.
CMC Limited
