This document discusses the use and sharing of PowerPoint slides from a textbook on computer networking. It allows the slides to be modified and used for educational purposes with only two requirements: 1) Cite the source if using the slides substantially unaltered, and 2) Note the copyright if posting slides substantially unaltered online. The document is copyrighted by the authors of the textbook from 1996-2007.
Module 6
Advanced Networking
Security problems with internet architecture, Introduction to Software defined networking, Working of SDN, SDN in data centre, SDN applications, Data centre networking, IoT.
The document discusses network security and begins by noting that the slides can be freely used and modified if their source is mentioned. It then provides an overview of the goals and roadmap for Chapter 8, which covers principles of cryptography, message integrity, securing various network layers, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The chapter aims to explain the fundamentals of network security and how security is implemented in practice.
The document summarizes key concepts in network security including cryptography, authentication, integrity, and access control. It discusses principles like confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. It introduces common examples of Alice, Bob, and Trudy to illustrate security concepts and the need to protect against eavesdropping, impersonation, message alteration, and denial of service attacks. Symmetric and public key cryptography algorithms are overviewed including DES, AES, and RSA.
This document discusses public key cryptography and the RSA algorithm. RSA allows two parties to communicate securely without having to share a secret key beforehand. It works by having each party generate both a public and private key. The public key can be used to encrypt messages, while only the private key can decrypt them. RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers to be secure. The document provides an example of how RSA key generation and encryption/decryption work in practice.
The document discusses authentication protocols to securely prove identity between two parties communicating over a network. Protocol ap5.0 uses public key cryptography and a nonce (random number) to authenticate, but it is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack where an attacker can pose as both parties to intercept and alter communications. The document explores several authentication protocols and their vulnerabilities to illustrate challenges in securely authenticating identities over an open network.
Chapter 8SecurityComputer Networking A Top Down Approach .docxrusselldayna
Chapter 8
Security
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012
A note on the use of these ppt slides:
We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following:
If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material.
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Network Security
Chapter 8: Network Security
Chapter goals:
understand principles of network security:
cryptography and its many uses beyond “confidentiality”
authentication
message integrity
security in practice:
firewalls and intrusion detection systems
security in application, transport, network, link layers
2
Network Security
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity, authentication
8.4 Securing e-mail
8.5 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.6 Network layer security: IPsec
8.7 Securing wireless LANs
8.8 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
3
Network Security
What is network security?
confidentiality: only sender, intended receiver should “understand” message contents
sender encrypts message
receiver decrypts message
authentication: sender, receiver want to confirm identity of each other
message integrity: sender, receiver want to ensure message not altered (in transit, or afterwards) without detection
access and availability: services must be accessible and available to users
4
Network Security
Friends and enemies: Alice, Bob, Trudy
well-known in network security world
Bob, Alice (lovers!) want to communicate “securely”
Trudy (intruder) may intercept, delete, add messages
5
Network Security
Who might Bob, Alice be?
… well, real-life Bobs and Alices!
Web browser/server for electronic transactions (e.g., on-line purchases)
on-line banking client/server
DNS servers
routers exchanging routing table updates
other examples?
6
Network Security
There are bad guys (and girls) out there!
Q: What can a “bad guy” do?
A: A lot! See section 1.6
eavesdrop: intercept messages
actively insert messages into connection
impersonation: can fake (spoof) source address in packet (or any field in packet)
hijacking: “take over” ongoing connection by removing sender or receiver, inserting himself in place
denial of service: prevent service from being used by others (e.g., by overloading resources)
7
Network Security
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptograph ...
Module 6
Advanced Networking
Security problems with internet architecture, Introduction to Software defined networking, Working of SDN, SDN in data centre, SDN applications, Data centre networking, IoT.
The document discusses network security and begins by noting that the slides can be freely used and modified if their source is mentioned. It then provides an overview of the goals and roadmap for Chapter 8, which covers principles of cryptography, message integrity, securing various network layers, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The chapter aims to explain the fundamentals of network security and how security is implemented in practice.
The document summarizes key concepts in network security including cryptography, authentication, integrity, and access control. It discusses principles like confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. It introduces common examples of Alice, Bob, and Trudy to illustrate security concepts and the need to protect against eavesdropping, impersonation, message alteration, and denial of service attacks. Symmetric and public key cryptography algorithms are overviewed including DES, AES, and RSA.
This document discusses public key cryptography and the RSA algorithm. RSA allows two parties to communicate securely without having to share a secret key beforehand. It works by having each party generate both a public and private key. The public key can be used to encrypt messages, while only the private key can decrypt them. RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring large numbers to be secure. The document provides an example of how RSA key generation and encryption/decryption work in practice.
The document discusses authentication protocols to securely prove identity between two parties communicating over a network. Protocol ap5.0 uses public key cryptography and a nonce (random number) to authenticate, but it is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack where an attacker can pose as both parties to intercept and alter communications. The document explores several authentication protocols and their vulnerabilities to illustrate challenges in securely authenticating identities over an open network.
Chapter 8SecurityComputer Networking A Top Down Approach .docxrusselldayna
Chapter 8
Security
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012
A note on the use of these ppt slides:
We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following:
If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material.
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Network Security
Chapter 8: Network Security
Chapter goals:
understand principles of network security:
cryptography and its many uses beyond “confidentiality”
authentication
message integrity
security in practice:
firewalls and intrusion detection systems
security in application, transport, network, link layers
2
Network Security
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity, authentication
8.4 Securing e-mail
8.5 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.6 Network layer security: IPsec
8.7 Securing wireless LANs
8.8 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
3
Network Security
What is network security?
confidentiality: only sender, intended receiver should “understand” message contents
sender encrypts message
receiver decrypts message
authentication: sender, receiver want to confirm identity of each other
message integrity: sender, receiver want to ensure message not altered (in transit, or afterwards) without detection
access and availability: services must be accessible and available to users
4
Network Security
Friends and enemies: Alice, Bob, Trudy
well-known in network security world
Bob, Alice (lovers!) want to communicate “securely”
Trudy (intruder) may intercept, delete, add messages
5
Network Security
Who might Bob, Alice be?
… well, real-life Bobs and Alices!
Web browser/server for electronic transactions (e.g., on-line purchases)
on-line banking client/server
DNS servers
routers exchanging routing table updates
other examples?
6
Network Security
There are bad guys (and girls) out there!
Q: What can a “bad guy” do?
A: A lot! See section 1.6
eavesdrop: intercept messages
actively insert messages into connection
impersonation: can fake (spoof) source address in packet (or any field in packet)
hijacking: “take over” ongoing connection by removing sender or receiver, inserting himself in place
denial of service: prevent service from being used by others (e.g., by overloading resources)
7
Network Security
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptograph ...
The document discusses network security principles such as cryptography, authentication, and message integrity. It explains symmetric key cryptography where senders and receivers share the same key, and public key cryptography where users have a public key for encrypting messages and a private key for decrypting. The document also outlines common attacks like eavesdropping, message insertion, and denial of service and how techniques like encryption, firewalls, and access control can help address security threats.
This document discusses network security concepts including encryption, authentication, and threats. It introduces common network security scenarios involving friends (Alice and Bob) communicating securely while an intruder (Trudy) may intercept or alter messages. Examples of real systems that require security are also given such as web browsers, online banking, and network routers. Common network attacks are then outlined like eavesdropping, spoofing, and denial of service attacks. The document proceeds to explain approaches to network security including symmetric and public key encryption methods. Specific encryption algorithms are described like DES and RSA public key encryption.
This document provides an introduction to security and cryptography. It begins with an overview of security goals like confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation. It then discusses symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES and AES, and how they provide confidentiality. Asymmetric cryptography algorithms like RSA and ECC are introduced for providing authentication, non-repudiation through digital signatures, and facilitating key exchange. Hash functions are described for providing integrity and digital signatures. Modes of operation for block ciphers like CBC are covered. Popular algorithms and their application to security goals are summarized.
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES as well as modes of operation like CBC.
- Asymmetric cryptography concepts like public/private key pairs, digital signatures, and how RSA works.
- Other cryptographic tools like hash functions, message authentication codes, and key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman.
- The role of public key infrastructure and certificates in authenticating public keys.
- Attacks on cryptographic algorithms and their implementations are also briefly discussed.
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES along with modes of operation like CBC.
- Asymmetric cryptography including key exchange with Diffie-Hellman and digital signatures with RSA and ECC.
- Cryptographic hash functions like SHA and their properties. Message authentication codes (MACs) that provide integrity.
- Public key infrastructure with certificates and how they establish authenticity of public keys.
- Attacks on algorithms, implementations, and protocols and the need for unpredictable
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES and how they operate using symmetric keys for encryption and decryption.
- Cryptographic hashing and message authentication codes (MACs) and how they provide integrity and authentication.
- Asymmetric (public key) cryptography like RSA and ECC using key pairs for encryption, signatures, and key exchange without pre-shared secrets.
- Key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman and how public key infrastructure (PKI) uses digital
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES and how they operate using symmetric keys for encryption and decryption.
- Cryptographic hashing and message authentication codes (MACs) and how they provide integrity and authentication.
- Asymmetric (public key) cryptography like RSA and ECC using key pairs for encryption, signatures, and key exchange without pre-shared secrets.
- Key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman and how public key infrastructure (PKI) uses digital
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, hashes, signatures, and MACs address them.
- Symmetric block ciphers like DES and AES including modes of operation like CBC.
- Asymmetric cryptography concepts like key exchange using Diffie-Hellman and digital signatures using RSA.
- Cryptographic hash functions like SHA and their properties.
- Public key infrastructure concepts like certificates and how they establish authenticity of public keys.
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES and how they operate using symmetric keys for encryption and decryption.
- Cryptographic hashing and message authentication codes (MACs) and how they provide integrity and authentication.
- Asymmetric (public key) cryptography like RSA and ECC using key pairs for encryption, signatures, and key exchange without pre-shared secrets.
- Key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman and how public key infrastructure (PKI) uses digital
The document outlines the goals and topics to be covered in a lecture on data and network security. It will discuss principles of network security including cryptography, authentication, message integrity, and key distribution. It will also cover security implementations in practice such as firewalls and security at different network layers. The lecture will begin with an introduction to network security and then cover cryptography, authentication, integrity, key distribution, access control with firewalls, attacks and countermeasures, and security across network layers.
The document provides information about the Data Communication Network course syllabus including course objectives, outcomes, topics covered, textbooks, and reference books. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that cover data communication network fundamentals, data link control protocols, network layer addressing and routing, transport layer protocols, application layer protocols, and network security. The document also includes summaries of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and TCP/IP reference model explaining their layered architectures and functions.
This document provides an overview of hash algorithms and their uses in cryptography. It begins with definitions of hash functions and their properties like producing a fixed-length output and being one-way. Common hash algorithms are then discussed like MD5, SHA-1, and RIPEMD-160. The document explains the structures and security of these algorithms and analyzes attacks like birthday attacks. It also provides examples of applying hash functions in cryptography.
Symmetric encryption suffers from several key distribution and management problems in modern distributed communication environments. Asymmetric encryption solves these issues by using public/private key pairs, allowing anyone to encrypt messages using the public key but only the private key holder can decrypt. Digital signatures, key certification through public key infrastructure (PKI), and hash functions are important applications of asymmetric cryptography.
Cryptography techniques allow for message confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. Symmetric key cryptography uses a shared secret key where the sender and receiver both know the key. Public key cryptography uses key pairs where one key is public and one is private. RSA is an example of an asymmetric encryption algorithm that uses a public/private key pair based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers. Message integrity is ensured through techniques like digital signatures that authenticate the source and content of messages.
This document provides an overview of network security principles including cryptography, authentication, message integrity, and key distribution. It begins with an introduction to network security concepts and then outlines the topics that will be covered, which include principles of cryptography, authentication, integrity, key distribution, access control using firewalls, common attacks, and security at different layers. Examples are provided to illustrate authentication protocols and their vulnerabilities. Digital signatures and message digests are introduced as techniques for authentication and integrity. Symmetric and public key encryption algorithms like DES, AES, RSA are briefly described. The need for trusted intermediaries like key distribution centers and certification authorities is also noted.
This document discusses cryptography and how it can be used to secure communication. It covers symmetric and public key encryption, digital signatures, hashes, and authentication. Symmetric encryption uses a shared secret key for both encryption and decryption, while public key encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption. Cryptographic hashes provide integrity for messages, and message authentication codes (MACs) also provide integrity and authentication. Digital signatures provide authentication and integrity using public key cryptography. The document discusses encryption modes like CBC and stream ciphers like RC4. It also covers key distribution challenges and how certificate authorities can help authenticate servers.
The document provides an overview of basic cryptography concepts including classical cryptography, public key cryptography, and cryptographic checksums. It discusses cryptosystems, encryption and decryption functions, classical ciphers like the Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher, attacks on cryptosystems, public key algorithms like Diffie-Hellman and RSA, and symmetric key algorithms like the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The slides cover topics like cryptanalysis techniques, modes of operation for DES, properties of DES like weak keys, and the current status of DES.
Application of bpcs steganography to wavelet compressed video (synopsis)Mumbai Academisc
This document discusses applying BPCS steganography techniques to embed secret information in wavelet compressed video. It begins with an abstract describing BPCS steganography, which embeds secret data in the bit-planes of an image without deteriorating image quality. It then provides an introduction to steganography and its applications for secure internet communication. The document discusses the design of the steganography technique, including its high embedding capacity of up to 50% of the original image size without increasing file size. It also covers security considerations like the RSA encryption algorithm.
The document discusses various topics related to security in e-commerce including cryptography mechanisms like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, hashing functions, and encryption algorithms like DES, AES, and RSA. It also covers security protocols like SSL/TLS, SET, S/MIME, and SSH. IPSec and its components AH, ESP and IKE are explained. The IKE phases including phase 1 for mutual authentication and phase 2 for establishing session keys are summarized.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
The document discusses network security principles such as cryptography, authentication, and message integrity. It explains symmetric key cryptography where senders and receivers share the same key, and public key cryptography where users have a public key for encrypting messages and a private key for decrypting. The document also outlines common attacks like eavesdropping, message insertion, and denial of service and how techniques like encryption, firewalls, and access control can help address security threats.
This document discusses network security concepts including encryption, authentication, and threats. It introduces common network security scenarios involving friends (Alice and Bob) communicating securely while an intruder (Trudy) may intercept or alter messages. Examples of real systems that require security are also given such as web browsers, online banking, and network routers. Common network attacks are then outlined like eavesdropping, spoofing, and denial of service attacks. The document proceeds to explain approaches to network security including symmetric and public key encryption methods. Specific encryption algorithms are described like DES and RSA public key encryption.
This document provides an introduction to security and cryptography. It begins with an overview of security goals like confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation. It then discusses symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES and AES, and how they provide confidentiality. Asymmetric cryptography algorithms like RSA and ECC are introduced for providing authentication, non-repudiation through digital signatures, and facilitating key exchange. Hash functions are described for providing integrity and digital signatures. Modes of operation for block ciphers like CBC are covered. Popular algorithms and their application to security goals are summarized.
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES as well as modes of operation like CBC.
- Asymmetric cryptography concepts like public/private key pairs, digital signatures, and how RSA works.
- Other cryptographic tools like hash functions, message authentication codes, and key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman.
- The role of public key infrastructure and certificates in authenticating public keys.
- Attacks on cryptographic algorithms and their implementations are also briefly discussed.
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES along with modes of operation like CBC.
- Asymmetric cryptography including key exchange with Diffie-Hellman and digital signatures with RSA and ECC.
- Cryptographic hash functions like SHA and their properties. Message authentication codes (MACs) that provide integrity.
- Public key infrastructure with certificates and how they establish authenticity of public keys.
- Attacks on algorithms, implementations, and protocols and the need for unpredictable
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES and how they operate using symmetric keys for encryption and decryption.
- Cryptographic hashing and message authentication codes (MACs) and how they provide integrity and authentication.
- Asymmetric (public key) cryptography like RSA and ECC using key pairs for encryption, signatures, and key exchange without pre-shared secrets.
- Key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman and how public key infrastructure (PKI) uses digital
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES and how they operate using symmetric keys for encryption and decryption.
- Cryptographic hashing and message authentication codes (MACs) and how they provide integrity and authentication.
- Asymmetric (public key) cryptography like RSA and ECC using key pairs for encryption, signatures, and key exchange without pre-shared secrets.
- Key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman and how public key infrastructure (PKI) uses digital
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, hashes, signatures, and MACs address them.
- Symmetric block ciphers like DES and AES including modes of operation like CBC.
- Asymmetric cryptography concepts like key exchange using Diffie-Hellman and digital signatures using RSA.
- Cryptographic hash functions like SHA and their properties.
- Public key infrastructure concepts like certificates and how they establish authenticity of public keys.
This document provides an overview of security and cryptography topics including:
- The basics of security including confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation goals and how symmetric and asymmetric cryptography help achieve them.
- Symmetric cryptography algorithms like DES, Triple DES, and AES and how they operate using symmetric keys for encryption and decryption.
- Cryptographic hashing and message authentication codes (MACs) and how they provide integrity and authentication.
- Asymmetric (public key) cryptography like RSA and ECC using key pairs for encryption, signatures, and key exchange without pre-shared secrets.
- Key exchange methods like Diffie-Hellman and how public key infrastructure (PKI) uses digital
The document outlines the goals and topics to be covered in a lecture on data and network security. It will discuss principles of network security including cryptography, authentication, message integrity, and key distribution. It will also cover security implementations in practice such as firewalls and security at different network layers. The lecture will begin with an introduction to network security and then cover cryptography, authentication, integrity, key distribution, access control with firewalls, attacks and countermeasures, and security across network layers.
The document provides information about the Data Communication Network course syllabus including course objectives, outcomes, topics covered, textbooks, and reference books. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that cover data communication network fundamentals, data link control protocols, network layer addressing and routing, transport layer protocols, application layer protocols, and network security. The document also includes summaries of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and TCP/IP reference model explaining their layered architectures and functions.
This document provides an overview of hash algorithms and their uses in cryptography. It begins with definitions of hash functions and their properties like producing a fixed-length output and being one-way. Common hash algorithms are then discussed like MD5, SHA-1, and RIPEMD-160. The document explains the structures and security of these algorithms and analyzes attacks like birthday attacks. It also provides examples of applying hash functions in cryptography.
Symmetric encryption suffers from several key distribution and management problems in modern distributed communication environments. Asymmetric encryption solves these issues by using public/private key pairs, allowing anyone to encrypt messages using the public key but only the private key holder can decrypt. Digital signatures, key certification through public key infrastructure (PKI), and hash functions are important applications of asymmetric cryptography.
Cryptography techniques allow for message confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. Symmetric key cryptography uses a shared secret key where the sender and receiver both know the key. Public key cryptography uses key pairs where one key is public and one is private. RSA is an example of an asymmetric encryption algorithm that uses a public/private key pair based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers. Message integrity is ensured through techniques like digital signatures that authenticate the source and content of messages.
This document provides an overview of network security principles including cryptography, authentication, message integrity, and key distribution. It begins with an introduction to network security concepts and then outlines the topics that will be covered, which include principles of cryptography, authentication, integrity, key distribution, access control using firewalls, common attacks, and security at different layers. Examples are provided to illustrate authentication protocols and their vulnerabilities. Digital signatures and message digests are introduced as techniques for authentication and integrity. Symmetric and public key encryption algorithms like DES, AES, RSA are briefly described. The need for trusted intermediaries like key distribution centers and certification authorities is also noted.
This document discusses cryptography and how it can be used to secure communication. It covers symmetric and public key encryption, digital signatures, hashes, and authentication. Symmetric encryption uses a shared secret key for both encryption and decryption, while public key encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption. Cryptographic hashes provide integrity for messages, and message authentication codes (MACs) also provide integrity and authentication. Digital signatures provide authentication and integrity using public key cryptography. The document discusses encryption modes like CBC and stream ciphers like RC4. It also covers key distribution challenges and how certificate authorities can help authenticate servers.
The document provides an overview of basic cryptography concepts including classical cryptography, public key cryptography, and cryptographic checksums. It discusses cryptosystems, encryption and decryption functions, classical ciphers like the Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher, attacks on cryptosystems, public key algorithms like Diffie-Hellman and RSA, and symmetric key algorithms like the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The slides cover topics like cryptanalysis techniques, modes of operation for DES, properties of DES like weak keys, and the current status of DES.
Application of bpcs steganography to wavelet compressed video (synopsis)Mumbai Academisc
This document discusses applying BPCS steganography techniques to embed secret information in wavelet compressed video. It begins with an abstract describing BPCS steganography, which embeds secret data in the bit-planes of an image without deteriorating image quality. It then provides an introduction to steganography and its applications for secure internet communication. The document discusses the design of the steganography technique, including its high embedding capacity of up to 50% of the original image size without increasing file size. It also covers security considerations like the RSA encryption algorithm.
The document discusses various topics related to security in e-commerce including cryptography mechanisms like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, hashing functions, and encryption algorithms like DES, AES, and RSA. It also covers security protocols like SSL/TLS, SET, S/MIME, and SSH. IPSec and its components AH, ESP and IKE are explained. The IKE phases including phase 1 for mutual authentication and phase 2 for establishing session keys are summarized.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. 8: Network Security 8-1
Chapter 8
Network Security
A note on the use of these ppt slides:
We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers).
They’re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides
(including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously
represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the
following:
If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form,
that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that
you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and
note our copyright of this material.
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
All material copyright 1996-2007
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Computer Networking:
A Top Down Approach ,
4th edition.
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley, July
2007.
2. 8: Network Security 8-2
Chapter 8: Network Security
Chapter goals:
understand principles of network security:
cryptography and its many uses beyond
“confidentiality”
authentication
message integrity
security in practice:
firewalls and intrusion detection systems
security in application, transport, network, link
layers
3. 8: Network Security 8-3
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
4. 8: Network Security 8-4
What is network security?
Confidentiality: only sender, intended receiver
should “understand” message contents
sender encrypts message
receiver decrypts message
Authentication: sender, receiver want to confirm
identity of each other
Message integrity: sender, receiver want to ensure
message not altered (in transit, or afterwards)
without detection
Access and availability: services must be accessible
and available to users
5. 8: Network Security 8-5
Friends and enemies: Alice, Bob, Trudy
well-known in network security world
Bob, Alice (lovers!) want to communicate “securely”
Trudy (intruder) may intercept, delete, add messages
secure
sender
secure
receiver
channel data, control
messages
data data
Alice Bob
Trudy
6. 8: Network Security 8-6
Who might Bob, Alice be?
… well, real-life Bobs and Alices!
Web browser/server for electronic
transactions (e.g., on-line purchases)
on-line banking client/server
DNS servers
routers exchanging routing table updates
other examples?
7. 8: Network Security 8-7
There are bad guys (and girls) out there!
Q: What can a “bad guy” do?
A: a lot!
eavesdrop: intercept messages
actively insert messages into connection
impersonation: can fake (spoof) source address
in packet (or any field in packet)
hijacking: “take over” ongoing connection by
removing sender or receiver, inserting himself
in place
denial of service: prevent service from being
used by others (e.g., by overloading resources)
more on this later ……
8. 8: Network Security 8-8
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
9. 8: Network Security 8-9
The language of cryptography
symmetric key crypto: sender, receiver keys identical
public-key crypto: encryption key public, decryption key
secret (private)
plaintext plaintext
ciphertext
K
A
encryption
algorithm
decryption
algorithm
Alice’s
encryption
key
Bob’s
decryption
key
K
B
10. 8: Network Security 8-10
Symmetric key cryptography
substitution cipher: substituting one thing for another
monoalphabetic cipher: substitute one letter for another
plaintext: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
ciphertext: mnbvcxzasdfghjklpoiuytrewq
Plaintext: bob. i love you. alice
ciphertext: nkn. s gktc wky. mgsbc
E.g.:
Q: How hard to break this simple cipher?:
brute force (how hard?)
other?
11. 8: Network Security 8-11
Symmetric key cryptography
symmetric key crypto: Bob and Alice share know same
(symmetric) key: K
e.g., key is knowing substitution pattern in mono
alphabetic substitution cipher
Q: how do Bob and Alice agree on key value?
plaintext
ciphertext
KA-B
encryption
algorithm
decryption
algorithm
A-B
KA-B
plaintext
message, m
K (m)
A-B
K (m)
A-B
m = K ( )
A-B
12. 8: Network Security 8-12
Symmetric key crypto: DES
DES: Data Encryption Standard
US encryption standard [NIST 1993]
56-bit symmetric key, 64-bit plaintext input
How secure is DES?
DES Challenge: 56-bit-key-encrypted phrase
(“Strong cryptography makes the world a safer
place”) decrypted (brute force) in 4 months
no known “backdoor” decryption approach
making DES more secure:
use three keys sequentially (3-DES) on each datum
use cipher-block chaining
13. 8: Network Security 8-13
Symmetric key
crypto: DES
initial permutation
16 identical “rounds” of
function application,
each using different
48 bits of key
final permutation
DES operation
14. 8: Network Security 8-14
AES: Advanced Encryption Standard
new (Nov. 2001) symmetric-key NIST
standard, replacing DES
processes data in 128 bit blocks
128, 192, or 256 bit keys
brute force decryption (try each key)
taking 1 sec on DES, takes 149 trillion
years for AES
15. 8: Network Security 8-15
Block Cipher
one pass
through: one
input bit
affects eight
output bits
64-bit input
T1
8bits
8 bits
8bits
8 bits
8bits
8 bits
8bits
8 bits
8bits
8 bits
8bits
8 bits
8bits
8 bits
8bits
8 bits
64-bit scrambler
64-bit output
loop for
n rounds
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
6
T
5
T
7
T
8
multiple passes: each input bit afects all output bits
block ciphers: DES, 3DES, AES
16. 8: Network Security 8-16
Cipher Block Chaining
cipher block: if input
block repeated, will
produce same cipher
text:
t=1
m(1) = “HTTP/1.1”
block
cipher
c(1) = “k329aM02”
…
cipher block chaining:
XOR ith input block,
m(i), with previous
block of cipher text,
c(i-1)
c(0) transmitted to
receiver in clear
what happens in
“HTTP/1.1” scenario
from above?
+
m(i)
c(i)
t=17
m(17) = “HTTP/1.1”
block
cipher
c(17) = “k329aM02”
block
cipher
c(i-1)
17. 8: Network Security 8-17
Public key cryptography
symmetric key crypto
requires sender,
receiver know shared
secret key
Q: how to agree on key
in first place
(particularly if never
“met”)?
public key cryptography
radically different
approach [Diffie-
Hellman76, RSA78]
sender, receiver do
not share secret key
public encryption key
known to all
private decryption
key known only to
receiver
18. 8: Network Security 8-18
Public key cryptography
plaintext
message, m
ciphertext
encryption
algorithm
decryption
algorithm
Bob’s public
key
plaintext
message
K (m)
B
+
K
B
+
Bob’s private
key
K
B
-
m = K (K (m))
B
+
B
-
19. 8: Network Security 8-19
Public key encryption algorithms
need K ( ) and K ( ) such that
B B
. .
given public key K , it should be
impossible to compute
private key KB
B
Requirements:
1
2
RSA: Rivest, Shamir, Adleman algorithm
+ -
K (K (m)) = m
B
B
- +
+
-
20. 8: Network Security 8-20
RSA: Choosing keys
1. Choose two large prime numbers p, q.
(e.g., 1024 bits each)
2. Compute n = pq, z = (p-1)(q-1)
3. Choose e (with e<n) that has no common factors
with z. (e, z are “relatively prime”).
4. Choose d such that ed-1 is exactly divisible by z.
(in other words: ed mod z = 1 ).
5. Public key is (n,e). Private key is (n,d).
KB
+
KB
-
21. 8: Network Security 8-21
RSA: Encryption, decryption
0. Given (n,e) and (n,d) as computed above
1. To encrypt bit pattern, m, compute
c = m mod n
e (i.e., remainder when m is divided by n)
e
2. To decrypt received bit pattern, c, compute
m = c mod n
d (i.e., remainder when c is divided by n)
d
m = (m mod n)
e mod n
d
Magic
happens!
c
22. 8: Network Security 8-22
RSA example:
Bob chooses p=5, q=7. Then n=35, z=24.
e=5 (so e, z relatively prime).
d=29 (so ed-1 exactly divisible by z.
letter m me c = m mod n
e
l 12 1524832 17
c m = c mod n
d
17 481968572106750915091411825223071697 12
c
d
letter
l
encrypt:
decrypt:
23. 8: Network Security 8-23
RSA: Why is that m = (m mod n)
e mod n
d
(m mod n)
e
mod n = m mod n
d ed
Useful number theory result: If p,q prime and
n = pq, then:
x mod n = x mod n
y y mod (p-1)(q-1)
= m mod n
ed mod (p-1)(q-1)
= m mod n
1
= m
(using number theory result above)
(since we chose ed to be divisible by
(p-1)(q-1) with remainder 1 )
24. 8: Network Security 8-24
RSA: another important property
The following property will be very useful later:
K (K (m)) = m
B
B
- +
K (K (m))
B
B
+ -
=
use public key
first, followed
by private key
use private key
first, followed
by public key
Result is the same!
25. 8: Network Security 8-25
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
26. 8: Network Security 8-26
Message Integrity
Bob receives msg from Alice, wants to ensure:
message originally came from Alice
message not changed since sent by Alice
Cryptographic Hash:
takes input m, produces fixed length value, H(m)
e.g., as in Internet checksum
computationally infeasible to find two different
messages, x, y such that H(x) = H(y)
equivalently: given m = H(x), (x unknown), can not determine
x.
note: Internet checksum fails this requirement!
27. 8: Network Security 8-27
Internet checksum: poor crypto hash
function
Internet checksum has some properties of hash function:
produces fixed length digest (16-bit sum) of message
is many-to-one
But given message with given hash value, it is easy to find
another message with same hash value:
I O U 1
0 0 . 9
9 B O B
49 4F 55 31
30 30 2E 39
39 42 4F 42
message ASCII format
B2 C1 D2 AC
I O U 9
0 0 . 1
9 B O B
49 4F 55 39
30 30 2E 31
39 42 4F 42
message ASCII format
B2 C1 D2 AC
different messages
but identical checksums!
28. 8: Network Security 8-28
Message Authentication Code
m
s
(shared secret)
(message)
H(.) H(m+s)
public
Internet
append
m H(m+s)
s
compare
m
H(m+s)
H(.)
H(m+s)
(shared secret)
29. 8: Network Security 8-29
MACs in practice
MD5 hash function widely used (RFC 1321)
computes 128-bit MAC in 4-step process.
arbitrary 128-bit string x, appears difficult to
construct msg m whose MD5 hash is equal to x
• recent (2005) attacks on MD5
SHA-1 is also used
US standard [NIST, FIPS PUB 180-1]
160-bit MAC
30. 8: Network Security 8-30
Digital Signatures
cryptographic technique analogous to hand-
written signatures.
sender (Bob) digitally signs document,
establishing he is document owner/creator.
verifiable, nonforgeable: recipient (Alice) can
prove to someone that Bob, and no one else
(including Alice), must have signed document
31. 8: Network Security 8-31
Digital Signatures
simple digital signature for message m:
Bob “signs” m by encrypting with his private key
KB, creating “signed” message, KB(m)
-
-
Dear Alice
Oh, how I have missed
you. I think of you all the
time! …(blah blah blah)
Bob
Bob’s message, m
public key
encryption
algorithm
Bob’s private
key
KB
-
Bob’s message, m,
signed (encrypted)
with his private key
KB
-
(m)
32. 8: Network Security 8-32
Digital Signatures (more)
suppose Alice receives msg m, digital signature KB(m)
Alice verifies m signed by Bob by applying Bob’s
public key KB to KB(m) then checks KB(KB(m) ) = m.
if KB(KB(m) ) = m, whoever signed m must have used
Bob’s private key.
+ +
-
-
- -
+
Alice thus verifies that:
Bob signed m.
No one else signed m.
Bob signed m and not m’.
non-repudiation:
Alice can take m, and signature KB(m) to
court and prove that Bob signed m.
-
33. 8: Network Security 8-33
large
message
m
H: hash
function H(m)
digital
signature
(encrypt)
Bob’s
private
key KB
-
+
Bob sends digitally signed
message:
Alice verifies signature and
integrity of digitally signed
message:
KB(H(m))
-
encrypted
msg digest
KB(H(m))
-
encrypted
msg digest
large
message
m
H: hash
function
H(m)
digital
signature
(decrypt)
H(m)
Bob’s
public
key KB
+
equal
?
Digital signature = signed MAC
34. 8: Network Security 8-34
Public Key Certification
public key problem:
When Alice obtains Bob’s public key (from web site,
e-mail, diskette), how does she know it is Bob’s
public key, not Trudy’s?
solution:
trusted certification authority (CA)
35. 8: Network Security 8-35
Certification Authorities
Certification Authority (CA): binds public key to
particular entity, E.
E registers its public key with CA.
E provides “proof of identity” to CA.
CA creates certificate binding E to its public key.
certificate containing E’s public key digitally signed by CA:
CA says “This is E’s public key.”
Bob’s
public
key KB
+
Bob’s
identifying
information
digital
signature
(encrypt)
CA
private
key
KCA
-
KB
+
certificate for
Bob’s public key,
signed by CA
-
KCA(K )
B
+
36. 8: Network Security 8-36
Certification Authorities
when Alice wants Bob’s public key:
gets Bob’s certificate (Bob or elsewhere).
apply CA’s public key to Bob’s certificate, get
Bob’s public key
Bob’s
public
key
KB
+
digital
signature
(decrypt)
CA
public
key
KCA
+
KB
+
-
KCA(K )
B
+
37. 8: Network Security 8-37
A certificate contains:
Serial number (unique to issuer)
info about certificate owner, including algorithm
and key value itself (not shown)
info about
certificate
issuer
valid dates
digital
signature by
issuer
38. 8: Network Security 8-38
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
39. 8: Network Security 8-39
Authentication
Goal: Bob wants Alice to “prove” her identity
to him
Protocol ap1.0: Alice says “I am Alice”
Failure scenario??
“I am Alice”
40. 8: Network Security 8-40
Authentication
Goal: Bob wants Alice to “prove” her identity
to him
Protocol ap1.0: Alice says “I am Alice”
in a network,
Bob can not “see”
Alice, so Trudy simply
declares
herself to be Alice
“I am Alice”
41. 8: Network Security 8-41
Authentication: another try
Protocol ap2.0: Alice says “I am Alice” in an IP packet
containing her source IP address
Failure scenario??
“I am Alice”
Alice’s
IP address
42. 8: Network Security 8-42
Authentication: another try
Protocol ap2.0: Alice says “I am Alice” in an IP packet
containing her source IP address
Trudy can create
a packet
“spoofing”
Alice’s address
“I am Alice”
Alice’s
IP address
43. 8: Network Security 8-43
Authentication: another try
Protocol ap3.0: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her
secret password to “prove” it.
Failure scenario??
“I’m Alice”
Alice’s
IP addr
Alice’s
password
OK
Alice’s
IP addr
44. 8: Network Security 8-44
Authentication: another try
Protocol ap3.0: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her
secret password to “prove” it.
playback attack: Trudy
records Alice’s packet
and later
plays it back to Bob
“I’m Alice”
Alice’s
IP addr
Alice’s
password
OK
Alice’s
IP addr
“I’m Alice”
Alice’s
IP addr
Alice’s
password
45. 8: Network Security 8-45
Authentication: yet another try
Protocol ap3.1: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her
encrypted secret password to “prove” it.
Failure scenario??
“I’m Alice”
Alice’s
IP addr
encrypted
password
OK
Alice’s
IP addr
46. 8: Network Security 8-46
Authentication: another try
Protocol ap3.1: Alice says “I am Alice” and sends her
encrypted secret password to “prove” it.
record
and
playback
still works!
“I’m Alice”
Alice’s
IP addr
encrypted
password
OK
Alice’s
IP addr
“I’m Alice”
Alice’s
IP addr
encrypted
password
47. 8: Network Security 8-47
Authentication: yet another try
Goal: avoid playback attack
Failures, drawbacks?
Nonce: number (R) used only once –in-a-lifetime
ap4.0: to prove Alice “live”, Bob sends Alice nonce, R. Alice
must return R, encrypted with shared secret key
“I am Alice”
R
K (R)
A-B
Alice is live, and
only Alice knows
key to encrypt
nonce, so it must
be Alice!
48. 8: Network Security 8-48
Authentication: ap5.0
ap4.0 requires shared symmetric key
can we authenticate using public key techniques?
ap5.0: use nonce, public key cryptography
“I am Alice”
R
Bob computes
K (R)
A
-
“send me your public key”
KA
+
(K (R)) = R
A
-
KA
+
and knows only Alice
could have the private
key, that encrypted R
such that
(K (R)) = R
A
-
K
A
+
49. 8: Network Security 8-49
ap5.0: security hole
Man (woman) in the middle attack: Trudy poses as
Alice (to Bob) and as Bob (to Alice)
I am Alice I am Alice
R
T
K (R)
-
Send me your public key
T
K
+
A
K (R)
-
Send me your public key
A
K
+
T
K (m)
+
T
m = K (K (m))
+
T
-
Trudy gets
sends m to Alice
encrypted with
Alice’s public key
A
K (m)
+
A
m = K (K (m))
+
A
-
R
50. 8: Network Security 8-50
ap5.0: security hole
Man (woman) in the middle attack: Trudy poses as
Alice (to Bob) and as Bob (to Alice)
Difficult to detect:
Bob receives everything that Alice sends, and vice
versa. (e.g., so Bob, Alice can meet one week later and
recall conversation)
problem is that Trudy receives all messages as well!
51. 8: Network Security 8-51
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
52. 8: Network Security 8-52
Secure e-mail
Alice:
generates random symmetric private key, KS.
encrypts message with KS (for efficiency)
also encrypts KS with Bob’s public key.
sends both KS(m) and KB(KS) to Bob.
Alice wants to send confidential e-mail, m, to Bob.
KS( )
.
KB( )
.
+
+ -
KS(m )
KB(KS )
+
m
KS
KS
KB
+
Internet
KS( )
.
KB( )
.
-
KB
-
KS
m
KS(m )
KB(KS )
+
53. 8: Network Security 8-53
Secure e-mail
Bob:
uses his private key to decrypt and recover KS
uses KS to decrypt KS(m) to recover m
Alice wants to send confidential e-mail, m, to Bob.
KS( )
.
KB( )
.
+
+ -
KS(m )
KB(KS )
+
m
KS
KS
KB
+
Internet
KS( )
.
KB( )
.
-
KB
-
KS
m
KS(m )
KB(KS )
+
54. 8: Network Security 8-54
Secure e-mail (continued)
• Alice wants to provide sender authentication
message integrity.
• Alice digitally signs message.
• sends both message (in the clear) and digital signature.
H( )
. KA( )
.
-
+ -
H(m )
KA(H(m))
-
m
KA
-
Internet
m
KA( )
.
+
KA
+
KA(H(m))
-
m
H( )
. H(m )
compare
55. 8: Network Security 8-55
Secure e-mail (continued)
• Alice wants to provide secrecy, sender authentication,
message integrity.
Alice uses three keys: her private key, Bob’s public
key, newly created symmetric key
H( )
. KA( )
.
-
+
KA(H(m))
-
m
KA
-
m
KS( )
.
KB( )
.
+
+
KB(KS )
+
KS
KB
+
Internet
KS
56. 8: Network Security 8-56
Pretty good privacy (PGP)
Internet e-mail encryption
scheme, de-facto standard.
uses symmetric key
cryptography, public key
cryptography, hash
function, and digital
signature as described.
provides secrecy, sender
authentication, integrity.
inventor, Phil Zimmerman,
was target of 3-year
federal investigation.
---BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE---
Hash: SHA1
Bob:My husband is out of town
tonight.Passionately yours,
Alice
---BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE---
Version: PGP 5.0
Charset: noconv
yhHJRHhGJGhgg/12EpJ+lo8gE4vB3mqJ
hFEvZP9t6n7G6m5Gw2
---END PGP SIGNATURE---
A PGP signed message:
57. 8: Network Security 8-57
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
58. 8: Network Security 8-58
Secure sockets layer (SSL)
provides transport layer security to any TCP-based
application using SSL services.
e.g., between Web browsers, servers for e-commerce (shttp)
security services:
server authentication, data encryption, client authentication
(optional)
TCP
IP
TCP enhanced with SSL
TCP
socket
Application
TCP
IP
TCP API
SSL sublayer
Application
SSL
socket
59. 8: Network Security 8-59
SSL: three phases
1. Handshake:
Bob establishes TCP
connection to Alice
authenticates Alice
via CA signed
certificate
creates, encrypts
(using Alice’s public
key), sends master
secret key to Alice
nonce exchange not
shown
decrypt using
KA
-
to get MS
create
Master
Secret
(MS)
60. 8: Network Security 8-60
SSL: three phases
2. Key Derivation:
Alice, Bob use shared secret (MS) to generate 4
keys:
EB: Bob->Alice data encryption key
EA: Alice->Bob data encryption key
MB: Bob->Alice MAC key
MA: Alice->Bob MAC key
encryption and MAC algorithms negotiable between
Bob, Alice
why 4 keys?
61. 8: Network Security 8-61
SSL: three phases
3. Data transfer
H( )
.
MB
b1b2b3 … bn
d
d H(d)
d H(d)
H( )
.
EB
TCP byte stream
block n bytes together
compute
MAC
encrypt d,
MAC, SSL
seq. #
SSL
seq. #
d H(d)
Type Ver Len
SSL record
format
encrypted using EB
unencrypted
62. 8: Network Security 8-62
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
63. 8: Network Security 8-63
IPsec: Network Layer Security
network-layer secrecy:
sending host encrypts the
data in IP datagram
TCP and UDP segments;
ICMP and SNMP
messages.
network-layer authentication
destination host can
authenticate source IP
address
two principal protocols:
authentication header
(AH) protocol
encapsulation security
payload (ESP) protocol
for both AH and ESP, source,
destination handshake:
create network-layer
logical channel called a
security association (SA)
each SA unidirectional.
uniquely determined by:
security protocol (AH or
ESP)
source IP address
32-bit connection ID
64. 8: Network Security 8-64
Authentication Header (AH) Protocol
provides source
authentication, data
integrity, no
confidentiality
AH header inserted
between IP header,
data field.
protocol field: 51
intermediate routers
process datagrams as
usual
AH header includes:
connection identifier
authentication data:
source- signed message
digest calculated over
original IP datagram.
next header field:
specifies type of data
(e.g., TCP, UDP, ICMP)
IP header data (e.g., TCP, UDP segment)
AH header
65. 8: Network Security 8-65
ESP Protocol
provides secrecy, host
authentication, data
integrity.
data, ESP trailer
encrypted.
next header field is in ESP
trailer.
ESP authentication
field is similar to AH
authentication field.
Protocol = 50.
IP header TCP/UDP segment
ESP
header
ESP
trailer
ESP
authent.
encrypted
authenticated
66. 8: Network Security 8-66
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
67. 8: Network Security 8-67
IEEE 802.11 security
war-driving: drive around Bay area, see what 802.11
networks available?
More than 9000 accessible from public roadways
85% use no encryption/authentication
packet-sniffing and various attacks easy!
securing 802.11
encryption, authentication
first attempt at 802.11 security: Wired Equivalent
Privacy (WEP): a failure
current attempt: 802.11i
68. 8: Network Security 8-68
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP):
authentication as in protocol ap4.0
host requests authentication from access point
access point sends 128 bit nonce
host encrypts nonce using shared symmetric key
access point decrypts nonce, authenticates host
no key distribution mechanism
authentication: knowing the shared key is enough
69. 8: Network Security 8-69
WEP data encryption
host/AP share 40 bit symmetric key (semi-permanent)
host appends 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to
create 64-bit key
64 bit key used to generate stream of keys, ki
IV
ki
IV
used to encrypt ith byte, di, in frame:
ci = di XOR ki
IV
IV and encrypted bytes, ci sent in frame
70. 8: Network Security 8-70
802.11 WEP encryption
IV
(per frame)
KS: 40-bit
secret
symmetric
key k1
IV
k2
IV
k3
IV
… kN
IV
kN+1
IV
… kN+1
IV
d1 d2 d3 … dN CRC1 … CRC4
c1 c2 c3 … cN cN+1 … cN+4
plaintext
frame data
plus CRC
key sequence generator
( for given KS, IV)
802.11
header
IV
WEP-encrypted data
plus CRC
Figure 7.8-new1: 802.11 WEP protocol
Sender-side WEP encryption
71. 8: Network Security 8-71
Breaking 802.11 WEP encryption
security hole:
24-bit IV, one IV per frame, -> IV’s eventually reused
IV transmitted in plaintext -> IV reuse detected
attack:
Trudy causes Alice to encrypt known plaintext d1 d2
d3 d4 …
Trudy sees: ci = di XOR ki
IV
Trudy knows ci di, so can compute ki
IV
Trudy knows encrypting key sequence k1
IV
k2
IV
k3
IV
…
Next time IV is used, Trudy can decrypt!
72. 8: Network Security 8-72
802.11i: improved security
numerous (stronger) forms of encryption
possible
provides key distribution
uses authentication server separate from
access point
73. 8: Network Security 8-73
AP: access point AS:
Authentication
server
wired
network
STA:
client station
1 Discovery of
security capabilities
3
STA and AS mutually authenticate, together
generate Master Key (MK). AP servers as “pass through”
2
3 STA derives
Pairwise Master
Key (PMK)
AS derives
same PMK,
sends to AP
4 STA, AP use PMK to derive
Temporal Key (TK) used for message
encryption, integrity
802.11i: four phases of operation
74. 8: Network Security 8-74
wired
network
EAP TLS
EAP
EAP over LAN (EAPoL)
IEEE 802.11
RADIUS
UDP/IP
EAP: extensible authentication protocol
EAP: end-end client (mobile) to authentication
server protocol
EAP sent over separate “links”
mobile-to-AP (EAP over LAN)
AP to authentication server (RADIUS over UDP)
75. 8: Network Security 8-75
Chapter 8 roadmap
8.1 What is network security?
8.2 Principles of cryptography
8.3 Message integrity
8.4 End point authentication
8.5 Securing e-mail
8.6 Securing TCP connections: SSL
8.7 Network layer security: IPsec
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
8.9 Operational security: firewalls and IDS
76. 8: Network Security 8-76
Firewalls
isolates organization’s internal net from larger
Internet, allowing some packets to pass, blocking
others.
firewall
administered
network
public
Internet
firewall
77. 8: Network Security 8-77
Firewalls: Why
prevent denial of service attacks:
SYN flooding: attacker establishes many bogus TCP
connections, no resources left for “real” connections
prevent illegal modification/access of internal data.
e.g., attacker replaces CIA’s homepage with
something else
allow only authorized access to inside network (set of
authenticated users/hosts)
three types of firewalls:
stateless packet filters
stateful packet filters
application gateways
78. 8: Network Security 8-78
Stateless packet filtering
internal network connected to Internet via
router firewall
router filters packet-by-packet, decision to
forward/drop packet based on:
source IP address, destination IP address
TCP/UDP source and destination port numbers
ICMP message type
TCP SYN and ACK bits
Should arriving
packet be allowed
in? Departing packet
let out?
79. 8: Network Security 8-79
Stateless packet filtering: example
example 1: block incoming and outgoing
datagrams with IP protocol field = 17 and with
either source or dest port = 23.
all incoming, outgoing UDP flows and telnet
connections are blocked.
example 2: Block inbound TCP segments with
ACK=0.
prevents external clients from making TCP
connections with internal clients, but allows
internal clients to connect to outside.
80. 8: Network Security 8-80
Policy Firewall Setting
No outside Web access. Drop all outgoing packets to any IP
address, port 80
No incoming TCP connections,
except those for institution’s
public Web server only.
Drop all incoming TCP SYN packets to
any IP except 130.207.244.203, port
80
Prevent Web-radios from eating
up the available bandwidth.
Drop all incoming UDP packets - except
DNS and router broadcasts.
Prevent your network from being
used for a smurf DoS attack.
Drop all ICMP packets going to a
“broadcast” address (eg
130.207.255.255).
Prevent your network from being
tracerouted
Drop all outgoing ICMP TTL expired
traffic
Stateless packet filtering: more examples
81. 8: Network Security 8-81
action
source
address
dest
address
protocol
source
port
dest
port
flag
bit
allow 222.22/16
outside of
222.22/16
TCP > 1023 80
any
allow outside of
222.22/16
222.22/16
TCP 80 > 1023 ACK
allow 222.22/16
outside of
222.22/16
UDP > 1023 53 ---
allow outside of
222.22/16
222.22/16
UDP 53 > 1023 ----
deny all all all all all all
Access Control Lists
ACL: table of rules, applied top to bottom to
incoming packets: (action, condition) pairs
82. 8: Network Security 8-82
Stateful packet filtering
stateless packet filter: heavy handed tool
admits packets that “make no sense,” e.g., dest port =
80, ACK bit set, even though no TCP connection
established:
action
source
address
dest
address
protocol
source
port
dest
port
flag
bit
allow outside of
222.22/16
222.22/16
TCP 80 > 1023 ACK
stateful packet filter: track status of every TCP
connection
track connection setup (SYN), teardown (FIN): can
determine whether incoming, outgoing packets “makes sense”
timeout inactive connections at firewall: no longer admit
packets
83. 8: Network Security 8-83
action
source
address
dest
address
proto
source
port
dest
port
flag
bit
check
conxion
allow 222.22/16
outside of
222.22/16
TCP > 1023 80
any
allow outside of
222.22/16
222.22/16
TCP 80 > 1023 ACK x
allow 222.22/16
outside of
222.22/16
UDP > 1023 53 ---
allow outside of
222.22/16
222.22/16
UDP 53 > 1023 ----
x
deny all all all all all all
Stateful packet filtering
ACL augmented to indicate need to check
connection state table before admitting packet
84. 8: Network Security 8-84
Application gateways
filters packets on
application data as well
as on IP/TCP/UDP fields.
example: allow select
internal users to telnet
outside.
host-to-gateway
telnet session
gateway-to-remote
host telnet session
application
gateway
router and filter
1. require all telnet users to telnet through gateway.
2. for authorized users, gateway sets up telnet connection to
dest host. Gateway relays data between 2 connections
3. router filter blocks all telnet connections not originating
from gateway.
85. 8: Network Security 8-85
Limitations of firewalls and gateways
IP spoofing: router
can’t know if data
“really” comes from
claimed source
if multiple app’s. need
special treatment, each
has own app. gateway.
client software must
know how to contact
gateway.
e.g., must set IP address
of proxy in Web
browser
filters often use all or
nothing policy for UDP.
tradeoff: degree of
communication with
outside world, level of
security
many highly protected
sites still suffer from
attacks.
86. 8: Network Security 8-86
Intrusion detection systems
packet filtering:
operates on TCP/IP headers only
no correlation check among sessions
IDS: intrusion detection system
deep packet inspection: look at packet contents
(e.g., check character strings in packet against
database of known virus, attack strings)
examine correlation among multiple packets
• port scanning
• network mapping
• DoS attack
87. 8: Network Security 8-87
Web
server
FTP
server
DNS
server
application
gateway
Internet
demilitarized
zone
internal
network
firewall
IDS
sensors
Intrusion detection systems
multiple IDSs: different types of checking
at different locations
88. 8: Network Security 8-88
Network Security (summary)
Basic techniques…...
cryptography (symmetric and public)
message integrity
end-point authentication
…. used in many different security scenarios
secure email
secure transport (SSL)
IP sec
802.11
Operational Security: firewalls and IDS