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- 1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2007The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Chapter Title 15/e PPT Supplementing the Chosen Competitive Strategy Screen graphics created by: Jana F. Kuzmicki, Ph.D. Troy University-Florida Region
- 2. 6-2 “Successful business strategy isabout actively shaping the game you play, not just playing the game you find.” Adam M. Brandenburger and Barry J. Nalebuff
- 3. 6-3 “The sure pathto oblivion is to stay where you are.” Bernard Fauber
- 4. 6-4 Chapter Roadmap CollaborativeStrategies: Alliances and Partnerships Merger and Acquisition Strategies Vertical Integration Strategies: Operating Across More Stages of the Industry Value Chain Outsourcing Strategies: Narrowing the Boundaries of the Business Offensive Strategies: Improving Market Position and Building Competitive Advantage Defensive Strategies: Protecting Market Position and Competitive Advantage Web Site Strategies Choosing Appropriate Functional-Area Strategies First-Mover Advantages and Disadvantages
- 5. 6-5 Fig. 6.1: ACompany’s Menu of Strategy Options
- 6. 6-6 Companies sometimes use strategicalliances or collaborative partnerships to complement their own strategic initiatives and strengthen their competitiveness. Such cooperative strategies go beyond normal company-to-company dealings but fall short of merger or full joint venture partnership. Collaborative Strategies: Alliances and Partnerships
- 7. 6-7 Alliances Can Enhancea Firm’s Competitiveness Alliances and partnerships can help companies cope with two demanding competitive challenges Racing against rivals to build a market presence in many different national markets Racing against rivals to seize opportunities on the frontiers of advancing technology Collaborative arrangements can help a company lower its costs and/or gain access to needed expertise and capabilities
- 8. 6-8 Characteristics of aStrategic Alliance Strategic alliance – A formal agreement between two or more separate companies where there is Strategically relevant collaboration of some sort Joint contribution of resources Shared risk Shared control Mutual dependence Alliances often involve Joint marketing Joint sales or distribution Joint production Design collaboration Joint research Projects to jointly develop new technologies or products
- 9. 6-9 What Factors Makean Alliance Strategic? It is critical to a company’s achievement of an important objective It helps build, sustain, or enhance a core competence or competitive advantage It helps block a competitive threat It helps open up important market opportunities It mitigates a significant risk to a company’s business
- 10. 6-10 To collaborateon technology development or new product development To fill gaps in technical or manufacturing expertise To create new skill sets and capabilities To improve supply chain efficiency To gain economies of scale in production and/or marketing To acquire or improve market access via joint marketing agreements Why Are Strategic Alliances Formed?
- 11. 6-11 Get intocritical country markets quickly to accelerate process of building a global presence Gain inside knowledge about unfamiliar markets and cultures Access valuable skills and competencies concentrated in particular geographic locations Establish a beachhead to participate in target industry Master new technologies and build new expertise faster than would be possible internally Open up expanded opportunities in target industry by combining firm’s capabilities with resources of partners Potential Benefits of Alliances to Achieve Global and Industry Leadership
- 12. 6-12 Capturing the Benefits ofStrategic Alliances Benefits from forming partnerships are a function of Picking a good partner Being sensitive to cultural differences Recognizing an alliance must benefit both parties Ensuring both parties live up to their commitments Structuring the decision-making process so actions can be taken swiftly when needed Managing the learning process and then adjusting the alliance agreement over time to fit new circumstances
- 13. 6-13 Why Alliances Fail Ability of an alliance to endure depends on How well partners work together Success of partners in responding and adapting to changing conditions Willingness of partners to renegotiate the bargain Reasons for alliance failure Diverging objectives and priorities of partners Inability of partners to work well together Changing conditions rendering purpose of alliance obsolete Emergence of more attractive technological paths Marketplace rivalry between one or more allies
- 14. 6-14 Test Your Knowledge Whichone of the following is not a factor that makes an alliance “strategic” as opposed to just a convenient business arrangement? A. The alliance involves joint contribution of resources, shared risk, and is mutually beneficial. B. The alliance helps block a competitive threat or open up new market opportunities. C. The alliance helps mitigate a significant risk to a company’s business. D. The alliance helps build, enhance, or sustain a core competence or competitive advantage. E. The alliance is critical to the company’s achievement of an important objective.
- 15. 6-15 Merger –Combination and pooling of equals, with newly created firm often taking on a new name Acquisition – One firm, the acquirer, purchases and absorbs operations of another, the acquired Merger-acquisition strategy Much-used strategic option Especially suited for situations where alliances do not provide a firm with needed capabilities or cost-reducing opportunities Ownership allows for tightly integrated operations, creating more control and autonomy than alliances Merger and Acquisition Strategies
- 16. 6-16 To createa more cost-efficient operation To expand a firm’s geographic coverage To extend a firm’s business into new product categories or international markets To gain quick access to new technologies or competitive capabilities To invent a new industry and lead the convergence of industries whose boundaries are blurred by changing technologies and new market opportunities Objectives of Mergers and Acquisitions
- 17. 6-17 Combining operationsmay result in Resistance from rank-and-file employees Hard-to-resolve conflicts in management styles and corporate cultures Tough problems of integration Greater-than-anticipated difficulties in Achieving expected cost-savings Sharing of expertise Achieving enhanced competitive capabilities Pitfalls of Mergers and Acquisitions
- 18. 6-18 Vertical Integration Strategies Extend a firm’s competitive scope within same industry Backward into sources of supply Forward toward end-users of final product Can aim at either full or partial integration Internally Performed Activities, Costs, & Margins Activities, Costs, & Margins of Suppliers Buyer/User Value Chains Activities, Costs, & Margins of Forward Channel Allies & Strategic Partners
- 19. 6-19 Strategic Advantages of BackwardIntegration Generates cost savings only if volume needed is big enough to capture efficiencies of suppliers Potential to reduce costs exists when Suppliers have sizable profit margins Item supplied is a major cost component Resource requirements are easily met Can produce a differentiation-based competitive advantage when it results in a better quality part Reduces risk of depending on suppliers of crucial raw materials / parts / components
- 20. 6-20 Strategic Advantages of ForwardIntegration To gain better access to end users and better market visibility To compensate for undependable distribution channels which undermine steady operations To offset the lack of a broad product line, a firm may sell directly to end users To bypass regular distribution channels in favor of direct sales and Internet retailing which may Lower distribution costs Produce a relative cost advantage over rivals Enable lower selling prices to end users
- 21. 6-21 Strategic Disadvantages of VerticalIntegration Boosts resource requirements Locks firm deeper into same industry Results in fixed sources of supply and less flexibility in accommodating buyer demands for product variety Poses all types of capacity-matching problems May require radically different skills / capabilities Reduces flexibility to make changes in component parts which may lengthen design time and ability to introduce new products
- 22. 6-22 Whether verticalintegration is a viable strategic option depends on its Ability to lower cost, build expertise, increase differentiation, or enhance performance of strategy-critical activities Impact on investment cost, flexibility, and administrative overhead Contribution to enhancing a firm’s competitiveness Pros and Cons of Integration vs. De-Integration Many companies are finding that de-integrating value chain activities is a more flexible, economic strategic option!
- 23. 6-23 Outsourcing Strategies Outsourcing involveswithdrawing from certain value chain activities and relying on outsiders to supply needed products, support services, or functional activities Concept Internally Performed Activities Suppliers Support Services Functional Activities Distributors or Retailers
- 24. 6-24 Activity canbe performed better or more cheaply by outside specialists Activity is not crucial to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage Risk exposure to changing technology and/or changing buyer preferences is reduced It improves firm’s ability to innovate Operations are streamlined to Improve flexibility Cut time to get new products into the market It increases firm’s ability to assemble diverse kinds of expertise speedily and efficiently Firm can concentrate on “core” value chain activities that best suit its resource strengths When Does Outsourcing Make Strategic Sense?
- 25. 6-25 Farming outtoo many or the wrong activities, thus Hollowing out capabilities Losing touch with activities and expertise that determine overall long-term success Risk of an Outsourcing Strategy
- 26. 6-26 Offensive and DefensiveStrategies Used to build new or stronger market position and/or create competitive advantage Used to protect competitive advantage (rarely lead to creating advantage) Offensive Strategies Defensive Strategies
- 27. 6-27 Principles of OffensiveStrategies Focus relentlessly on Building competitive advantage and Striving to convert it into decisive advantage Employ the element of surprise as opposed to doing what rivals expect Apply resources where rivals are least able to defend themselves Be impatient with the status quo and display a strong bias for swift, decisive actions to boost a firm’s competitive position vis-à-vis rivals
- 28. 6-28 Types of OffensiveStrategy Options 1. Offer an equally good or better product at a lower price 2. Leapfrog competitors by being First adopter of next-generation technologies or First to market with next-generation products 3. Pursue continuous product innovation to draw sales and market share away from less innovative rivals 4. Adopt and improve on the good ideas of other companies
- 29. 6-29 Types of OffensiveStrategy Options (con’t) 5. Deliberately attack market segments where a key rival makes big profits 6. Attack competitive weaknesses of rivals 7. Maneuver around competitors and concentrate on capturing unoccupied or less contested market territory 8. Use hit-and-run or guerrilla warfare tactics to grab sales and market share from complacent rivals 9. Launch a preemptive strike to secure an advantageous position that rivals are prevented from duplicating
- 30. 6-30 What Is aBlue Ocean Strategy? Seeks to gain a dramatic, durable competitive advantage by Abandoning efforts to beat out competitors in existing markets and Inventing a new industry or distinctive market segment to render existing competitors largely irrelevant and Allowing a company to create and capture altogether new demand
- 31. 6-31 Type of Markets:Blue Ocean Strategy Typical Market Space Industry boundaries are defined and accepted Competitive rules are well understood by all rivals Companies try to outperform rivals by capturing a bigger share of existing demand Blue Ocean Market Space Industry does not exist yet Industry is untainted by competition Industry offers wide-open opportunities if a firm has a product and strategy allowing it to Create new demand and Avoid fighting over existing demand
- 32. 6-32 For Discussion: YourOpinion Which of the following is the best example of a blue ocean strategy — Apple’s entry into MP3 players with its iPod models or Dell’s entry into LCD TVs or Audi’s recent move to bring out a luxury SUV? Explain.
- 33. 6-33 Choosing Rivals toAttack Four types of firms can be the target of a fresh offensive Vulnerable market leaders Runner-up firms with weaknesses where challenger is strong Struggling rivals on verge of going under Small local or regional firms with limited capabilities
- 34. 6-34 Using Offensive Strategyto Achieve Competitive Advantage Strategic offensives offering strongest basis for competitive advantage entail An important core competence A unique competitive capability A better-known brand name A cost advantage in manufacturing or distribution Technological superiority A superior product
- 35. 6-35 Test Your Knowledge Whichone of the following is not a good type of rival for an offensive-minded company to target? A. Market leaders that are vulnerable B. Runner-up firms with weaknesses in areas where the challenger is strong. C. Small local and regional companies with limited capabilities D. Companies with lower costs and lower prices E. Struggling enterprises that are on the verge of going under
- 36. 6-36 Defensive Strategy Lessenrisk of being attacked Blunt impact of any attack that occurs Influence challengers to aim attacks at other rivals Block avenues open to challengers Signal challengers vigorous retaliation is likely Objectives Approaches
- 37. 6-37 Block Avenues Opento Challengers Participate in alternative technologies Introduce new features, add new models, or broaden product line to close gaps rivals may pursue Maintain economy-priced models Increase warranty coverage Offer free training and support services Reduce delivery times for spare parts Make early announcements about new products or price changes Challenge quality or safety of rivals’ products using legal tactics Sign exclusive agreements with distributors
- 38. 6-38 Publicly announcemanagement’s strong commitment to maintain present market share Publicly commit firm to policy of matching rivals’ terms or prices Maintain war chest of cash reserves Make occasional counter-response to moves of weaker rivals Signal Challengers Retaliation Is Likely
- 39. 6-39 Web Site Strategies Strategic Challenge – What use of the Internet should a company make in staking out its position in the marketplace? Five Web site approaches Use to disseminate only product information Use as minor distribution channel to sell direct to customers Use as one of several important distribution channels to access customers Use as primary distribution channel to access buyers Use as exclusive channel to transact sales with customers
- 40. 6-40 Using the Internetto Disseminate Product Information Approach – Website used to provide product information of manufacturers or wholesalers Relies on click-throughs to websites of dealers for sales transactions Informs end-users of location of retail stores Issues – Pursuing online sales may Signal weak strategic commitment to dealers Signal willingness to cannibalize dealers’ sales Prompt dealers to aggressively market rivals’ brands Avoids channel conflict with dealers – Important where strong support of dealer networks is essential
- 41. 6-41 Approach –Use online sales to Achieve incremental sales Gain online sales experience Conduct marketing research Learn more about buyer tastes and preferences Test reactions to new products Create added market buzz about products Unlikely to provoke much outcry from dealers Using the Internet as a Minor Distribution Channel
- 42. 6-42 Manufacturer’s profitmargin from online sales is bigger than that from sales through traditional channels Encouraging buyers to visit a firm’s website educates them to the ease and convenience of purchasing online Selling directly to end users allows a manufacturer to make greater use of build-to-order manufacturing and assembly Reasons to Use the Internet as a Minor Distribution Channel
- 43. 6-43 Approach Selldirectly to consumers and Use traditional wholesale/retail channels Strategic appeal for wholesalers and retailers Economic means of expanding a company’s economic reach Provide both existing and potential customers another choice of how to Communicate with a company Shop for product information Make purchases Resolve customer service problems Brick-and-Click Strategies: An Appealing Middle Ground Approach
- 44. 6-44 Approach –Use Internet as the exclusive channel for all buyer-seller contact and transactions Strategic issues for an online company How to deliver unique value to buyers Whether it will pursue competitive advantage based on lower costs, differentiation, or better value for the money Whether it will have a broad or narrow product offering Whether to perform order fulfillment activities internally or to outsource them How it will draw traffic to its Web site and then convert page views into revenues Strategies for Online Enterprises
- 45. 6-45 Test Your Knowledge Onevery important advantage of a product-information- only Web site strategy is A. lower advertising costs. B. avoiding the extra costs associated with operating Web site e-stores. C. avoiding channel conflict—trying to sell online in direct competition with retail dealers signals both a weak strategic commitment to dealers and a willingness to cannibalize dealers’ sales and growth potential. D. added ability to create a positive image of the company. E. lower sales force costs.
- 46. 6-46 For Discussion: YourOpinion Suppose that you are a retailer of athletic footwear and one of the major brands you stock in your store is New Balance. What would be your reaction if you learned that New Balance announced that it would soon begin selling its footwear online at the company’s Web site? What actions would you consider taking?
- 47. 6-47 Involves strategicchoices about how functional areas are managed to support competitive strategy and other strategic moves Functional strategies include Research and development Production Human resources Sales and marketing Finance Tailoring functional-area strategies to support key business-level strategies is critical! Choosing Appropriate Functional-Area Strategies
- 48. 6-48 When tomake a strategic move is often as crucial as what move to make First-mover advantages arise when Pioneering helps build firm’s image and reputation Early commitments to new technologies, new-style components, and distribution channels can produce cost advantage Loyalty of first time buyers is high Moving first can be a preemptive strike First-Mover Advantages
- 49. 6-49 First-Mover Disadvantages Movingearly can be a disadvantage (or fail to produce an advantage) when When costs of pioneering are more than being an imitative follower and only negligible learning/experience curve benefits accrue to the leader Innovator’s products are primitive, not living up to buyer expectations Demand side of the market is skeptical about the benefits of new technology/product of a first-mover Rapid technological change allows followers to leapfrog pioneers
- 50. 6-50 Strategic Issues: To Bea First-Mover or Not Key issue – Is the race to market leadership in an industry a marathon or a sprint? Seeking a competitive advantage by being a first- mover involves addressing several questions Does market takeoff depend on development of complementary products or services not currently available? Is new infrastructure required before buyer demand can surge? Will buyers need to learn new skills or adopt new behaviors? Will buyers encounter high switching costs? Are there influential competitors in a position to delay or derail the efforts of a first-mover?