An effective report has several key elements. It begins with determining the objective and collecting relevant facts. These facts are then studied, planned, and drafted into an outline. The report structure typically includes a title, table of contents, introduction, discussion, conclusions, and recommendations. The writing should use a clear, concise style with hard facts and figures to support recommendations. Proper formatting and visual elements are also important to clearly convey information to the intended audience. The overall goal is to analyze the issue, present unbiased information, and influence the reader through a well-structured report.

1. Report Writing
M.Com IV Semester

2. What is Report
Writing ?

3. A report can be defined as a
testimonial or account of some
happening.
*A strong base for planning and
control in an organization,

4. Reports are documents which both give a reader
information and ask the reader to do something with
that information:
Reports can be used:
• to suggest new ideas and options;
• to ask people to accept a point of view;
• to influence decisions;
• to ask people to make choices between alternative
recommendations
*Note: A well structured and well written report is a very
influential document

5. An effective report has the following steps:
• Determine the objective of the report, i.e., identify the problem.
• Collect the required material (facts) for the report.
• Study and examine the facts gathered.
• Plan the facts for the report.
• Prepare an outline for the report, i.e., draft the report.
• Edit the drafted report.
• Distribute the draft report to the advisory team and ask for
feedback and recommendations.

6. Approach to write a report:
• Thesis - The thesis of a report is a guiding statement used to define the scope of the research or
investigation. This helps you to communicate your information clearly and to be selective when
collecting it.
• Info-gathering - there are a number of questions to ask at this stage:
What information do I need?
How much do I need?
Where will I find it?
How will I collect it?
• Refinement - there are three stages in the refinement process; namely:
Write the section-level outline.
Write the subsection-level outline.
Write the paragraph-level outline.

7. Decide on Structure
Here are 11 basic elements of a standard report.
•Title page
•Index (or Contents)
•Thesis (or Terms of Reference or Abstract)
•Introduction (or Executive Summary)
•Background
•Procedure
•Implications (or Issues)
•Solutions (or Recommendations)
•Conclusion
•Appendices
•Bibliography (or References)

8. Use the right style
Use hard facts and figures, evidence and justification. Use efficient language - big reports with too many words are
awful. The best reports are simple and quick to read because the writer has interpreted the data and developed
viable recommendations.
Important tips:
• Write as you speak.
• Avoid empty words.
• Use descending order of importance.
• Use the active voice.
• Keep sentences short.
• Don't try to impress; write to express.
• Get facts 100% right.
• Be unbiased and open.

9. Format of a Report:
1 Title or title page
2 Contents list
3 Abstract
4 Introduction
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
7 Summary
8 Recommendations
9 Appendices (and don’t forget the reference list when writing an academic report)

10. Consider layout
• Fonts
Remember that reports are conservative and often formal documents, so your font
choices should not be cutesy, clever or sexy. For the body of the document, choose
a serif font such as Times Roman or Cambria with a point size of 11 or 12. You can
use a sans serif font such as Arial or Calibri for bolded headings to complement the
body text.
• Visuals
Spend time thinking about the pictures. Wherever necessary, explain all aspects of a
visual and don't leave the reader wondering about the connection between the figure
and the text. Write good captions, and choose the type of visual with careful
consideration. (Bar graphs, pie charts and tables do different things, for example.)

11. The essentials of good/effective report writing are as
follows:
• Know your objective, i.e., be focused.
• Analyze the niche audience, i.e., make an analysis of the target audience, the purpose for
which audience requires the report, kind of data audience is looking for in the report, the
implications of report reading, etc.
• Decide the length of report.
• Disclose correct and true information in a report.
• Discuss all sides of the problem reasonably and impartially. Include all relevant facts in a
report.
• Concentrate on the report structure and matter. Pre-decide the report writing style. Use
vivid structure of sentences.
• The report should be neatly presented and should be carefully documented.

12. • Highlight and recap the main message in a report.
• Encourage feedback on the report from the critics. The feedback, if
negative, might be useful if properly supported with reasons by the
critics. The report can be modified based on such feedback.
• Use graphs, pie-charts, etc to show the numerical data records over
years.
• Decide on the margins on a report. Ideally, the top and the side
margins should be the same (minimum 1 inch broad), but the lower/
bottom margins can be one and a half times as broad as others.
• Attempt to generate reader’s interest by making appropriate
paragraphs, giving bold headings for each paragraph, using bullets
wherever required, etc.

13. ― Jodi Picoult
“You can always edit a bad page. You can’t edit
a blank page.”