Ancient Mongol's history Chaghatay Khanate by NUM students CH. Nomin TS. Anarmaa

1. Chaghatay Khanate
SEAS 1 – Anarmaa
SOB 1-Nomin Ch
Ulus of Tsagadai

3. Names and titles
1227–1242
• Chaghatay (son of Chinggis;
received Turkestan and
Transoxiana at partition of his
father's territories)
1242–1246
• Qara Hülegü (grandson; deposed,
died 1252)
1246–1252
• Yesü Möngke (son of Chaghatay)
1252–1261
• Orghina (widow of Qara Hülegü;
abdicated)
1261–1266
• Alghu (grandson of Chaghatay)
1266
• Mubārak Shāh (son of Orghina
and Qara Hülegü; deposed, died
1271?)
1266–1271
• Baraq (nephew of Qara Hülegü)
1271–1272
• Negübei (grandson of Chaghatay)
1272–1282
• Buqa Temür (grandnephew of
Qara Hülegü)
1282–1307
• Du'a (son of Baraq)
1307–1308
• Könchek (son)
1308–1309
• Taliqu (brother of Buqa Temür)
1309–1318
• Esen Buqa (son of Du'a)
1318–1326
• Kebek (brother)
1326
• Eljigidei (brother)
1326
• Du'a Temür (brother)
1326–1334
• Tarmashirin (brother)
1334
• Buzan (son of Du'a Temür)
1334–1337
• Changshi (grandson of Du'a)
1337–1340
• Yesün Temür (brother)
1340–1341
• Muḥammad (grandson of
Könchek)
1341–1343
• Khalīl (descendant of Chingiz)
1343–1346
• Qazan (great-grandson of Buqa
Temür)
1346–1348
• Danishmendji (descendant of
Chingiz)
1348–1359
• Buyan Quli (grandson of Du'a)
1359–1364
• Tughluq Temür (grandson of
Du'a)
1364–1370
• ‛Ādil Sulṭān (son of
Muḥammad;; Tīmūrid rule of
the western Chaghatayid
territories 1370)
The original title was khan; converts to Islam,
such as Tarmashirin, were styled sultan.

4. GEOGRAPHY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS

5. TRIBAL STRUCTURE
The original Chaghatayid
army was the 4,000 or
8,000 men granted
Cha’adai by Chinggis
Khan and apparently
composed of four non-
Chinggisid clans: the
Barulas, Arulad, JALAYIR,
and Suldus.
MILITARY
The Cha’adai military, despite its success in
expansion in both the Tarim Basin and Khorasan,
is little known. The Armenian knight Hetum
estimated the total available military reserves,
Mongol and local, available to the combined
Chaghatayid-Ögedeid realm under Qaidu’s son
Chabar as 40 tümens, fewer than all but the Il-
Khanidrealm. Their troops were considered very
skillful and hardy but relatively poorly equipped
despite the khans’ frequent demands on
armories in their appanages in Bukhara an
Samarqand.

6. ADMINISTRATION
Lack of native Chaghatayid
historical traditions has left
internal Chaghatay
administration quite obscure,
but bureaucratic
administration seems to have
been undeveloped compared
with that in the Il-Khanate in
the Middle East or the Yuan
Dynasty in the East. The
Mongol census and
organization of the local
population into decimal units,
divided into military and
civilian households, continued
through the 14th century.
The regent Orghina, however, followed the advice
of Mas‘ud Beg and Cha’adai’s old adviser Qutb-ud-Din
Habash
‘Amid to limit and regularize taxation. Although Alghu and
Baraq continued to employ Mas‘ud Beg, both plundered
Bukhara when the treasury required it. The most concrete
evidence of Chaghatayid fiscal administration is in its
coinage. Local issues of coins began in the Syr Dar’ya cities
around 1270–72 and in Bukhara and Samarqand from
1281 on. Issues peaked around 1286–87 but then
declined, ceasing by 1294–95. Not until about 1319 did
large-scale coinage resume under the khan Kebeg. The
initial decline in issues after 1286–87 seems to be
connected to a general Eurasian silver shortage, but the
prolongation of this hiatus past 1300 indicates a fiscal
crisis peculiar to the Chaghatay Khanate.

7. MONGOL LIFE, RELIGION, AND COURT CULTURE
• MOGHULISTAN in the east and the Qara’unas in the south preserved
spoken Mongolian well into the 16th century. In Mawarannahr,
however, the record is less clear.
• Mawarannahr Mongol militarcommanders, while not farmers
themselves, acquired interest in agriculture and craftsmanship as
lords of landed estates, mills, and weaving workshops.
• The official Mas‘ud Beg built a grand madrasa (school) in Bukhara,
which was sacked by an invading Il-Khan army in 1273, and Kebeg
built a palace at Nakhshab.

8. FALL OF THE DYNASTY
• After the brief reign of Töre-Temür (1330–31), Tarmashirin became the last of Du’a’s many sons to
rule as Chaghatay khan.
• The following exceedingly obscure decade saw the final incorporation of Khorasan into the
Chaghatayid sphere after the disintegration of the Il-Khanate in 1335, evastating outbreaks of the
BLACK DEATH beginning in the east in 1338–39, conflicts with the ambitious local dynasty in
Herat, and the effective disintegration of the khanate.
• In reaction, an Ögedeid prince, ‘Ali Sultan, seized power and for a few months persecuted non-
Muslim religions. The traveler Ibn Battuta tells of a descendant of Yasa’ur turned Sufi faqir
(mendicant), Khalil, who on the instigation of Herat rose up and defeated the non-Muslim khans
in Almaligh, but this is echoed only vaguely in other sources. The election of Qazan Khan (1343?–
46/7), a non-Du’aid Chaghatay prince, demonstrated the breakdown of dynastic consensus.
Finally, the Chaghatay realm disintegrated when the Qara’una emir Qazaghan overthrew Qazan
and set up an Ögedeid puppet khan. Emir Dolaji of the Dughlat clan in the east thereupon set up
his own puppet khan in 1347, creating the foundation for an independent Moghulistan in the
east. The later rise of Timur (1336?–1405) from the Barulas clan in Mawarannahr created a third
contender for the mantle of the nowdivided Chaghatay realm.

9. Bibliography
• Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire
Christopher P. Atwood
• Biran, M., Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia
(Richmond, 1997).Jackson, P.
• “Chaghatayid Dynasty,”
Encyclopaedia Iranica, V (1992), 343–7
• Oxford Reference
• Google