The document discusses the evolution of management thinking over time. Early approaches included scientific management which focused on standardizing jobs. Bureaucratic organizations emphasized hierarchy and rules. Later, the human relations movement emphasized satisfying employee needs. More recent approaches include systems theory which views organizations holistically, contingency theory which stresses adapting to situations, and learning organizations which emphasize open information sharing.

1. The Evolution of
Management Thinking
Chapter
2

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New Approach to Management
Success accrues to those who learn how
 To be leaders
 To Initiate change
 To participate in and create organizations
– with fewer managers
– With less hierarchy that can change quickly

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3
Management and Organization
 Management philosophies and organization
forms change over time to meet new needs
 Some ideas and practices from the past are
still relevant and applicable to management
today

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Historical Perspective
 Provides a context or environment
 Develops an understanding of societal impact
 Achieves strategic thinking
 Improves conceptual skills
 Social, political, and economic forces have
influenced organizations and the practice of
management

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Forces Influencing
Organizations and Management
 Social Forces - values, needs, and
standards of behavior
 Political Forces - influence of political and
legal institutions on people & organizations
 Economic Forces - forces that affect the
availability, production, & distribution of a
society’s resources among competing users

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Management Perspectives Over Time
1930
Humanistic Perspective
1990
1890
Classical
1940
1950
2000
Systems Theory
2000
2010
The Technology-Driven Workplace
1990
2010
The Learning Organization
1970
Contingency Views
2000
1980
Total Quality Management
2000
1940
Management Science Perspective
1990
2010
1870
Exhibit 2.1, p.44

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Classical Perspective: 3000 B.C.
● Rational, scientific approach to
management – make organizations
efficient operating machines
● Scientific Management
● Bureaucratic Organizations
● Administrative Principles

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Scientific Management: Taylor 1856-1915
General Approach
 Developed standard method for performing each
job.
 Selected workers with appropriate abilities for
each job.
 Trained workers in standard method.
 Supported workers by planning work and
eliminating interruptions.
 Provided wage incentives to workers for
increased output.

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Scientific Management
Contributions
 Demonstrated the importance of compensation for performance.
 Initiated the careful study of tasks and jobs.
 Demonstrated the importance of personnel and their training.
Criticisms
 Did not appreciate social context of work and higher needs of
workers.
 Did not acknowledge variance among individuals.
 Tended to regard workers as uninformed and ignored their ideas

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Bureaucracy Organizations
 Max Weber 1864-1920
 Prior to Bureaucracy Organizations
– European employees were loyal to a single individual
rather than to the organization or its mission
– Resources used to realize individual desires rather
than organizational goals
 Systematic approach –looked at organization
as a whole
Ethical Dilemma: The Supervisor

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Bureaucracy Organizations
Positions organized
in a hierarchy of authority
Managers subject to
Rules and procedures
that will ensure reliable
predictable behavior
Personnel are selected
and promoted based
on technical
qualifications
Administrative acts
and decisions recorded
in writing
Management separate
from the ownership
of the organization
Division of labor
with Clear definitions of
authority and responsibility
Exhibit 2.3, p. 49

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Administrative Principles
 Contributors: Henri Fayol, Mary Parker,
and Chester I. Barnard
 Focus:
– Organization rather than the individual
– Delineated the management functions of
planning, organizing, commanding,
coordinating, and controlling

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Henri Fayol 1841-1925
 Division of labor
 Authority
 Discipline
 Unity of command
 Unity of direction
 Subordination of
individual interest
 Remuneration
 Centralization
 Scalar chain
 Order
 Equity
 Stability and
tenure of staff
 Initiative
 Esprit de corps
14 General Principles of Management

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Mary Parker Follett 1868-1933
 Importance of common super-ordinate goals for
reducing conflict in organizations
– Popular with businesspeople of her day
– Overlooked by management scholars
– Contrast to scientific management
– Reemerging as applicable in dealing with rapid change in
global environment
 Leadership – importance of people vs. engineering
techniques
Ethics - Power - Empowerment

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Chester Barnard 1886-1961
 Informal Organization
– Cliques
– Naturally occurring social groupings
 Acceptance Theory of Authority
– Free will
– Can choose to follow management orders

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Humanistic Perspective
Emphasized understanding human behavior,
needs, and attitudes in the workplace
● Human Relations Movement
● Human Resources Perspective
● Behavioral Sciences Approach

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Human Relations Movement
Emphasized satisfaction of employees’
basic needs as the key to increased
worker productivity

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Hawthorne Studies
 Ten year study
 Four experimental & three control groups
 Five different tests
 Test pointed to factors other than illumination for
productivity
 1st Relay Assembly Test Room experiment, was
controversial, test lasted 6 years
 Interpretation, money not cause of increased
output
 Factor that increased output, Human Relations

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Human Resource Perspective
Suggests jobs should be designed to meet
higher-level needs by allowing workers to
use their full potential

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Physiological
Safety
Belongingness
Esteem
Self-
actualization
Abraham Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs
Based on needs satisfaction
1908-1970
Chapter 16 – Maslow in more detail

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 Dislike work –will avoid it
 Must be coerced,
controlled, directed, or
threatened with
punishment
 Prefer direction, avoid
responsibility, little
ambition, want security
 Do not dislike work
 Self direction and self
control
 Seek responsibility
 Imagination, creativity
widely distributed
 Intellectual potential
only partially utilized
Douglas McGregor
Theory X & Y
Theory X Assumptions Theory Y Assumptions
1906-1964

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Douglas McGregor Theory X & Y
 Few companies today still use Theory X
 Many are trying Theory Y techniques
Experiential Exercise: Theory X and Theory Y Scale

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Behavioral Sciences Approach
 Applies social science in an organizational
context
 Draws from economics, psychology,
sociology, anthropology, and other
disciplines
– Understand employee behavior and interaction
in an organizational setting
– OD – Organization Development
Sub-field of the Humanistic Management Perspective

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Management Science Perspective
 Emerged after WW II
 Applied mathematics, statistics, and other
quantitative techniques to managerial
problems
 Operations Research – mathematical modeling
 Operations Management – specializes in physical
production of goods or services
 Information Technology – reflected in management
information systems

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Recent Historical Trends
● Systems Theory
● Contingency View
● Total Quality Management (TQM)

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Systems View of Organizations
Exhibit 2.5, p. 58

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Contingency View of Management
Exhibit 2.6, p. 59
Successful resolution of organizational problems is thought to
depend on managers’ identification of key variations in the
situation at hand

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Elements of a Learning Organization
Learning
Organization
Open
Information
Empowered
Employees
Team-Based Structure
Exhibit 2.7, p. 61

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Types of E-Commerce
Business-to-Consumer B2C
Selling Products and
Services Online
Business-to-Business B2B
Transactions Between
Organizations
Consumer-to-Consumer C2C
Electronic Markets
Created by Web-Based
Intermediaries
Exhibit 2.8, p. 63