This document summarizes a presentation on the migration profile of Tripura given in December 2005. It discusses the major theories of migration, literature on the topic, census data on migration trends in India and Tripura, and the primary causes and patterns of migration within and from Tripura. Marriage is a major cause of intrastate migration in Tripura, while work/employment and other factors like displacement drive interstate and international migration from the state. Over 30% of Tripura's population are considered migrants.

1. Census Data Dissemination Workshop
Migration Profile of Tripura
Indraneel Bhowmik
Venue: Tripura University, Agartala
December 2005

2. Migration Profile of Tripura
Migration means movement from one place
to another.
In Economics, migration is movement from
one place to another for an economic
activity.
Theories on Migration in most cases have
been regarding developing countries.
December 2005

3. Migration Profile of Tripura
Migration Migration
Rural to Urban Rural to Rural
1. Urban- rural income 1. Lack of opportunities
differential 2. Lack of agricultural
2. Probability of Obtaining land
an urban job
3. Unemployment in the
rural sector
December 2005

4. Migration Profile of Tripura
Major literature on Migration ----
– Arthur Lewis ( “Economic Development with Unlimited
Supplies of Labour”, 1954)
– Michael Todaro (“ A Model of Labour Migration and Urban
Unemployment “, 1969)
– John Harris & Michael Todaro (Migration, Unemployment
and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis”1970)
– T.W. Schultz (“ Agriculture in an Unstable Economy”, 1945)
– Gustav Ranis and John Fei ( “ A Theory of Economic
Development”1961)
December 2005

5. Migration Profile of Tripura
Major literature on Migration ----(contd.)
– G. Fields (“ Rural- Urban Migration, Urban Unemployment
and Underemployment, and Job Search Activity in LDCs”,
1975)
– L.Y.L.Yap (“The Attraction of Cities: A Review of the
Migration Literature”,1977)
– A.S. Oberai & H.K. Manmohan Singh (“Migration,
Employment and the Urban Labour Market: A Study in the
Indian Punjab”1984)
– Biswajit Banerjee (“ Information flow, expectations and job
search: rural-to-urban migration process in India, 1984)
December 2005

6. Migration Profile of Tripura
Migrants by place of birth are those who
are enumerated at a village/town at the time
of census other than their place of birth.
Migrant by place of last residence are
those who have changed their place of living
during the interim period of census.
December 2005

7. Migration Profile of Tripura
Total 2001 1991 Variation
Migrants Census Census (%)
Persons 307.1 229.8 32.9
Male 90.4
Female 216.7
Intra-district 181.7 136.2 32.6
Inter-district 76.8 59.1 29.5
Inter-state 42.3 27.2 54.5
Abroad 6.1 6.9 -11.6
Note: J&K Excluded In 1991

8. Migration Profile of Tripura
In terms of net migrants- In terms of net migrants-
Maharastra- 2.3 million Uttar Pradesh: -2.7million
Delhi- 1.7 million Bihar: -1.7 million
Gujarat- 0.68 million Tamil Nadu: -0.37 million
Haryana- 0.67 million Rajasthan -0.26 million
Punjab- 0.33 million Andhra: -0.21 million
West Bengal: 0.25million Assam: -0.15million
Tripura- 27970 Mizoram: -704
December 2005

9. Migration Profile of Tripura
Reasons _- All India level
Work/ Employment………..14.7%
Business…………………… 1.2%
Education………………….. 3.0%
December 2005

10. Migration Profile of Tripura
Marriage………………….... 43.8%
Moved after birth………….. 6.7%
Moved with household….. 21.0%
Other………………………. 9.7%
December 2005

11. Migration Profile of Tripura
Marriage is the most important cause for
migration among females.
Work/Employment is the most important
reason for migration among males.
December 2005

12. Migration Profile of Tripura
Union territories and small states have the
highest migration rate- Daman &Diu(44.1%),
Dadra & Nagar (32.6%), Chandigarh
(21.4%), Delhi(18.7%)
Tripura- 1%
Least rates for Bihar(-2.7%), UP(-2.0%),
Manipur(-1.4%), Nagaland(-1.4%)
December 2005

13. Migration Profile of Tripura
International Migration
97% of the migrants from the neighbouring
countries
3.0 million from Bangladesh, 0.9 million from
Pakistan, 0.5 million from Nepal and 0.1 million
from Sri Lanka
Considerable migration from China
December 2005

14. Migration Profile of Tripura
Migration in India- four types
– Rural to Rural: 56.52%
– Rural to Urban: 21.74%
– Urban to Rural: 6.57%
– Urban to Urban: 15.16%
N.B.- Computed from Table D-2, Census of India
excluding international and unclassified migrants
December 2005

15. Migration Profile of Tripura
Intra state migrants Inter state migrants
Rural to Rural: 60.5% Rural to Rural: 26.6%
Rural to Urban: 17.6% Rural to Urban: 37.9%
Urban to Rural: 6.5% Urban to Rural: 6.3%
Urban to Urban: 12.3% Urban to Urban: 26.7%
Unclassified: 3.1% Unclassified: 2.6%
December 2005

16. Migration Profile of Tripura
Rural to Rural Migration – Bihar, Jharkhand,
Uttar Pradesh, Assam
Rural to Urban Migration- Mizoram, Jammu
& Kashmir, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu
Urban to Rural Migration- Goa, Kerala,
Sikkim, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh
Urban to Urban Migration- Tamil Nadu, Goa,
Mizoram, Nagaland
December 2005

17. Migration Profile of Tripura
Tripura
Total Migrants- 961,653
Male- 42%, Female-58%
National - 72.69% (M-38.42%,F-61.58%)
Within State-90.89% (M-37.48%, F- 62.52%)
Within District-84.38%(M-37.03%,F- 62.97%)
Other States- 63778 (M-47.83%, F- 52.17%)
Other Districts- 99369(M-39.88%, F- 60.12%)
International – 27.21% (M-51.59%, F-48.41%)
December 2005

18. Migration Profile of Tripura
Maximum number of immigrants from-
Mizoram(28,292), followed by Assam
(17827).
No immigrants from Daman &Diu,
Lakshadeep, Dadra & Nagar and
Pondicherry.
International immigrants from Bangladesh,
Nepal, Burma, Pakistan etc.
December 2005

19. Migration Profile of Tripura
Out migrants from Tripura during 1991-2001:
23,538.
In-migrants from other states( 1991-2001):
40,262.
In migrants from abroad (1991-2001):
11,246.
5 migrants from Europe.
65509 migrants in Agartala- 32237 males &
33272 females.
December 2005

20. Migration Profile of Tripura
Causes of Migration:
Causes (in %) Persons Male Female
Work / Employment 5.38 10.76 1.49
Business 0.95 2.05 0.15
Education 0.92 1.55 0.46
Marriage 28.69 2.03 48.00
Moved after birth 0.55 0.79 0.37
Moved with household 23.99 27.36 21.55
Others 39.52 55.46 27.97
December 2005

21. Migration Profile of Tripura
Causes for International migration
Causes (in %) Persons Male Female
Work / Employment 3.28 5.52 0.88
Business 0.88 1.53 0.19
Education 0.44 0.70 0.15
Marriage 11.26 0.65 22.53
Moved after birth 0.24 0.46 0.18
Moved with household 44.19 41.94 46.59
Others 39.70 49.35 29.41
December 2005

22. Migration Profile of Tripura
Others is the most important factor for
migration in Tripura.
It includes widespread internal
displacement due to insurgency and
ethnic unrest.
More than 10000 persons have
migrated from Takarjala & Jampuijala.
December 2005

23. Migration Profile of Tripura
Several persons in the state who have
been forced to migrate due to
exogenous factors for more than twice.
Huge migration from areas once used
for resettlement of refugees after
partition.
December 2005

24. Migration Profile of Tripura
Migration from Mizoram is highest for other
causes.
Male majority migration from Mizoram and
Bangladesh.
More migration in the offing- regrouping of
villages by the state government.
December 2005

25. Migration Profile of Tripura
More than 30% of the people in the state are
considered to be migrants.
Marriage is the most important cause for
intra state migration.
Out migration from the state mostly to West
Bengal.
Second to Arunachal in terms of migration
rate.
December 2005

26. Migration Profile of Tripura
THANK YOU
December 2005