THE PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF SUGAR PALM AMONG MALE ATHLETES IN SOCCER C...IAEME Publication
This study aimed to determine the effect of giving sugar palm on muscle fatigue
and blood lactic acid in soccer athletes.The sample was 30 respondents from the Halu
Oleo University soccer clubs in 2016. The data were analyzed using randomized
pretest-posttest comparison group designs.The study found that there were significant
differences regarding physical endurance against fatigue between treatment and
control group. Furthermore, the treatment group which given sugar palm drink
showed lower blood lactic acid level than the control group which given mineral
water
Associations between clinical chemistry analytes and ALS severity in pooled c...Vladimir Morozov
Multiple analytes were found to be statistically significantly associated with ALS severity after multiple test correction. With biggest effects, creatinine metabolism markers, creatinine and creatine kinase were reversely associated with the limb FRS component for limb onset patients; inflammation markers were directly associated with disease severity
THE PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF SUGAR PALM AMONG MALE ATHLETES IN SOCCER C...IAEME Publication
This study aimed to determine the effect of giving sugar palm on muscle fatigue
and blood lactic acid in soccer athletes.The sample was 30 respondents from the Halu
Oleo University soccer clubs in 2016. The data were analyzed using randomized
pretest-posttest comparison group designs.The study found that there were significant
differences regarding physical endurance against fatigue between treatment and
control group. Furthermore, the treatment group which given sugar palm drink
showed lower blood lactic acid level than the control group which given mineral
water
Associations between clinical chemistry analytes and ALS severity in pooled c...Vladimir Morozov
Multiple analytes were found to be statistically significantly associated with ALS severity after multiple test correction. With biggest effects, creatinine metabolism markers, creatinine and creatine kinase were reversely associated with the limb FRS component for limb onset patients; inflammation markers were directly associated with disease severity
Effect of Regular Exercise on Prolactin Secretion: A Pilot StudyIOSR Journals
Abstract:
Introduction: Evidence suggested that exercise may affects release of prolactin hormone. Participation in
exercise may increase secretion of prolactin hormone and may give sharp decrease in secretion of prolactin and
not only that published work demanded that there is no effect of exercise on secretion of prolactin. In this
context the researcher intend to know whether exercise affects positively or negatively or not on the release of
prolactin hormone. Aim: Determine whether participation in exercise may increase the level of secretion of
prolactine hormone or not. Method: Only two female students 29 years aged were participated in this study.
They were regularly practiced yogic asana and pranayam for 1 hour per day in the evening, 6 days per week,
for 8 weeks. The level of prolactin hormone was assessed by CLI method. In the present study all the
measurements were done at the baseline and 8 weeks of exercise training. Simple percentage calculated from
the mean value to see the quantitative changes in secretion of prolactin due to participation in the exercise
training. Result: Pre test mean was 5.80 and post test mean was 17.63 which imply that 203.96% increase in
secretion of prolactin significantly. Discussion and Conclusion: Level of secretion increased may be due to
multiple neural pathways that influence PRL secretion converges on the hypothalamus from other parts of the
brain; the effect of exercise on the secretion of PRL may also reflect the action of different neural inputs on the
activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis.
Key word: Exercise; Prolactin.
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Effect of Regular Exercise on Prolactin Secretion: A Pilot StudyIOSR Journals
Abstract:
Introduction: Evidence suggested that exercise may affects release of prolactin hormone. Participation in
exercise may increase secretion of prolactin hormone and may give sharp decrease in secretion of prolactin and
not only that published work demanded that there is no effect of exercise on secretion of prolactin. In this
context the researcher intend to know whether exercise affects positively or negatively or not on the release of
prolactin hormone. Aim: Determine whether participation in exercise may increase the level of secretion of
prolactine hormone or not. Method: Only two female students 29 years aged were participated in this study.
They were regularly practiced yogic asana and pranayam for 1 hour per day in the evening, 6 days per week,
for 8 weeks. The level of prolactin hormone was assessed by CLI method. In the present study all the
measurements were done at the baseline and 8 weeks of exercise training. Simple percentage calculated from
the mean value to see the quantitative changes in secretion of prolactin due to participation in the exercise
training. Result: Pre test mean was 5.80 and post test mean was 17.63 which imply that 203.96% increase in
secretion of prolactin significantly. Discussion and Conclusion: Level of secretion increased may be due to
multiple neural pathways that influence PRL secretion converges on the hypothalamus from other parts of the
brain; the effect of exercise on the secretion of PRL may also reflect the action of different neural inputs on the
activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis.
Key word: Exercise; Prolactin.
Warehouse Fabrics Inc.is one of the best fabric stores providing a great selection of quality basics such as silk chiffons, georgettes, cottons, linens and satins as well as specialty pieces.Contact them for more details.
Lipid profile is an important group of tests used to diagnose hyperlipidemias. it is also used in Investigating Myocardial infarction , Diabetes mellitus & nephrotic syndrome
A double blind placebo controlled study of the LifeWave techno.docxransayo
A double blind placebo controlled study of the LifeWave technology as it relates to the
improvement of strength endurance in high performance college athletics
By David Schmidt, Richard Shaughnessy July 27, 2003
Abstract
The LifeWave technology is a new supplement and method for the improvement of athletic performance. LifeWave
is a means by which an individual may substantially increase their net strength endurance within as quickly as the
first use of the product. To evaluate this statement in an unbiased manner, a double blind placebo controlled study
was implemented at Troy State University in Troy, Alabama. The principal investigator of this study was Coach
Richard Shaughnessy, strength and conditioning coach for the Troy State department of athletics. A standardized
test was selected to measure net gains in strength endurance, and in this case the exercise that was performed by all
athletes was a 225 lb. flat Bench Press. The baseline data for this test was collected on Thursday June 26, 2003.
The comparative data was collected on the following Wednesday July 2, 2003. Athletes were divided into three
groups: Control, Placebo and Test. The Control group was tested “as is” on both of these testing days. The Placebo
group was given a set of patches filled with water; this group was unaware as to whether or not the patches were real
or water filled. The Test group was given a set of patches with the LifeWave technology; again, this group was
unaware as to the contents of the patches. It will be emphasized that the athletes using the LifeWave technology
used the product only once; the test was performed within 10 minutes of first applying the patches to the athletes.
Metabolism and ATP production
It is well known that in humans in order for locomotion to occur ATP must be available to the muscle as well as all
other cells. The biochemistry of metabolism is centered in the synthesis of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic
acids. For the purpose of this discussion we shall concern ourselves primarily with the metabolism, utilization and
transport of fats as they pertain to the production of ATP.
In carbohydrate metabolism that involves the glycolysis of glucose molecules to pyruvic acid for the purpose of
feeding the Krebs Cycle with high-energy molecules, a process called chemiosmosis is used to pump protons across
a membrane and provide the energy for ATP synthesis. The electron carrying coenzyme molecules from the Krebs
Cycle enter the chemiosmosis process, the electrons are lost from the coenzymes, the energy is used to pump
protons across the mitochondrial membrane, and as the protons flow to the outer compartment of the mitochondrion
the energy from the electron flow is used to synthesize ATP molecules.
In contrast, in the metabolism of fats – precipitated by these molecules being first broken down into fatty acids and
glycerol molecules during digestion –.
Tracking the economy is important as oxygen consumption levels off for athletes approximately at the age of 23-25 or after 5-7 years of training. Yet the economy and performance have been shown to improve for much longer period – therefore correlations between performance and economy are even higher than correlations between performance and maximal oxygen consumption.
Aerobic training and aerobic energy sourceRatnodip Saha
Aerobic means utilization of oxygen. So, aerobic exercise or training involves our cardio-respiratory system to produce energy. Here, the amount of oxygen utilized due to respiration is proportionate to energy production.
Here, we will focus on the following topics:
Sources of aerobic energy in our body, Aerobic training methods, Different aerobic exercises, Benefits of aerobic training and
its drawbacks.
Similar to Cell bio elevation of blood lactate (20)
1. Cordiel Brown
620058517
1
Name:Cordiel Brown
Date:February 8, 2013
ID#620058517
Course:MBBS
Title:Elevation of Blood Lactate During Exercise
Introduction:During vigorous exercise lactate is produced faster than the ability of the tissues to
remove it so the lactate concentration in the blood increases. The increased lactate can then be
removed and converted into glucose. Glucose is used for energy production during aerobic
metabolism to produce pyruvate, ATP, NADH and H+ ions. However with prolonged muscle activity,
oxygen is not always readily available for oxygenation of glucose. Here, anaerobic glycolysis occurs and
pyruvate is further converted to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
HNADHpyruvatelactateNAD aseDehydrogenLactate
Aim: To determine the concentration of lactate in the blood of individuals (males) before and
after exercise.
Method: As written in DD120 laboratory manual, 2013; pages 5-7
Results:
Table showing Absorbance of lactate in blood at 366 nm for participant 1
Sample Absorbance Blank Corrected Absorbance
Standard 0.112 0.047 0.065
Blood Before Exercise 0.156 0.063 0.093
Blood After Exercise 0.167 0.061 0.106
Sample calculation: standard
Dilution factor #1= (2.0+1.0)/1.0=3.0
Dilution factor #2= 3.4/0.1=34 A = Absorbance /OD units
343.0
l
A
c ε = 6.22×10 3
L/cM. Mole
c = mole/L
L= 1 cm
2. Cordiel Brown
620058517
2
343.0
l
A
c
C = 0.065/6.22 x 10-3
x 1
C = 1.045
Accurate conc. = 1.045 x 3 x 34
= 1.066 x 10-3
mole/L
Table showing Absorbance and Lactate Concentrations for before and after exercise for the class at
366nm
Sample Absorbance Lactate concentration Status Gender
Before After Difference Before After Difference
A.M 0.093 0.106 0.013 1.53 x 10-3
1.73 x 10-3
2.13 x 10-4
Fit Male
S.E 0.072 0.097 0.025 1.18 x 10-3
1.59 x 10-3
4.10 x 10-4
Fit Male
O.B 0.050 0.069 0.019 8.20 x 10-4
1.13 x 10-3
3.12 x 10-4
Fit Male
S.D 0.073 0.083 0.010 1.20 x 10-3
1.36 x 10-3
1.64 x 10-4
Fit Female
J.A 0.068 0.070 0.002 1.12 x 10-3
1.15 x 10-3
3.28 x 10-5
Fit Female
R.R 0.024 0.051 0.027 3.94 x 10-4
8.36 x 10-4
4.43 x 10-4
Fit Male
K.B 0.042 0.055 0.013 6.89 x 10-4
9.02 x 10-4
2.13 x 10-4
Fit Female
Sample calculations:
Lactate concentration for males
Before exercise
343.0
l
A
c
C = 0.093/6.22 x 10-3
x 1
C = 1.50 x 10-5
Accurate conc. = 1.50 x 10-5
x 3 x 34
= 1.53 x 10-3
mol/L
After exercise
3. Cordiel Brown
620058517
3
343.0
l
A
c
C = 0.106/6.22 x 10-3
x 1
C = 1.70 x 10-5
Accurate conc. = 1.70 x 10-5
x 3 x 34
= 1.73 x 10-3
mol/L
Difference
343.0
l
A
c
C = 0.013/6.22 x 10-3
x 1
C = 2.09 x 10-6
Accurate conc. = 2.09 x 10-6
x 3 x 34
= 2.13 x 10-4
mol/L
Table showing average Lactate concentrations for male and females
Sample Averages ( )
Male Before exercise 9.81 x 10-4
Female Before exercise 1.00 x10-3
Male After exercise 1.32 x 10-3
Female after exercise 1.14 x 10-3
Male difference (before – after) 3.45 x 10-4
Female difference (before - after) 1.37 X 10-4
Sample calculations:
Male before exercise average
Male B.E =
(1.53 x10-3 + 1.18 x 10- + 8.20 x 10-4 + 3.94 x 10-4)
/ 4
=
3.92 x 10-3
/ 4
= 9.81 x 10-4
mol/L
Male after exercise average
Male AE =
(1.73 x10-3 + 1.59 x 10-3 + 1.13 x 10-3 + 8.36 x 10-4)
/ 4
4. Cordiel Brown
620058517
4
=
5.29 x 10-3
/ 4
= 1.32 x 10-3
mol/L
Average difference in concentration for male
Male avg. Diff. =
(2.13 x10-4 + 4.10 x 10-4 + 3.12 x 10-4 + 4.43 x 10-4)
/ 4
=
1.378 x 10-3
/ 4
= 3.45 x 10-4
mol/L
Table showing Standard Deviation for Lactate concentrations for both males and females
Before Exercise After Exercise
Male +4.86 x10-4
+4.12 x 10-4
Female +1.57 x 10-3
+2.28 x10-4
Sample calculation:
Standard dev. For male before exercise
X X - (x - )2
1.53 x 10-3
5.49 x 10-4
3.01 x 10-7
1.18 x 10-3
1.99 x 10-4
3.90 x 10-8
3.94 x 10-4
-5.87 x 10-4
3.44 x 10-7
8.20 x 10-4
-1.61 x10-4
2.50 x 10-8
∑=7.09 x 10-7
S = √7.09 x 10-7
/ 4 – 1
S = √7.09 x 10-7
/ 3
= √2.36 x 10-7
= 4.86 x 10-4
Standard dev. For male after exercise
5. Cordiel Brown
620058517
5
X X - (x - )2
1.73 x 10-3
4.10 x 10-4
1.68 x 10-7
1.59 x 10-3
2.70 x 10-4
7.20 x 10-8
1.13 x 10-3
-1.90 x 10-4
3.60 x 10-8
8.36 x 10-4
-4.84 x10-4
2.34 x 10-7
∑=5.10 x 10-7
S = √5.10 x 10-7
/ 4 – 1
S = √5.10 x 10-7
/ 3
= √1.70x 10-7
= 4.12 x 10-4
Table showing Standard errors for Lactate concentrations for both male and females
Before Exercise After Exercise
Male 2.43 x 10-4
2.06 x 10-4
Female 9.08 x 10-4
1.32 x 10-4
Sample calculation
Male before exercise
S.E =
4.86 x 10-4
/ √4
=
4.86 x 10-4
/ 2
= 2.43 x 10-4
Male after exercise
S.E =
4.12 x 10-4
/ √4
=
4.12 x 10-4
/ 2
6. Cordiel Brown
620058517
6
= 2.06 x 10-4
Answers to questions:
3. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. NAD+ is a glycolytic intermediate which is
responsible for the oxidation of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. Reduction of the oxidizing
equivalent prohibits the oxidation and glycolysis is stopped. Therefore it is important for
cytoplasmic NADH is to be re-oxidized.
4. The fate of blood lactate produced by exercise varies according to the tissue type which picks it
up. For instance, with cardiac muscle cells, lactate is oxidised to pyruvate and enters the Krebs
cycle to yield energy and biosynthetic products. However, the lactate picked up by the liver is
converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis.
5. Erythrocytes also produce L-lactate from glucose because they lack mitochondria. These
organelles need energy to maintain membrane integrity and produce energy anaerobically by
connecting glucose to lactate.
6. The physiological factors that determine the rate of production of lactic acid in different
individuals doing the same exercise are age, sex, fitness, cardiac output and general health. In
fitness, if the lactate threshold is reached after low intensity exercise, it usually means that
there is a problem with the oxidative energy system in the muscles. The more exercise done the
better the body can manage the lactic acid build up. Cardiac output affects lactic acid because it
increases the rate of production in the body. There are some diseases which affect the general
health of people by altering normal lactic acid build up in the body, for example, hypertension.
This causes limited amounts of oxygen to reach the muscles during exercise. Therefore creating
anaerobic conditions which are favourable to lactic acid production causing an accumulation in
the blood as a result of liver disease. This causes liver disease because the liver is an important
part of the management of lactic acid.
Discussion: Seven individuals were tested in this experiment and were all determined to be fit as the
difference in their blood lactate concentration before and after exercise were less than 3.6 mM. The
females can be deduced to be fitter than the males as the average difference in blood lactate before
7. Cordiel Brown
620058517
7
and after exercise was less (1.37 x 10-4
) whereas in the males it was more (3.45 x 10-4
). The variation
from the average differences was more in males than in females. The accepted range for normal
blood glucose while at rest is arterial lactate: 0.5-1.6 mmol/L ;venous lactate: 0.5-2.2 mmol/L and in
the experiment it is seen that all the participants except “R.R” are within the range whereas R.R is
below it with 0.4 mmol/L. the physiological factors which could have affected the blood lactate
values are discussed in the answer to question six (6) above. A source of error in the experiment
could be that the subjects could be on medications that affect lactate production another source of
error is that they could possibly have some unknown health conditions which would the applicability
of the obtained results. One precaution that was taken was the proper disposal of waste carried out
– for instance, tissue paper and gloves contaminated with blood in biohazardous waste, sharps and
needles in the appropriate collection container. Another precaution was that the antecubital fossa
was appropriately swabbed with alcohol before blood was withdrawn, for sterilization purposes and
to prevent contamination from sweat (which also contains lactate). Also New clean sterile needles
were used each time a sample of blood was taken.
Conclusion:The objective to determine the concentration of lactate in the blood of individuals (males)
before and after exercise was achieved. it can be concluded that the fitness of an individual is greatly
related to their before and after blood lactate concentration, with the fitter individuals having a smaller
difference between the two values.
References:
Guyton, Arthur C., Hall, John E. Textbook of Medical Physiology 9th
ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders
Company 1996
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise