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- 1. Steven B. Hammer Ph. D. Candidate Department of Biomedical Sciences Kent State University
- 5. Phase Response Curve ZT 6.0 Peak Phase advance (non-photic stimulus) ZT 18.5 Phase advance from light pulse ZT 14 Phase delay from light pulse Dead Zone
- 6. Hormone/Receptor Increase Decrease No Change Dopamine - + - Dopamine Receptor 1 + - + Dopamine Receptor 2 - + - MAO A - + + MAO B + - - Noradrenaline - + - Serotonin - + + GABA - + - Muscarinic Receptor - + - Choline Acyltransferase - + - Beta Endorphin - + - Alpha MSH - + - ACTH - + - Beta Lipotropin - + -
- 7. Hormone/Receptor Increase Decrease No Change FSH + - - LH + - - Inhibin - + - Testosterone - + + LHrh - + - Aldosterone - + - GH - + - TSH - + + Thyroxin - - + Tri-iodothyronine - - + ADH + - + Oxytocin - + - Prolactin + + + Melatonin - + -
- 9. Death Addiction Late For Work Decreased Ability To Perform ADL’s Increase Stress Increased Addiction Increase in Family, Social, and Family Problems Increased Cost On Society Increase Morbidity And Mortality Rates
- 10. Females Males Drinking Category* Disease I II III I II III Malignant neoplasms Mouth and oropharynx cancers 1.45 1.85 5.39 1.45 1.85 5.39 Esophagus cancer 1.80 2.38 4.36 1.80 2.38 4.36 Liver cancer 1.45 3.03 3.60 1.45 3.03 3.60 Breast cancer 1.14 1.41 1.59 Under 45 years of age 1.15 1.41 1.46 45 years and over 1.14 1.38 1.62 Other neoplasms 1.10 1.30 1.70 1.10 1.30 1.70 Diabetes mellitus 0.92 0.87 1.13 1.00 0.57 0.73 Neuropsychiatric conditions Epilepsy 1.34 7.22 7.52 1.23 7.52 6.83 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) Hypertensive disease 1.40 2.00 2.00 1.40 2.00 4.10 Coronary heart disease 0.82 0.83 1.12 0.82 0.83 1.00 Cerebrovascular disease Ischemic stroke 0.52 0.64 1.06 0.94 1.33 1.65 Hemorrhagic stroke 0.59 0.65 7.98 1.27 2.19 2.38 Other CVD causes 1.50 2.20 2.20 1.50 2.20 2.20 Digestive diseases Cirrhosis of the liver 1.26 9.54 9.54 1.26 9.54 9.54
- 17. Photic Phase Shift Comparison After Four Weeks of Forced Treadmill Running
- 20. The Effects of 13 Weeks of Wheel Running on The Non-photic Phase Shifting of Young and Old Syrian hamsters
- 23. Effects of Running and Age on Non-photic shifting
- 24. Onsets of Activity between IR and WS grouped by EtOH and Water
- 26. Young Old
- 29. LL Effects
- 30. Split Rhythms
- 33. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- Chapter 15. The Pineal Gland and Pineal Tumors Prof Josephine Arendt Updated: February 1, 2006 http://www.endotext.org/neuroendo/neuroendo15/ch01s05.html
- Light Flash Peak 18.5 Non-Photic ZT 6.0 DPAT 8-OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylaminotetralin, serotonin agonist 1A/5A/7), Afferent inputs and efferent pathways of the SCN. RHT: Retinohypothalamic tract, GHT: Geniculohypothalamic tract, OC: Optic chiasm, 3V: Third ventricle, IGL: Intergeniculate leaflet, DM: Dorsomedial SCN, VL: Ventrolateral SCN, NPY: Neuropeptide Y, GABA: Gamma amino butyric acid, PACAP: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Reghunandanan and Reghunandanan Journal of Circadian Rhythms 2006 4 :2 doi:10.1186/1740-3391-4-2
- Non-Photic (Mrosovsky, 1992) Photic (Takahashi, 1984)
- Review of Neuroendocrinology of ageing (Rehman, H.U.) The D 1 and D 5 receptors are members of the D 1 -like family of dopamine receptors, whereas the D 2 , D 3 and D 4 receptors are members of the D 2 -like family . Activation of D 1 -like family receptors is coupled to the G protein G αs , which subsequently activates adenylyl cyclase , increasing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Activation of D 2 -like family receptors is coupled to the G protein G αi , which directly inhibits the formation of cAMP by inhibiting the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
- Review of Neuroendocrinology of ageing (Rehman, H.U.)
- *Definition of drinking categories: Category I: for females, 0–19.99 g pure alcohol daily; for males, 0–39.99 g pure alcohol daily Category II: for females, 20–39.99 g pure alcohol daily; for males, 40–59.99 g pure alcohol daily Category III: for females, 40 g or more pure alcohol; for males, 60 g or more pure alcohol. **AF = attributable fraction—that is, the proportion of disease under consideration that is attributable to alcohol. † For liver cirrhosis, a combined estimate was derived for drinking categories II and III. SOURCES: Unless otherwise specified, Gutjahr et al. 2001; for breast cancer and stroke, Ridolfo and Stevenson 2001; for hypertension, Corrao et al. 1999; for CHD, drinking category III, Corrao et al. 2000. NOTE: Relative risk estimates are shown to quantify the effect size of the risk relationships. For example, females in drinking category I have a relative risk of 1.14, compared with female abstainers, of breast cancer. A relative risk of 1.14 corresponds to a 14–percent higher risk. For females in drinking category III, the relative risk is 1.59, or about one and one–half times as large as for female abstainers. The same relationship can also be expressed as a risk increase of 59 percent.
- Overall Methods for experiments
- Figure 1. Experiment 1A. Representative double-plotted actograms from IR sensors, arrows mark light pulse at ZT 18.5. Light schedule marked by, LD (14:10) and DD on sides of actograms. ( A) Young (6 months) runner, 1 hour of treadmill running shown by blank areas within dark active periods; ( B) Old (19 months) runner, note more consolidated activity compared to the old non-runner; ( C) Young (6 months) control (non-running); ( D) Old (19 months) controls, note fragmentation of activity compared to young animals. (See actogram section in text for complete explanation of actograms). Figure 2. Experiment 1A. The effects of 4 weeks of forced treadmill running at ZT 12 on photic phase shifting in young and old Syrian hamsters. Paired comparison were made between young (6 months of age) non-runners (n=6) and runners (n=6); old (19 months of age) non-runners (n=7) and runners (n=7). Phase shift was the result of a 30-minute light pulse administered at ZT 18.5. A significant age effect was found; young (1.76±0.06), old (2.04±0.06), F (1, 22) =9.41; * p=0.005, (mean±SEM).
- Figure 3. Experiment 1A. The effects of forced treadmill speed in relation to H.O.E.S., averaged by week for young and old hamsters. Week 1 and 2, show a familiarization of the hamsters to running on the treadmill with a gradual decrease in H.O.E.S. scores. Week 3 and 4, show a leveling off or plateau of exertion at increasing speeds. (See treadmill section in text for complete explanation). Figure 4. Experiment 1A. Chart shows the triple interaction (time x treatment x age), of the bout analysis performed on the two age groups (young and old) and the treatment (control or running). Data points labeled by (*) are significantly different compared to week 2, young runners, all other groups were non-significant, ( p<0.05 ).
- Figure 7. Experiment 1C. Representative actograms, double plotted, showing the effects of 13 weeks of voluntary wheel running on non-photic shifting from the serotonin agonist 8-OH-DPAT administered at CT 6.0. Actograms are arranged by (IR) on the left and (WS) on the right, in pairs; (same animal), except E and F which are spate animals. ( A) Young unlocked IR; ( B) Young unlocked wheel; ( C) Old unlocked IR; ( D) Old unlocked WS ( E ) Young locked IR ( F ) Old locked IR; Red arrows mark 8-OH-DPAT injections, brackets in middle mark LD and DD section, same on all actograms. Figure 8. Experiment 1C. The effects of 13 weeks of wheel running on the non-photic phase shifting of young (6 months) and old (24 months) Syrian hamsters, measured by IR sensor, induced by 8-OH-DPAT injections at CT 6.0. The running groups, young and old, were significantly different, (* p=0.01 ). No significant differences were noted within the young group, non-running IR (n=6) and running IR (n=6) or within the old group of non-running IR (n=6) and running IR (n=6), ( p<0.05 ), (mean±SEM).
- Figure 12. Experiment 1D. Effects of aging on non-photic shifting from IP injection of 8-OH-DPAT, on three groups of varying ages; starting age for each group in DD: young, (36.00±0.00 weeks, n=5); middle aged, (49.00±0.89 weeks, n=4) and old, (69.67±0.80 weeks, n=6). Significantly different time points are marked by lines, with p values below each significant point, polynomial trend line fit through all time point (see text for design details), (mean±SEM). Figure 13. Experiment 1D. Wheel revolutions per day, data is grouped into three starting age groups, 6 months, 9 months, and 14 months. Each group is subsequently divided into section of the experimental time line (fig. 8), bars labeled as follows; LD (45 days), Injection 1 in DD (25 Days), Injection 2 in DD (33 Days), Injection 3 in DD (32 Days), Injection 4 in DD (37 Days), (time of each experimental phase). Significant within-group comparisons indicated by letter labeled lines above respective bars; (* p<0.05; ** p<0.01), between-group comparisons marked by, (# p=0.03), (mean±SEM).
- 12 weeks of wheel access or no wheel access (controls)
- Figure 16. Experiment 2. Comparison of IR and WS onsets from animals that were offered free choice of water or EtOH, over a two-month period, data from Experiment 3B. Data is divided by consumption group (EtOH or water), then subdivided by control (first week no EtOH), 1 month (EtOH or water), and 2 month (EtOH or water) time points. WS activity remains constant across both groups for all time points, IR onset under the EtOH gets progressively longer, becoming statistically different from the IR water group at 2 months, (* p=0.01) .
- Figure 18. Experiment 3A . The effects of voluntary wheel running, over 30 days, on EtOH consumption (20%), in young Syrian hamsters. The line plot of EtOH consumption over phases (1, 2, and 3) with representative bar graph demonstrating means and significant differences between treatment (running, n=9) and control (non-running, n=9) animals over the three phases. Significant differences in phase 2 and 3 marked by (*and # p<0.05 ). Figure 19. Experiment 3A. The effects of voluntary wheel running over 30 days, on water consumption, in young Syrian hamsters. The line plot of water consumption over phases (1, 2, and 3) with representative bar graph demonstrating means and significant differences between treatment (running, n=9) and control (non-running, n=9) animals over the three phases. No Significant differences were detected between groups ( p<0.05 ). Figure 20. Experiment 3A. The effects of voluntary wheel running, over 30 days, with free access to EtOH (20%), in old Syrian hamsters. The line plot of EtOH consumption over phases (1, 2, and 3) with representative bar graph demonstrating means and significant differences between treatment (running, n=9) and control (non-running, n=9) animals over the three phases. Significant differences between treatment and control in phase 2 (* p<0.05 ). Figure 21. Experiment 3A. The effects of voluntary wheel running over 30 days on water consumption in old Syrian hamsters. The line plot of water consumption over phases (1, 2, and 3) with representative bar graph demonstrating means and significant differences between treatment (running, n=9) and control (non-running, n=9) animals over the three phases. Significant differences between the treatment and control groups in phase 1 and 3 *and #, respectively ( p<0.05 ).