This document discusses the internationalization of the Chinese yuan (RMB). It notes that the RMB was added to the IMF's special drawing rights basket in 2016, marking progress in its internationalization. It discusses China's opening of its currency market through policies like allowing foreign currencies for trade. The Belt and Road initiative is promoting RMB use in neighboring countries. RMB trading centers have been established in over 20 countries. The RMB is becoming a major international currency in trade and finance, challenging the US dollar. Further RMB internationalization will be supported by China's large economy and reserves. The Belt and Road is expected to further facilitate RMB use in infrastructure projects and trade.
This document is a weekly intelligence report from Party Watch focusing on activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It provides summaries of CCP propaganda efforts, United Front work, disciplinary actions, and other topics. Key points included Xi Jinping meeting with Prince Andrew and emphasizing environmental protection, guidelines to regulate China's cultural market and protect ideological security, and a former CMC vice chairman confessing to taking bribes. The report aims to provide context on China through the lens of the CCP.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It discusses propaganda work, United Front work, Party discipline, the Central Military Commission, and other topics. The report is produced by David Gitter and aims to provide context and analysis on China through the lens of the CCP using Chinese language sources. It covers various meetings, appointments, and directives issued by the CCP and its related organizations during the period from April 25th to May 1st, 2016.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It discusses the establishment of an innovation partnership between China and Switzerland, meetings between Chinese and Nigerian leaders, and the Chinese State Council's report on U.S. human rights issues. It also covers United Front work to manage diverse intellectuals, Party discipline rules, a CMC vice chairman's visit to the Spratly Islands, and Xi Jinping's comments on protecting cultural relics during economic development.
One page to understand who's governing in China in 2016: political bodies and people.
Specific focus on the financial industry (Central bank, regulators...)
I attempt to explain the complex set up of the Chinese Communist Party. From its inspiration from the Russian counterpart, to Mao and up to Xi's current time. Its a quick stop for those wanting a quick recap of the biggest political party on earth.
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
Xi Jinping in full power: what's next? (2017)levdlc
A political study by China Trade Winds, developing the portraits of each one of the China Communist Party all-powerful Politburo and Standing Committee members – 25 leading politicians who will call the shots until 2022!
It analyses the new Politburo composition (political leanings, different balance of power compared to the 18th Congress, no nominee for 2022,) and also new government bodies, set to be launched in 2018.
Please find the synopsis and an extract of Li Zhanshu's profile, Xi Jinping's chief of staff.
To book, contact us for more details: levdlc@leventdelachine.com
www.leventdelachine.com
This document is a weekly intelligence report from Party Watch focusing on activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It provides summaries of CCP propaganda efforts, United Front work, disciplinary actions, and other topics. Key points included Xi Jinping meeting with Prince Andrew and emphasizing environmental protection, guidelines to regulate China's cultural market and protect ideological security, and a former CMC vice chairman confessing to taking bribes. The report aims to provide context on China through the lens of the CCP.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party. It discusses propaganda work, United Front work, Party discipline, the Central Military Commission, and other topics. The report is produced by David Gitter and aims to provide context and analysis on China through the lens of the CCP using Chinese language sources. It covers various meetings, appointments, and directives issued by the CCP and its related organizations during the period from April 25th to May 1st, 2016.
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It discusses the establishment of an innovation partnership between China and Switzerland, meetings between Chinese and Nigerian leaders, and the Chinese State Council's report on U.S. human rights issues. It also covers United Front work to manage diverse intellectuals, Party discipline rules, a CMC vice chairman's visit to the Spratly Islands, and Xi Jinping's comments on protecting cultural relics during economic development.
One page to understand who's governing in China in 2016: political bodies and people.
Specific focus on the financial industry (Central bank, regulators...)
I attempt to explain the complex set up of the Chinese Communist Party. From its inspiration from the Russian counterpart, to Mao and up to Xi's current time. Its a quick stop for those wanting a quick recap of the biggest political party on earth.
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
Xi Jinping in full power: what's next? (2017)levdlc
A political study by China Trade Winds, developing the portraits of each one of the China Communist Party all-powerful Politburo and Standing Committee members – 25 leading politicians who will call the shots until 2022!
It analyses the new Politburo composition (political leanings, different balance of power compared to the 18th Congress, no nominee for 2022,) and also new government bodies, set to be launched in 2018.
Please find the synopsis and an extract of Li Zhanshu's profile, Xi Jinping's chief of staff.
To book, contact us for more details: levdlc@leventdelachine.com
www.leventdelachine.com
This document summarizes and analyzes the rise of China in three paragraphs:
1) The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party marks the beginning of the "Xi Jinping era" and the third revolutionary epoch in China, after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. However, China sees itself as a "reluctant giant" that is still working to address domestic issues like poverty and inequality before assuming global leadership.
2) As the American-led global order declines more rapidly than expected, China feels compelled to take on more leadership internationally, such as through Xi's statements at the Davos conference. However, China's priority remains domestic development for another two decades.
3)
This document contains a newsletter from the China-Europe Commercial Collaboration Association (CECCA) focusing on legal cooperation between China and Europe. It discusses several topics:
1. A review of legal cooperation between China and the EU in 2017, including a legal affairs dialogue and increased investment cooperation.
2. An empirical study on dual-class share structures of US-listed Chinese companies, finding that about half of recently listed Chinese firms used this structure.
3. The impact of China's Belt and Road initiative on shipping law in China.
4. Brief news items on collective investment schemes in China and a maritime conference in Shanghai.
The newsletter aims to provide updates on legal and policy developments between China
Weekly intelligence report on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP focuses on building legal protections in order to foster innovation. The Party also keeps up pressure on Taiwan's incoming president and strengthens its strategic partnership with Russia.
The document summarizes Alan Lung's testimony to the UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee regarding relations between the UK, Hong Kong, and China. Lung argues that the UK, Hong Kong, and Beijing should pursue cooperation based on "hope" rather than "fear" to further democratic development in Hong Kong. He also asserts that a democratic Hong Kong would benefit China by providing a model for political reform and helping address social issues from economic growth. The UK could help by increasing innovation cooperation with Hong Kong and allowing more exchanges between Hong Kong and UK organizations.
https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/xi-jinping-and-the-19th-cpc-congress.html - Xi Jinping’s marathon three and a half hour address to the 19th Congress of the CPC delivered on October 18, 2017 has set the stage for far reaching changes in Xi’s own position in the Party, and laid down the guidelines for the governance of China and the domestic, foreign and security policies of the of the CPC and the Chinese Government over the next five years.
This document provides a weekly intelligence report on activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) based on Chinese language sources controlled by the CCP. The report discusses Xi Jinping's visit to the Czech Republic to advance China-Czech cooperation. It also covers continued CCP efforts against pornography and Xi's meeting with Obama emphasizing common interests between China and the US. The report provides summaries of CCP propaganda work, united front work disciplining cadres, and international meetings and personnel appointments from March 28 to April 3, 2016.
Third plenum report by China Trade Winds - extractslevdlc
Here is few extracts of the final part of our report “ Xi Jinping, the new era ” following the highly-anticipated Third Plenum of the XVIII. Congress (from 9 to 12th of November 2013).
It was the missing piece of the puzzle of this country’s leadership until 2022, end of the second five-year legislature under Xi Jinping.
The aim of this brief study is to analyze the results of the Plenum, its significance, and last but not least, the style of this new leadership.
For further details, contact marketing@chinatradewinds.com
How To Write A Basic Literary Analysis Essay - YouTubeJennifer Gutierrez
The document provides instructions for registering an account on HelpWriting.net to request writing assistance, including completing an order form with instructions and deadline. Writers will bid on the request and the client can choose a writer, make a deposit, and receive the completed paper, with the option for free revisions. Clients can request assistance confidently knowing their needs will be fully met.
Essay On China
China in Africa Essay
Chinas Foreign Policy Essay
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Essay on Business in China
Essay on The Culture and History of China
Essay on India China Economic Growth
China Research Paper
Essay on China
My Experience Essay: My Trip To China
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ICAS Bulletin Special Edition: Belt and Road Initiative May 2017Brien Desilets
The document summarizes discussions and commentary on China's Belt and Road Initiative from a forum organized by the Institute for China-America Studies. It includes summaries of speeches by Chinese President Xi Jinping promoting the initiative and its progress in connecting infrastructure and increasing trade and investment. Commentators discuss both the opportunities and challenges presented by the initiative, including concerns around debt sustainability and the need for greater transparency from China.
The document analyzes how China uses soft power through media and foreign policy to enhance its global image. It discusses how China portrays itself on the international stage and examines Western media coverage of China's rise. The author finds that China's economic growth and involvement in international affairs have increased Western interest in China over the past few decades as reflected by growing media coverage. The media plays an important role in shaping other countries' perceptions and policies toward China as its global influence rises.
Great Writing 3 From Great Paragraphs To Great EssaysSara Perez
Here are a few reasons why autumn may be your favorite season:
- The weather is comfortable. After the heat of summer, autumn brings relief with its milder temperatures that are perfect for outdoor activities. You can enjoy being outside without feeling too hot or cold.
- The scenery is beautiful. Autumn leaves change vibrant colors like red, orange, and yellow. Taking walks among the fallen leaves and seeing the trees dressed in their colorful attire is scenic and picturesque. There is an artistic quality to the landscape.
- It evokes nostalgia. Autumn reminds us of childhood memories like jumping in leaf piles, going to pumpkin patches, and carving jack-o-lanterns. These traditions create
The document discusses reforms to the UN's institutional framework for sustainable development. The UN General Assembly established a new High-level Political Forum to replace the Commission on Sustainable Development, recognizing the need for a more effective structure. An Open Working Group was also formed to prepare a proposal on Sustainable Development Goals for the General Assembly's consideration. The founder of the Africa Asia Scholars Global Network commented that the changes should energize action toward a transformative, people-centered development agenda through equal partnership among all stakeholders.
This document is a report analyzing China's economic decision-making under President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang. It discusses China's transition to a new economic growth model based around consumption rather than exports and investment. The report examines China's policymaking apparatus and decision-making processes, including challenges around coordination between different levels of government. It also analyzes policymaking in China's financial sector through case studies. The report assesses the centralized but fragmented nature of policymaking under Xi Jinping and implications for implementing economic reforms.
Comparative Analysis of US China Relations during Trump Administrationijtsrd
This article examines crucial issues in the US Chinese relations during the Trump administration considering the issues like Trade war and geopolitical situation in Asia Pacific region. This research explores the main directions of Sino American relations in the period of presidency of Donald Trump, as well as the recent trends and perspectives on cooperation between the two states. The following conclusions are coming to end First, the U.S. government can continue, in the nearest future, to put pressure on China on issues such as human rights, civil society development, and Internet freedom. This pressure will be reflected in China, especially among educated youth and the growing middle class. The preservation and consolidation of American positions in the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans is forcing Beijing to focus on the resource and transit potential of mainland Eurasia One Belt One Road , highlighting the growing importance of Russia and Central Asia for China’s strategy. Second, the U.S. administration’s attitude toward China remains moderate, despite occasional changes. The tendency for bilateral dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation prevails. Third, there was unequivocal support from both houses of Congress for the Trump administration’s new tough demands on China. Existing problems between the parties, in particular, China’s close cooperation with Russia, further complicate the situation to the detriment of China. Fourth, the positive development of bilateral relations will contribute to ensuring international political, economic, environmental stability and global security. Fifth, China’s economic development and growing international position are intensifying competition in bilateral relations not only in the Asia Pacific region, but also in the rest of regions of the Globe. Uchkun Dustov "Comparative Analysis of US- China Relations during Trump Administration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38540/comparative-analysis-of-us-china-relations-during-trump-administration/uchkun-dustov
The document discusses democracy in Hong Kong and the author's experiences studying there. Some key points:
1) The author interned at an organization promoting Hong Kong democracy and witnessed the Legislative Council and protests.
2) The functional constituency system, where only half members are elected, is undemocratic.
3) While economic growth has occurred, democracy has declined as Beijing delays universal suffrage until 2017.
4) Issues like human rights, women's rights, and education have improved but the political system remains stagnant.
The directions of development of the new Chinese ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (...Przegląd Politologiczny
In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the directions of development
of the new Chinese ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (BRI) or ‘One Belt, One Road’ (OBOR) as a project
launched by China to develop countries and improve global connectivity. First unveiled in 2013 by
Chinese President Xi Jinping, the initiative continues to grow in scale and popularity. The initiative is
focused on creating networks that will allow for a more efficient and productive free flow of trade as
well as further integration of international markets both physically and digitally. BRI is comprised of
the ‘21st Century Maritime Silk Road’ and the ‘Silk Road Economic Belt;’ together they will connect
more than 65 countries making up over 62% of the world’s population, around 35% of the world’s trade
and over 31% of the world’s GDP. It will take the form of a series of highways, railways and ports as
well as facilities for energy, telecommunications, healthcare and education. It must be emphasized that
the initiative merges both the land-based Silk Road (from China via Central Asia to Turkey and the EU)
with the Maritime Route (via the Indian Ocean and Africa to Europe). Both routes were created with the
intention of developing transportation infrastructure, facilitating economic development and increasing
trade. This 21st-century initiative is not merely for China to romanticize its historical legacies: it carries
major strategic economic and geopolitical calculations. The EU must decide now if and how to engage
in these emerging processes. The main aim of the article is to present the directions of development of
the new Chinese ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (BRI) as a project, launched by China to develop countries
and improve global connectivity
The document summarizes key developments in Hong Kong during July to December 2014, a tumultuous period that included mass protests. It discusses:
1) The Chief Executive's report to Beijing on constitutional reform which concluded universal suffrage for the Chief Executive election in 2017 was desirable but faced criticism for not quantifying public views.
2) Beijing's restrictive August decision on electoral reform, setting parameters for the 2017 election that disappointed democracy advocates and sparked large protests.
3) Weeks of protests including class boycotts and occupations that brought international attention to Hong Kong's political reforms and rights.
This document summarizes a newsletter from the China-Europe Commercial Collaboration Association (CECCA) that includes the following articles:
1. An analysis questioning the usefulness of long-term shipping forecasts, using a 10-year forecast from Lloyd's List Intelligence as an example.
2. An interview with Professor Proshanto K. Mukherjee on issues in Chinese Maritime Law.
3. An article on third-party funding in arbitration and its potential trends and implications for China.
4. Two articles on academic topics: blockchain and smart contracts in shipping, and utmost good faith in English and Chinese law.
5. Brief news items on dry bulk shipping, LNG
Cecca newsletter on company and financial law (issue 1 october 2018)André Mendes 安德烈
This document summarizes the new E-commerce Law of China, which aims to create a safer commercial environment for digital economic activities. It reviews key aspects of the new law, including establishing a regulatory framework for e-commerce operators and transactions, protecting consumers' rights, and clarifying responsibilities regarding online products and services. The law aims to adapt regulations to China's fast-growing digital economy and address issues not covered by existing laws. It represents an important step for China to establish a comprehensive legal framework governing e-commerce.
This document summarizes and analyzes the rise of China in three paragraphs:
1) The 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party marks the beginning of the "Xi Jinping era" and the third revolutionary epoch in China, after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. However, China sees itself as a "reluctant giant" that is still working to address domestic issues like poverty and inequality before assuming global leadership.
2) As the American-led global order declines more rapidly than expected, China feels compelled to take on more leadership internationally, such as through Xi's statements at the Davos conference. However, China's priority remains domestic development for another two decades.
3)
This document contains a newsletter from the China-Europe Commercial Collaboration Association (CECCA) focusing on legal cooperation between China and Europe. It discusses several topics:
1. A review of legal cooperation between China and the EU in 2017, including a legal affairs dialogue and increased investment cooperation.
2. An empirical study on dual-class share structures of US-listed Chinese companies, finding that about half of recently listed Chinese firms used this structure.
3. The impact of China's Belt and Road initiative on shipping law in China.
4. Brief news items on collective investment schemes in China and a maritime conference in Shanghai.
The newsletter aims to provide updates on legal and policy developments between China
Weekly intelligence report on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP focuses on building legal protections in order to foster innovation. The Party also keeps up pressure on Taiwan's incoming president and strengthens its strategic partnership with Russia.
The document summarizes Alan Lung's testimony to the UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee regarding relations between the UK, Hong Kong, and China. Lung argues that the UK, Hong Kong, and Beijing should pursue cooperation based on "hope" rather than "fear" to further democratic development in Hong Kong. He also asserts that a democratic Hong Kong would benefit China by providing a model for political reform and helping address social issues from economic growth. The UK could help by increasing innovation cooperation with Hong Kong and allowing more exchanges between Hong Kong and UK organizations.
https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/xi-jinping-and-the-19th-cpc-congress.html - Xi Jinping’s marathon three and a half hour address to the 19th Congress of the CPC delivered on October 18, 2017 has set the stage for far reaching changes in Xi’s own position in the Party, and laid down the guidelines for the governance of China and the domestic, foreign and security policies of the of the CPC and the Chinese Government over the next five years.
This document provides a weekly intelligence report on activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) based on Chinese language sources controlled by the CCP. The report discusses Xi Jinping's visit to the Czech Republic to advance China-Czech cooperation. It also covers continued CCP efforts against pornography and Xi's meeting with Obama emphasizing common interests between China and the US. The report provides summaries of CCP propaganda work, united front work disciplining cadres, and international meetings and personnel appointments from March 28 to April 3, 2016.
Third plenum report by China Trade Winds - extractslevdlc
Here is few extracts of the final part of our report “ Xi Jinping, the new era ” following the highly-anticipated Third Plenum of the XVIII. Congress (from 9 to 12th of November 2013).
It was the missing piece of the puzzle of this country’s leadership until 2022, end of the second five-year legislature under Xi Jinping.
The aim of this brief study is to analyze the results of the Plenum, its significance, and last but not least, the style of this new leadership.
For further details, contact marketing@chinatradewinds.com
How To Write A Basic Literary Analysis Essay - YouTubeJennifer Gutierrez
The document provides instructions for registering an account on HelpWriting.net to request writing assistance, including completing an order form with instructions and deadline. Writers will bid on the request and the client can choose a writer, make a deposit, and receive the completed paper, with the option for free revisions. Clients can request assistance confidently knowing their needs will be fully met.
Essay On China
China in Africa Essay
Chinas Foreign Policy Essay
Essay on Chinese Dynasties
Essay on Business in China
Essay on The Culture and History of China
Essay on India China Economic Growth
China Research Paper
Essay on China
My Experience Essay: My Trip To China
China s Economic Impact On China Essay
Essay on Chinas One Child Policy
Essay on China and Taiwan
Chinese Culture Essay
Essay On China
Essay China
A Brief History of China Essay
Essay about China
Essay on China
ICAS Bulletin Special Edition: Belt and Road Initiative May 2017Brien Desilets
The document summarizes discussions and commentary on China's Belt and Road Initiative from a forum organized by the Institute for China-America Studies. It includes summaries of speeches by Chinese President Xi Jinping promoting the initiative and its progress in connecting infrastructure and increasing trade and investment. Commentators discuss both the opportunities and challenges presented by the initiative, including concerns around debt sustainability and the need for greater transparency from China.
The document analyzes how China uses soft power through media and foreign policy to enhance its global image. It discusses how China portrays itself on the international stage and examines Western media coverage of China's rise. The author finds that China's economic growth and involvement in international affairs have increased Western interest in China over the past few decades as reflected by growing media coverage. The media plays an important role in shaping other countries' perceptions and policies toward China as its global influence rises.
Great Writing 3 From Great Paragraphs To Great EssaysSara Perez
Here are a few reasons why autumn may be your favorite season:
- The weather is comfortable. After the heat of summer, autumn brings relief with its milder temperatures that are perfect for outdoor activities. You can enjoy being outside without feeling too hot or cold.
- The scenery is beautiful. Autumn leaves change vibrant colors like red, orange, and yellow. Taking walks among the fallen leaves and seeing the trees dressed in their colorful attire is scenic and picturesque. There is an artistic quality to the landscape.
- It evokes nostalgia. Autumn reminds us of childhood memories like jumping in leaf piles, going to pumpkin patches, and carving jack-o-lanterns. These traditions create
The document discusses reforms to the UN's institutional framework for sustainable development. The UN General Assembly established a new High-level Political Forum to replace the Commission on Sustainable Development, recognizing the need for a more effective structure. An Open Working Group was also formed to prepare a proposal on Sustainable Development Goals for the General Assembly's consideration. The founder of the Africa Asia Scholars Global Network commented that the changes should energize action toward a transformative, people-centered development agenda through equal partnership among all stakeholders.
This document is a report analyzing China's economic decision-making under President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang. It discusses China's transition to a new economic growth model based around consumption rather than exports and investment. The report examines China's policymaking apparatus and decision-making processes, including challenges around coordination between different levels of government. It also analyzes policymaking in China's financial sector through case studies. The report assesses the centralized but fragmented nature of policymaking under Xi Jinping and implications for implementing economic reforms.
Comparative Analysis of US China Relations during Trump Administrationijtsrd
This article examines crucial issues in the US Chinese relations during the Trump administration considering the issues like Trade war and geopolitical situation in Asia Pacific region. This research explores the main directions of Sino American relations in the period of presidency of Donald Trump, as well as the recent trends and perspectives on cooperation between the two states. The following conclusions are coming to end First, the U.S. government can continue, in the nearest future, to put pressure on China on issues such as human rights, civil society development, and Internet freedom. This pressure will be reflected in China, especially among educated youth and the growing middle class. The preservation and consolidation of American positions in the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans is forcing Beijing to focus on the resource and transit potential of mainland Eurasia One Belt One Road , highlighting the growing importance of Russia and Central Asia for China’s strategy. Second, the U.S. administration’s attitude toward China remains moderate, despite occasional changes. The tendency for bilateral dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation prevails. Third, there was unequivocal support from both houses of Congress for the Trump administration’s new tough demands on China. Existing problems between the parties, in particular, China’s close cooperation with Russia, further complicate the situation to the detriment of China. Fourth, the positive development of bilateral relations will contribute to ensuring international political, economic, environmental stability and global security. Fifth, China’s economic development and growing international position are intensifying competition in bilateral relations not only in the Asia Pacific region, but also in the rest of regions of the Globe. Uchkun Dustov "Comparative Analysis of US- China Relations during Trump Administration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38540/comparative-analysis-of-us-china-relations-during-trump-administration/uchkun-dustov
The document discusses democracy in Hong Kong and the author's experiences studying there. Some key points:
1) The author interned at an organization promoting Hong Kong democracy and witnessed the Legislative Council and protests.
2) The functional constituency system, where only half members are elected, is undemocratic.
3) While economic growth has occurred, democracy has declined as Beijing delays universal suffrage until 2017.
4) Issues like human rights, women's rights, and education have improved but the political system remains stagnant.
The directions of development of the new Chinese ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (...Przegląd Politologiczny
In this research work, the author focuses on the analysis of the directions of development
of the new Chinese ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (BRI) or ‘One Belt, One Road’ (OBOR) as a project
launched by China to develop countries and improve global connectivity. First unveiled in 2013 by
Chinese President Xi Jinping, the initiative continues to grow in scale and popularity. The initiative is
focused on creating networks that will allow for a more efficient and productive free flow of trade as
well as further integration of international markets both physically and digitally. BRI is comprised of
the ‘21st Century Maritime Silk Road’ and the ‘Silk Road Economic Belt;’ together they will connect
more than 65 countries making up over 62% of the world’s population, around 35% of the world’s trade
and over 31% of the world’s GDP. It will take the form of a series of highways, railways and ports as
well as facilities for energy, telecommunications, healthcare and education. It must be emphasized that
the initiative merges both the land-based Silk Road (from China via Central Asia to Turkey and the EU)
with the Maritime Route (via the Indian Ocean and Africa to Europe). Both routes were created with the
intention of developing transportation infrastructure, facilitating economic development and increasing
trade. This 21st-century initiative is not merely for China to romanticize its historical legacies: it carries
major strategic economic and geopolitical calculations. The EU must decide now if and how to engage
in these emerging processes. The main aim of the article is to present the directions of development of
the new Chinese ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (BRI) as a project, launched by China to develop countries
and improve global connectivity
The document summarizes key developments in Hong Kong during July to December 2014, a tumultuous period that included mass protests. It discusses:
1) The Chief Executive's report to Beijing on constitutional reform which concluded universal suffrage for the Chief Executive election in 2017 was desirable but faced criticism for not quantifying public views.
2) Beijing's restrictive August decision on electoral reform, setting parameters for the 2017 election that disappointed democracy advocates and sparked large protests.
3) Weeks of protests including class boycotts and occupations that brought international attention to Hong Kong's political reforms and rights.
This document summarizes a newsletter from the China-Europe Commercial Collaboration Association (CECCA) that includes the following articles:
1. An analysis questioning the usefulness of long-term shipping forecasts, using a 10-year forecast from Lloyd's List Intelligence as an example.
2. An interview with Professor Proshanto K. Mukherjee on issues in Chinese Maritime Law.
3. An article on third-party funding in arbitration and its potential trends and implications for China.
4. Two articles on academic topics: blockchain and smart contracts in shipping, and utmost good faith in English and Chinese law.
5. Brief news items on dry bulk shipping, LNG
Cecca newsletter on company and financial law (issue 1 october 2018)André Mendes 安德烈
This document summarizes the new E-commerce Law of China, which aims to create a safer commercial environment for digital economic activities. It reviews key aspects of the new law, including establishing a regulatory framework for e-commerce operators and transactions, protecting consumers' rights, and clarifying responsibilities regarding online products and services. The law aims to adapt regulations to China's fast-growing digital economy and address issues not covered by existing laws. It represents an important step for China to establish a comprehensive legal framework governing e-commerce.
Dear members,
We are pleased to announce that the issue July of CECCA Newsletter (Issue No.12) is released, you may find it in the attachment. Please don't hesitate to contact us if you have any comment.
What are in this issue?
i. China's maritime silk road (in Special Observer)
As a part of the China's 'Belt and Road Initiative', the maritime silk road plays an important role in this grand plan. Our senior consultant, Mr. Richard Scott, will provide some new insights in his article.
ii. Blockchain and the shipping industry (in Academic Frontier)
Digital technology is changing our world in many ways, and the shipping industry will benefit from those changes. Blockchain, being such a buzz word, has the potential in changing the shipping industry, such as making contracts 'smarter', making shipping documents like Bills of lading much safer and more convenient, etc. To provide you with a insight into blockchain technology and its possible effects on the shipping industry, we invited our members to write a series of articles on this topic, in which they will introduce the concept of 'blockchain' and their opinions on what kind of changes it might lead to. Any comment or feedback are more than welcome. In this issue, the first article is 'Blockchain-based Bill of Lading'. More articles on Blockchain will be published in future issues.
iii. Human rights
We are pleased to include a revised version of Andrew Drzemczewski's Lecture, 'Human Rights in Europe: An Insider’s Views' in this issue, in which the author provided with an in-house view of a selected number of human rights issues dealt with by the Council of Europe that he was involved in.
iv. Law of the sea
Editor’s Comment on Z. Zheng, Legal Effect of the Chinese Traditional Maritime Boundary Line
v. News in Brief
China's new policy in three Pilot Free Trade Zones concerning the shipping industry and the government released the 2018 Negative List; Two new international commercial courts were established in China and news on the IMO high-level forum.
vi. Brief Introduction – Senior Consultant of CECCA
Prof. Yash Tandon
We hope you will find this issue of interests. If you would like for your colleagues also to receive our monthly newsletter, or if you do not want to receive future issues, please email:contact@cecca.com.cn
Best wishes,
CECCA Editorial Department
- China has taken steps to further open up and internationalize its financial markets to support the Belt and Road Initiative, including allowing foreign investment in more sectors by the end of 2018 and expanding the business scope of foreign banks.
- China also released new rules allowing foreign investors to take controlling stakes in securities joint ventures and will gradually expand the business scope of such firms.
- Membership in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, an important multilateral development bank for the Belt and Road Initiative, has grown to 86 approved members as it aims to improve infrastructure in Asia and beyond.
This document discusses China's seaborne trade trends over the past decade. It notes that China's imports have grown spectacularly, increasing by 163% from 2007 to 2017. China contributed around half of the growth in global seaborne trade volumes over this period. The main drivers of growth have been China's large economy and strong domestic consumption. Imports of raw materials like iron ore and coal have increased substantially to fuel industrial production. Government policies around stockpiling reserves and promoting cleaner energy have also impacted trade flows. Overall, China now accounts for over 20% of global seaborne imports, cementing its importance to global shipping markets.
The Chinese traditional maritime boundary line(the dotted line)in the South China Sea (“SCS”) and its validity under current international law have been challenged by bordering States as well as some scholars. Particularly in recent years, the US government, some bordering States and even scholars question the validity of the dotted line in the SCS in view of various factors such as the intent of the State reflected by the map, neutrality of the cartographer, technical accuracy, consistency of the cartographic material and recognition and acquiescence by the international community. This article analyses relevant misunderstandings and misconceptions, and points out that the SCS dotted line drawn by the Chinese government in 1947 at the approximate median position between China’s SCS islands and reefs and the coastlines of bordering States reflects the scope of China’s claims and its intent. The consistency of the claims has been maintained by PRC after 1949, while the claims have been recognized or acquiesced to by bordering States over quite a long period. Therefore, the map with the dotted line has its probative force and weight under international law.
This document discusses the potential framework for a limited application of dual-class share structures in China. It analyzes data on US-listed Chinese companies that use dual-class structures and finds that restricting eligibility based solely on industry classification would not be effective. Instead, it suggests that China consider permitting dual-class shares but impose certain safeguards to balance takeover defenses with minority shareholder protections. The framework aims to utilize dual-class structures' function in deterring hostile takeovers while safeguarding company and public shareholder interests.
Dear Friends,
Please find attached the maritime conference programme.
At the moment, the registration for delegates is still open. Please use this link https://www.city.ac.uk/…/ninth-maritime-law-and-policy-conf…
I look forward to meeting you in London on April, 2018!
Have a lovely week.
Shengnan
This document provides an overview and update on the strong growth of the China-owned merchant ship fleet. Some key points:
- The China-owned fleet grew by almost 9% in 2017 to over 152 million gross tonnes. Further strong growth is expected in 2018.
- Large volumes of new ships on order at Chinese shipyards will be delivered this year, including valemax ore carriers and newcastlemax bulk carriers.
- Chinese leasing companies are playing an increasing role in financing new ship orders, helping support domestic shipbuilding. Leasing investments in ships totaled around $12 billion in 2017.
- Continued growth in China's economy and trade is driving demand for shipping capacity, and
Intellectual Property in Big Data Era: Opportunities and ChallengesAndré Mendes 安德烈
This document provides the agenda for an intellectual property conference focusing on opportunities and challenges in the big data era. The conference will take place from December 9th to 11th at Sun Yat-Sen University in Kaifeng, China. It will include four sections over the two day period covering topics such as legislative movements for big data protection, copyright dilemmas in the big data era, trade secret protection in the cloud, and balancing the use of big data with intellectual property protection from an internet industry perspective. Speakers will include professors from China, Japan, Australia, the US, South Korea and other countries.
The LUMLPG at City, University of London is hosting the Ninth Maritime Law and Policy International Postgraduate Research Conference on April 20, 2018. The conference invites researchers and postgraduate students to present their maritime law and policy research in 15-minute presentations followed by 10 minutes of discussion. Abstract submissions of 250 words are being accepted, along with general inquiries. Additionally, the CI&CL Research Group at City University is announcing its inaugural conference on April 27, 2018 to discuss cross-border corporate insolvency and commercial law.
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...Sangyun Lee
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
Integrating Advocacy and Legal Tactics to Tackle Online Consumer Complaintsseoglobal20
Our company bridges the gap between registered users and experienced advocates, offering a user-friendly online platform for seamless interaction. This platform empowers users to voice their grievances, particularly regarding online consumer issues. We streamline support by utilizing our team of expert advocates to provide consultancy services and initiate appropriate legal actions.
Our Online Consumer Legal Forum offers comprehensive guidance to individuals and businesses facing consumer complaints. With a dedicated team, round-the-clock support, and efficient complaint management, we are the preferred solution for addressing consumer grievances.
Our intuitive online interface allows individuals to register complaints, seek legal advice, and pursue justice conveniently. Users can submit complaints via mobile devices and send legal notices to companies directly through our portal.
The Future of Criminal Defense Lawyer in India.pdfveteranlegal
https://veteranlegal.in/defense-lawyer-in-india/ | Criminal defense Lawyer in India has always been a vital aspect of the country's legal system. As defenders of justice, criminal Defense Lawyer play a critical role in ensuring that individuals accused of crimes receive a fair trial and that their constitutional rights are protected. As India evolves socially, economically, and technologically, the role and future of criminal Defense Lawyer are also undergoing significant changes. This comprehensive blog explores the current landscape, challenges, technological advancements, and prospects for criminal Defense Lawyer in India.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdfSunsetWestLegalGroup
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
From Promise to Practice. Implementing AI in Legal Environments
Cecca Newsletter November 2017
1. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 1
CONTENTS
1.Special Observer
1.1 Comments on the Results of the 19th
Communist Party
of China National Congress…………….…………………………2-5
1.2 One Trick to Make Big Money in The Next Few
Decades ………………….…………………………………………………6
2.Financial Report
After the SDR: The Retrospect and Prospect of the
Internationalization of the Renminbi ………………………7-10
3. Knowledge Bank: Chinese Law
Chinese Legislation Relating to Bills of Lading and
Charterparties…………………………………………………….…11-13
4. Transport Law
Carriers Beware! – Circumstances in Which Navigation
Addresses Conflicting Liability Regimes (2) …………...14-19
5. Event: Call for Papers
CECCA
NEWSLETTER
Publisher: CECCA Editorial Department Publishing Director: Shengnan Jia, Dr. Lijun Zhao
Executive Editors: Haiyang Yu, Xiangyi Zhang
CECCA
China-Europe Commercial
Collaboration Association
Professional Consultancy on
Legal, Trade, Finance and Policy
Matters.
London, United Kingdom
Contact
Website
E-mail
LinkedIn
Twitter
We invite our readers to visit and
subscribe at CECCA website and
follow us on LinkedIn to keep up-
to-date with our newsletter,
events and workshops
2. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 2
The Ninth Maritime Law And Policy International Postgraduate Research Conference
2018……………………20
3. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 3
1. Special Observer
1.1 Comments on the Results of the 19th
Communist Party of China
National Congress
Authored by Haiyang Yu LL.M.1
The 19th
Communist Party of China (CPC) National Congress concluded on 24th
October, and Xi
Jinping addressed the report of the congress at the closing session, which provided us with the clear
picture of the intended plan of the Party for China’s next five years. One day later, as the result of
election, the new CPC Central Committee, as the new leadership for the Party and the country, was
born in Beijing and Xi Jinping was elected as the General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee
for the next five years. So, for maritime people and lawyers, what are those points you might want to
have a look at?
Fact 1: More People with Legal Education Background in the New Leadership
The new leadership of CPC was elected for the next 5 years, and the Standing Committee of the 19th
CPC Central Committee Political Bureau, with Xi Jinping holding the chair, is the group of 7 leaders
who will take the power of the party and the country for the upcoming 5 years.
1
Comments written by editor Haiyang Yu, LL.M. (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
4. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 4
2
3
2
Picture taken from Xinhua, < http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/19cpcnc/index.htm> accessed on 17
November 2017
3
Picture taken from Xinhua, <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/25/c_136705714.htm>Accessed on
9th
November 2017
5. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 5
What is interesting to notice is that three out of those 7 people who have the most power in China
have legal education backgrounds, namely Xi Jinping having a Doctor of Law (Tsinghua Uni), Li
Keqiang with a LL.B. (Peking Uni) and Wang Huningwith a Master of Laws (FudanUni). This never
happened before the Era of Xi. For example, Hu Jintao, the former Chairman of China, has a degree
in hydraulic engineering.
Education has a vital influence on peoples’ values and their decision-making processes. Now that
more leaders of China have a legal education background, it shows the needs of the Party and the
whole country’s development. For example, from Xi Jinping’s report at the 19th
CPC national congress,
the Party believes that in the past five years, China has made major achievements and breakthroughs
in economic development, developing democracy and the rule of law.4
As for the plan for the
upcoming five years, the party will continue to improve the political system and develop so called
‘Socialist Democracy’, in which part the report says the party shall uphold the running of country of
people and law-based governance. Even though those leaders with legal education background were
not technically legal people – none of them were lawyers or judges before, and two of their legal
degrees were awarded on the basis of programs in political science – this does show the current needs
of reform in China’s political system and legal system.
Fact 2: ‘Rule of Law’ in Xi’s Report5
The expression ‘Rule of Law’ appears in Xi’s Report several times. In the report, the ‘Rule of Law’ has
close connection with ‘developing democracy’ and ‘advancing law-based governance’. The plan for
the next five years includes ‘Rule of Law’ and ‘Advancing Law-based governance’. 6
The party
apparently has realized the importance of the Constitution and the Law. Further measures include
building a ‘rule of law’ government, and carrying out ‘comprehensive and integrated reform of
judicial system and enforce judicial accountability in all respects’. The report also mentions that the
party shall ‘redouble efforts’ to raise public awareness of the law, and develop a socialist culture of
rule of law and emphasize the principle rule of law that the Constitution and the law is above
everything and the equality for everyone before the law.7
4
Xi Jinping, ‘Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive
for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era’, Report at the 19th National
Congress of the Communist Party of China, on 18 October 2017 (Xi Jinping’s
Report)p.1<http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/2017-11/03/c_136725942.htm> Accessed on 9th
November 2017
5
Xi Jinping’s Report p.16
6
Ibid.p.34
7
Ibid.p.34
6. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 6
Fact 3: ‘A Community with Shared Future for Mankind’ -- Take ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative for
Example
In Part III of the report which is about the thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and
the Basis Policy of the Party, it is made clear that, as far as the major diplomacy is concerned, the
Party will aim to foster a new type of international relations and build a community with a shared
future for mankind.8
The report points out that the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ does contribute to achievements in economic
development, and it plays an important role in China’s Diplomacy. Furthermore, China will adhere
to the fundamental policy of opening up, and China will promote cooperation through the ‘Belt and
Road Initiative’.
9
8
Ibid. P.17
9
Pictures taken from website <https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/ztindex.htm> accessed on 9th
November 2017
7. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 7
In doing so, China aims to promote peaceful development and create platforms and bonds among
countries with common interests, and ‘to achieve policy, infrastructure, trade, financial, and people-
to-people connectivity’.10
Fact 4: ‘Build China into a Strong Maritime Country’ 11
Concerning the maritime part, on one hand the report addresses the policy in development of the
Yangtze Economic Belt, ‘by promoting well-coordinated environmental conservation and avoiding
excessive development’. 12
On the other hand, the Party will speed things up concerning the
development in the border areas, which definitely includes maritime borders, as well as the stability
and security of those areas. It was made clear that the Party will make efforts to build China into a
strong maritime country.
10
Xi Jinping’s Reportp.54
11
Ibid.P.29
12
Ibid.p.29
8. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 8
1.2 One Trick to Make Big Money in The Next Few Decades
Authored by Haiyang Yu LL.M.13
253.5 Billion US dollars, that was the latest total amount
of agreements on economic and trade cooperation
among companies from U.S. and China, within two days
after the ‘US-China Business Exchange’, which both
President Trump and President Xi attended, was held on
9th
November.
Trump brought with him some surprises to China, and
those American Businessmen were just one of them.
During his meeting with Xi, Trump showed a video, in which Trump’s cute granddaughter Arabella
performed her amazing speaking Chinese for 2 and half minutes, including singing two Chinese
songs and reciting Chinese ancient poetry. President Xi was amazed by Arabella’s Chinese, and he
was very happy when Arabella called him Grandpa Xi at the beginning of the video.14
He even invited
Arabella to visit China right after the video.
It can be seen that the
Americans have already used
Chinese as an efficient trick in
diplomacy. On the other side of
the world, along with more
trading opportunities with
China, speaking Chinese has
already become a big plus for
British graduates to find a well-
paid job. According to some
English media, the average
annual salary for graduates who majored in Chinese is normally 31k or higher pounds. It may take
13
Comments written by editor Haiyang Yu, LL.M. (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
14
According to the Chinese culture, even if two persons have no blood or legal relation, a kid may call an old
person “grandfather” to show her respect.
9. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 9
you twice the amount of time to graduate, but once you graduated, it would be all worth it. So
question is, will you take the challenge?
10. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 10
2. Financial Report
After the SDR: The Retrospect and Prospect of the Internationalization
of the Renminbi
Authored by Dr. Chi Zhang & Miss Shihui Yin15
1. From Impossibility to Success: The Opening-up Policies of RMB Market
As China’s official currency, the Renminbi (RMB) was officially added to the special drawing rights
basket (SDR) by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in October 2016. Currently, whilst the US
dollar, euro and yen (so-called ‘G3’) still dominate the international financial system, the RMB has
been slowly catching up as the sixth primary payment currency in global markets and also the third
main funding currency in exchange markets of the world. The internationalization of the RMB has
been increasingly influential for the international economy, especially for neighbouring countries of
China since the ‘Belt & Road Initiative (B&RI)’. In this issue of CECCA newsletter, we review the
development of the RMB in the global market during recent years and its challenges, which may also
be useful for our readers in evaluating prospects for the internationalization of the RMB.
As early as the second half of the year 2009, the State Council of China took the lead to accelerate
the internationalization of RMB. Prior to this, Chinese economists and scholars also have carried out
a series of research on developing the RMB as an alternative payment currency, reserve currency as
15
Dr. Chi Zhang is a director of the financial report at the CECCA Editorial Department and a lecturer of law
at China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing); Miss Shihui Yin is a Member of the CECCA Editorial
Department and Chatham House, and an MA student at City, University of London specializing in diplomacy
and foreign policy.
11. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 11
well as a possible means of international transactions in international trade markets. Although such
a conception seems to be quite promising, in reality most practitioners did not believe that RMB can
be widely used as payment currency in cross-border markets, as the public credit of the Chinese
authorities is not sufficient enough for investors, and it also faces huge challenges from the
liberalisation of currencies in the international financial system.
Such a challenge for the RMB market has been changing after Xi Jinping took the presidential office
in late 2012. China Development Bank loaned 12 million yuan to Agricultural Bank of Kyrgyzstan,
which was the first pilot program of cross-border payment of RMB in financial market practice. As a
response, China is more open to foreign currencies in cross-border trading than ever before. For
example, the Chinese regulator has approved that some specified international goods sales can be
directly paid in cash by foreign currencies, and some international traders from western Asian
countries, such as Tajikistan Republic are allowed to use their own currencies for all kinds of goods
sales imported from China. The internationalization of the RMB during recent years facilitates
peoples’ daily lives and travels in neighbouring countries as well. Nowadays, most south-eastern
Asian countries like Vietnam and Thailand, have accepted RMB as their payment currencies in tourist
markets, which may advance economic cooperation in tourist industries between China and those
countries.
In the area of financial investment, RMB internationalization will be widely favoured by both the
Chinese government and global market participants. China stands as the world’s second largest
economy and its more than $3.9 trillion in foreign exchange reserves could greatly leverage China’s
monetary power. Along with the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), expecting
to have 85 members by end-2017, this provides China with a massive potential to demonstrate its
12. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 12
expansion of state capitalism and industrial production capacity to promote currency autonomy.
With the deepening of the institutional reform of Chinese financial markets, the importance of RMB
as one of reserve money will be continuously promoted. More than twenty countries have agreed to
establish offshore financial centres of RMB; these are strongly supported and encouraged by the
People’s Bank of China (PBOC). International investors and financial institutions are able to use and
trade RMB in those offshore centers. In order to decrease transaction costs of using RMB in the global
markets, China International Payment System (CIPS) was successfully launched by the PBOC in 2015,
by which the data of clearance, settlement and payment markets of RMB are shared in a real-time
manner. According to statistics from The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunication (SWIFT), up to the end of June 2017 RMB has developed as the third primary
trade financing currency and the sixth primary payment currency in the world economy. It is widely
believed that the RMB is becoming the most important international currency in both the trading
and financial markets, and will be a very strong competitor to other primary currencies such as USD,
Euro and GBP.
2. A Promising Prospect for RMB in the Global Markets
In recent years, the RMB has cumulatively appreciated more than 6% against the USD. It can be
predicted that the continuous appreciation of RMB will firmly attract cross-border investors to hold
RMB as one of their payment currencies. In particular, the B&RI -related commercial activities will
definitely promote the internationalization of RMB and benefit China and the B&RI neighboring
countries.
The remaining question is whether RMB internationalisation will undermine the value of the US
dollar or cause conflicts between the current dominant currencies. IMF researchers (Maziad,
Farahmand, Wang, Segal and Ahmed, 2011) and Chinese scholars from Tsinghua University (Li and
13. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 13
Yi, 2010) suggest that the key determinants of currency internationalization are economic size,
macroeconomic stability, deeper financial markets and macroeconomic and structural policy
support. Also a large share of a country’s GDP to the world GDP, with large scale of domestic financial
market, large official reserves, continued appreciation of the currency for a certain period of time,
and convertibility of the currency. Therefore, what really challenges the US dollar is its own
unsustainable debt and weak economy. Further, the Chinese authorities have attempted to adopt a
gradual approach of currency liberalisation to internationalize RMB, with the lessons drawn from
the Asian financial crisis, and seek for their own currency autonomy and demand for a multicurrency
world monetary system within a growing multipolar world economy.
It was emphasized at the Fifth National
Conference of Financial Reform that China
promises to build up the financial infrastructure
for the B&RI initiative for the purpose of further
facilitating infrastructure construction and trade
settlement in Asian and middle-central European
countries. The economic co-operation within the
B&RI area will encourage more and more
countries to use RMB in commercial activities, which can effectively hedge the impact of exchange
rate of RMB and USD. From a global strategic perspective, the acceptance of RMB will be particularly
favored by those central and eastern European countries who are not members of the European
Union (EU), as the friendly economic cooperation with China will, to some extent, release their
pressure from the neighboring EU member states.
It is foreseeable that the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) will
be another community benefiting from the internationalization of RMB. It has been predicted that
there is no less than USD 110-180 billion demand for infrastructure construction in ASEAN member
states. Chinese enterprises have made commitments on more than a half of the above projects in
ASEAN countries, which motivate ASEAN members to reserve and hold more RMB as their
currencies for enhancing their co-operation with China.
Reference:
Li, D.K. and X.Z.Yi. (2010). Research on New International Monetary System and Post Financial Crisis.
Finance Research . No.2. 2010, Issue 356, 31 - 43.
14. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 14
Maziad S, P. Farahmand, S. Wang, S. Segal, and F. Ahmed. (2011). Internationalization of Emerging
Market Currencies: A Balance between Risks and Rewards, IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/11/17, Oct.
19, 2011
15. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 15
3. Knowledge Bank: Chinese Law
Chinese Legislation Relating to Bills of Lading and Charterparties.
Authored by Shengnan Jia16
1. The Maritime Code.
In the Chinese legal system, the Maritime Code
should be the only legislation dealing with commercial
maritime law issues17
. In the Code, Chapter 4, bearing
the title “Carriage of goods by sea” mainly deals with
legal issues on bills of lading and in essence
incorporates the Hague/Visby Rules and the Hamburg
Rules. The consequence of this situation is that where
international conventions stipulate explicit provisions
and interpretations to legal issues, the Maritime Code
provides for them adequately. But where issues are not
addressed by conventions and need to be dealt with by
domestic law, the Maritime Code is silent.
There are two chapters in the Maritime Code
involving charterparties. Chapter 4, as mentioned
above, bears the title "Contract of Carriage of Goods by
16
Shengnan Jia, qualified in P.R. China; Co-Founding Director of the CECCA; Doctoral Researcher, at City,
University of London; Member of Professional Committee of Maritime Law of Beijing Municipal Lawyers
Association; Member of China Centre Maritime, Southampton Solent University
17
It should be noted that there are some interpretations relating to bills of lading issued by the Supreme Court.
An example is the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of
Law during the Trial of Cases about the Delivery of Goods Without the Original Bill of Lading. China is a civil
law country dependent on statute law. But in practice, statute law cannot be amended according to the latest
situation. Therefore, the judicial interpretation of the Supreme Court becomes a source of law. However, there
is a general view questioning the legality of such an interpretation because Article 42 of the Legislation Law of
the People’s Republic of China provides that the power to interpret a national law shall be vested in the
Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. The Supreme Court is not entitled to interpret law.
However, the opposite opinion is that the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has the
authority to interpret vague and ambiguous provisions, whereas the Supreme Court has the power to interpret
the application of the provisions. Regardless of which opinion is correct in China, judicial interpretation of the
Supreme Court is regarded to be valid at all times. In addition, there is no interpretation governing
charterparties.
16. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 16
Sea” provides one Section (Section 7) named “Special Provisions Regarding Voyage Charterparties”
stating the provisions of voyage charterparties in accordance with general principles issued by voyage
charterparty standard forms. However, such statutory provisions are not mandatory. In accordance
with Article 94 of the Maritime Code, only in the absence of agreed provisions or in the absence of
agreed provisions different from them, in voyage charterparties, such statutory provisions in the
Maritime Code can be applied18
. To be clear, in the Maritime Code, the freedom of contract pertaining
to a voyage charterparty is recognized and the validity of the agreed provisions in the voyage
charterparty has priority over the statutory provisions in the Maritime Code.
Chapter 6 in the Maritime Code has the
title “Charterparties” pertaining to two
types of charterparties, namely, time and
demise, but does not include voyage
charterparties. The time and demise
charterparties are subject to the principle
of freedom of contract in accordance
with Article 127 of the Maritime Code19
.
Only when the agreed provisions of
charterparties are silent on certain legal
issues, can the Maritime Code be applied.
Chinese academics contend that the structure of the Maritime Code is attributable to the theoretical
view that a voyage charterparty is similar to carriage under a bill of lading in that it is a contract for
carriage of goods by sea. In contrast, time and demise charterparties are distinctively different; they
are not carriage contracts as such. Some commentators claim that whereas the voyage charterparty
as a contract belongs to the genre of carriage of goods, the time and demise charterparties are
agreements relating to leases of property20
.
18
Article 94 of the Maritime Code provides that ”The other provisons in this Chapter (Carriage of Goods by
Sea) regarding the rights and obligations of the parties to a contract shall apply to the shipowner and the
charterer under a voyage charterparty only in the absence of the relevant provisions or in the absence of the
provisions different therefrom in the voyage charterparty”.
19
Article 127 of the Maritime Code provides that ” [T]he provisions concerning the rights and obligations of the
shipowner and the charterer in this Chapter (Charterparties) shall apply only when there are no provisions or
no different provisions in this regard in the charterparty (the time or demise charterparty)”.
20
Y. GUO, Maritime Law, Beijing, 2012, p. 167; see also, Z.X. ZHU, “Study on the Nature of a Time Charterparty”,
in Y.Z. SI, Z.W. LI, Study on the Theories of Chinese Maritime Law, Beijing, 2009, p. 381. In terms of the
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 17
2 Application of the Maritime Code.
As explained above, the Maritime Code suffers from
gaps and defects because international conventions
transplanted into the Maritime Code are not accurately
depicted. Sometimes maritime disputes need to be
resolved by other ways. One such way is to find relevant
provisions or general principles in the civil commercial
law domain, the rationale being that the Maritime Code
is a specific law under a civil commercial law system21
. It
is therefore natural for it to be subject to other civil
commercial legislation.
In legal practice, judges frequently refer to civil laws or
other commercial laws, such as the Contract Law. It is
submitted however, that the nature of maritime law is
such that it is not conducive to application of non-
maritime legislation for reaching the desired level of commercial justice. One reason is that the civil
commercial law in China is incomplete which leads to difficulties in finding the relevant rules to
match the maritime law. In addition to that, the maritime law contains special legal principles which
the general civil commercial law does not accommodate. As an example, there is no integrated
system to protect a third party in the Chinese civil legal system, unlike, for example, the Contracts
(Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 of the UK and the Contracts (Privity) Act 1982 of New Zealand,
among others. Where the terms of a charterparty are incorporated into a bill of lading, and a third
party holds the bill, the privity of contract is broken. At issue is whether the right of the bona fide
third party is protected as a priority, or the particularity of the maritime regime should be considered
prior to the rights of the third party; in other words, whether the function of improving the transfer
contention in this part, it is elaborated in the author’s other article. If possible, it would be published at the
CECCA’s newsletter in the near future.
21
In China, the Civil Code and the Commercial Code continue to suffer from having gaps and lacunae. In the
academic literature some hold that China should adopt the legal system of uniformity in both the civil law and
the commercial law, whereas others think that the civil law and the commercial law should be independent.
Without considering the different opinions in theory; in practice, where a specific law in the civil commercial
regime is short of legal principles to resolve issues, the principles under the general law will be applicable. For
example, the Contract Law, as opposed to the Maritime Code, is a general law.
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 18
of the bill of lading should prevail over protecting the bill of lading holder. Such an issue is outside
the scope of any general law. Consequently, the general law cannot apply to all maritime issues.
Where the general law cannot remedy maritime issues, the judicial interpretation and the direction
of judges will play a crucial role. In order to explain this point, it is necessary to understand the
Chinese legal system. Because China is a civil law jurisdiction, the Code is the single source of law
and judges are not vested with the power to make law or interpret legislation. In theory, judges are
largely dependent on the statute law. Where statute law provides the relevant principles and the
approach to a legal issue, it is comparatively straightforward to make a judicial decision, but not
otherwise.
However, in practice the situation is quite complicated. The incomplete maritime legislation with
few legal principles has left stronger discretionary powers in the hands of judges causing multiple
judgments and interpretations in relation to incorporating arbitration clauses. Where there are
insufficient provisions or legal rules to follow, some judges might make a decision, according to their
own discretion. In recent years, in order to avoid multiple and separate judgments in judicial
decisions, Supreme Court judges have articulated several principles through responses to individual
cases. These are treated as “case guidance” or instructions to courts in future cases even though
judges of lower courts can still make decisions according to their discretion.
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 19
4. Transport Law
Carriers Beware! – Circumstances in Which Navigation Addresses
Conflicting Liability Regimes (2)
Authored by Dr. Lijun Zhao22
3. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS GOVERNING DIFFERENT TYPES OF NAVIGATION -
ARTICLE 82 OF THE ROTTERDAM RULES.
Headed by the statement that “Nothing in this
Convention [RR] affects the application of any
of the following international conventions ...”,
Article 82 shows that the RR employ the
network-liability approach to deal with
potential conflicts between carriage
conventions. This Article is part of Chapter 17
of the RR (“Matters not governed by this
Convention”), which implies that the
circumstances described within Article 82 are
outside the scope of application of the RR (Berlingieri, 2009; Sturley et al., 2010).
The RR Article 82 (a) deals with the relationship between marine and air navigation in terms of
liability. Subparagraph (a) aims to prevent the RR from prevailing over any convention on the
carriage of goods by air (e.g. the Montreal Conventions) “to the
22
Dr Lijun Zhao is Lecturer in Law at Middlesex University School of Law, Co-Founding Director of the China-
Europe Commercial Collaboration Association (CECCA). Before joining academia, she was called to the Bar of
P.R. China. She also serves as a Qualified Fellow of the British Higher Education Association. This article is
originally published in Journal of Navigation, volume 68, issue 04, pp.784-790. The first two sections have been
published on Issue Four, CECCA NEWSLETTER.
20. Issue Five November 2017
CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 20
extent that such convention according to its terms applies to any part of the contract of carriage”.
Even though the Montreal Convention (UN, 1999) does not govern any period of “carriage by land,
by sea or by inland waterway outside an airport”, two exceptions fall within the Montreal
Convention’s coverage (under Articles 38 and 18·4). First, if air navigation takes place “in the
performance of a contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or trans-shipment,
any damage is presumed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which
took place during air transport”. Second, if a contract of carriage stipulates that goods would be
carried by air, and a carrier arbitrarily changes to another transport mode (e.g. by sea) without the
consent of the consignor. Thus, under these two circumstances, the Montreal Convention on air
transport can regulate marine navigation; navigators need to be aware that their liability is regulated
by the air carriage convention rather than a marine convention.
Regardless of the fact that the RR are not applicable in the two cases mentioned above, Article 82 (a)
does not suffice to harmonise other conflicts with air transport conventions, if the mode of navigation
causing damages cannot be proved. For in- stance, suppose there is a multimodal-transport contract,
including (international) air and marine navigation; some goods are carried by the modes agreed by
the carrier and the consignee (not the second circumstance mentioned above), and the goods are
damaged; however, the mode of transport resulting in damages is not identified (if the mode is
known, it is the first circumstance mentioned above) (Diamond, 2009; De Wit, 2010). Since the
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 21
navigation mode causing damages is unknown, it is debatable whether a maritime convention (e.g.
the RR) applies or not.
Similarly, Article 82’s subparagraphs
(b), (c) and (d) prevent the RR to a
limited extent from conflicting with
any existing convention which applies
for the types of navigation governing
carriage by road, rail and inland
waterways. Potential conflicts would
arise between the RR and a broad range
of sea-and-road transport instruments
(Thermo Engineers v Ferrymasters
Ltd); the CMR is one of these and
applies compulsorily. Under
Subparagraph (b), the RR merely scratch the surface of the problem of conflicting rules between the
sea and the road navigation (e.g. the CMR Article 2) for a roll-on and roll-off (ro-ro) carriage, in which
the goods carried “remain loaded on a road cargo vehicle carried on board a ship”. Therefore, Article
82 (b) will prevent the RR from prevailing over the CMR, if only “goods ... remain loaded on a road
cargo vehicle carried on board a ship”. That is, in the event of a ro-ro contract of carriage, the RR
would not conflict with the CMR which apply to the whole carriage. Nevertheless, other potential
conflicts still remain under this subparagraph as to carriage by road and sea.
Likewise, the same problem also applies to the RR Article 82 subparagraphs (c) and (d). Under
Subparagraph (c), the RR come into play as the “supplement to the carriage by rail”, without a clear
definition of “supplement” (Sturley et al, 2010). Under Subparagraph (d) on inland waterways
carriage, the RR are prevailed over in the very limited case of carriage “without trans-shipment both
by inland waterways and sea”; however, in this case, the Budapest Convention (CMNI Article 2.2)
may not be applicable. Consequently, there is a possibility that an inland waterway carriage without
trans-shipment both by inland waterways and sea is governed by neither the RR nor the Budapest
Convention.
Therefore, Article 82 has not addressed very well conflicts between conventions on different modes
of transport in cases of multimodal carriage. These problematic pro- visions cause legal uncertainties
for navigators. To address the conflicts which arise from litigation over allocated (because
unprovable) damage or loss, there are two options: first, to admit that both the RR and a potential
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 22
conflicting carriage convention are applicable, so that either puts Article 82 within another chapter
(rather than the current Chapter 17 “matters not governed by this Convention [RR]”), or maintain
that Article 82 be part of Chapter 17 of the RR, amending the title of Chapter 17 (e.g. to “Matters
suspending the Convention’s application”); second, to clearly state which convention prevails over
the others, or to set out a uniform level of liability in the event of unallocated damage, loss or delay
(Si and Guo, 2008).
4. LIMITED NETWORK APPROACH FOR CONFLICTING LIABILITY OF NAVIGATORS. RR Article
26 aims to establish a limited network system on carriers’ liability with regard to maritime-plus
multimodal transport, in order to reduce the conflicts between the RR and other international
instruments. For the application of this Article, it must be proved which navigation mode is liable
for damages through the proof of the place where damages occurred (Rasmussen, 2010). However, if
it cannot be proved where the event (loss, damage, or delay caused) occurred, or if the damage was
caused during one leg and continued during following legs, Article 26 is not applicable (De Wit,
2010). Thus, if a case falls outside this Article’s ambit, Article 26 itself cannot avoid the conflicts
between compulsory rules of different modes of transport (Diamond, 2009).
Moreover, Article 26 has not dealt with the relationships between the RR and mandatory national
laws which conflict with the RR. This is because the words “international instruments” (Article 26)
do not cover national laws, so Article 26 does not apply.
Furthermore, the use of the words “international instrument” in Article 26 implies regulation of
regional economic organisations, and thus they have a broader connotation than the word
“convention” (between nations) in Article 82 (Rasmussen, 2010). It is worth noting that Article 26
does not circumscribe the international instruments like those “in force at the time this Convention
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 23
[i.e. the RR] comes into force” (Article 82); rather it embraces instruments activated “at the time of
such loss, damage or event or circumstance causing delay” (van der Ziel, 2009). As we have seen, the
RR might be overridden by certain future international instruments. Thus it must be borne in mind
that an uncertain number of potential instruments could lead to lack of predictability on a worldwide
level, and increasing legal risks.
Therefore, in the three categories of circumstances mentioned above, it is difficult to predict how
potential conflicts among different transport modes can be resolved. These conflicts could also
promote legal uncertainty concerning similar cargo litigation in different jurisdictions, and
accompanying increased legal costs. In order to handle the conflicts between the RR and related
national laws, the wording “international instrument, at the time of such loss, damage or ... delay”
needs to be replaced and ensure that merely “international conventions” “in force at the time this
Convention [i.e. the RR] comes into force” prevailing over the RR. This new extension within Article
26 will regulate the relationships between the RR and national instruments. (Namely, the RR could
prevail over the national instruments).
5. CONCLUSION.
In short, the Rotterdam Rules include scope for maritime-plus coverage, applying to all modes of
transport. However, they have not sufficiently dealt with the conflicts between various rules for
different kinds of transportation and navigation. As regards multimodal transport containing a
seaborne leg, the RR could potentially conflict with a considerable number of international
conventions, instruments and national laws, which govern air, land and marine navigation. Indeed,
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 24
the conflicts become more difficult to harmonise when these rules apply compulsorily on air or land,
or inland waterway legs.
To avoid such conflicts, Articles 82 and 26 of the RR should cater for certain conflicts among various
legs in order to achieve a uniform sea cargo regime, but, as mentioned above, they only apply to a
limited number of circumstances from a wide possible range of conflicting events. Owing to this,
unaddressed conflicts will contribute to a considerable degree of uncertainty.
This issue of legal uncertainty is of importance from at least two perspectives. On the one hand, a
party would have difficulty in ascertaining its legal rights and liability when it enters a contract of
carriage. Article 26 itself has not addressed the issue that in some circumstances a contracting state
under the RR and another international convention may face incompatible obligations (Sturley at
al., 2010). Additionally, when a particular issue arises within a jurisdiction, it is likely to face
considerable legal costs to ensure compliance with related instruments and national laws. On the
other hand, from the perspective of a group of contracting states with similar problems, despite the
omission of any provision allowing the contracting state to embrace its national law in Article 26, it
is very difficult for a court to take account of both the Convention itself and of national laws (Bell,
2010). This is because the national law regarding the damages and loss may be governed by foreign
law, but a court usually has difficulty in identifying appropriate applicable laws, and also in dealing
with the conflicts between different mandatory rules of the international carriage conventions which
themselves are already very complex.
A comprehensive safeguard may address the problems of conflicts caused by Articles 82 and 26. An
earlier draft of the RR stated that “nothing contained in this Convention (the RR) prevents a
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 25
Contracting State from applying any other international instrument which is already in force at the
date of this Convention and that applies mandatorily to contracts of carriage of goods primarily by a
mode of transport other than carriage by sea” (RR Draft Article 89).
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CECCA NEWSLETTER cecca.org.uk 26
5. Event: Call for Papers
[LUMLPG] The Ninth Maritime Law And Policy International
Postgraduate Research Conference 2018
The London Universities Maritime Law and Policy Group and the International Commercial and
Transport Law Group [LUMLPG] is pleased to announce that the ninth maritime law and policy
international postgraduate research conference 2018 will be held at City, University of London on 20
April 2018. Now the organizer invites all researchers and postgraduate students wishing to present
their research to a friendly and supportive environment to join us at this conference. Submissions in
all areas of Maritime Law and Policy, including relevant interdisciplinary work, are very welcome.
Intending speakers should prepare an abstract (250 words) in Word and send it to
Shengnan.Jia@city.ac.uk. All submissions must include your institution, a contact address, an email
address and a contact phone number. Each speaker will present their research ideas or papers for 15
minutes and a 10-minute discussion will follow. Abstracts are invited from academics, industry
professionals and students (Masters or PhD) alike. The deadline for the submission is on 16th
February 2018.
To register your interest or to book a place at the Maritime Conference, please contact Ms. Shengnan
Jia at Shengnan.Jia@city.ac.uk. An online payment facility is available on our website at
https://www.city.ac.uk/events/2018/april/ninth-maritime-law-and-policy-conference.