This report details the latest Structural Quality and Technical Debt trends of software applications across industries and technology platforms using data from the CAST Appmarq database—the largest repository of its kind, with 745 applications representing 365 million lines of code submitted by 160 organizations.
A Data-Driven Approach to Balance Delivery Agility with Business Risk
While there are many ways to define and measure Technical Debt, one thing is clear—it has been growing exponentially as maintenance is starved and development teams are forced to cut corners to meet increasingly unrealistic delivery schedules. CAST clearly defines Technical Debt as the cost of fixing the structural quality problems in an application that, if left unfixed, are highly likely to cause major disruption and put the business at serious risk. Once Technical Debt is measured, it can be juxtaposed with the business value of applications to inform critical tradeoffs between delivery agility and business risk.
See how IT Risks Impacts your Business. CAST help you to check on software performance, stability, maintainability, and security vulnerabilities in which CAST excels and successfully differentiates from code analyzers.CAST’s Application Intelligence Platform and Rapid Portfolio Analysis solutions can help you avoid these types of “software glitches” or "software risks" by allowing you to gain greater visibility through automated code review that identifies the root causes of risks before they become production problems, while expediting time-to-market with shorter release time lines and improved business agility.
Future of Software Analysis & Measurement_CASTCAST
Read this informative presentation with contributions from experts on the Future of Software Analysis and Measurement: Dan Galorath, President & CEO of Galorath Inc and Bill Curtis, SVP & Chief Scientist, CAST will have an engaging discussion moderated by David Herron, VP, Knowledge Solution Services, David Consulting Group. These industry veterans will how SAM tools coupled with estimate models can impact organizational performance through increased ROI, customer satisfaction and business value.
To view the webinar, visit http://www.castsoftware.com/news-events/event/future-of-SAM?gad=ss
The document summarizes the key findings of the CRASH Report from 2014, which analyzes the structural quality of 1316 applications from 212 organizations. The report focuses on 5 health factors: robustness, performance, security, changeability, and transferability. The key findings include:
- Applications from CMMI Level 1 organizations had substantially lower scores on all health factors than applications from CMMI Level 2 or 3 organizations.
- A mix of agile and waterfall development methods produced higher health factor scores than either method alone.
- The choice to develop applications in-house versus outsourced or onshore versus offshore had little effect on health factor scores.
- Applications serving over 5,000
Software Defect Prediction Techniques in the Automotive Domain: Evaluation, S...RAKESH RANA
Software Defect Prediction Techniques in the Automotive Domain: Evaluation, Selection and Adoption
PhD Defense, Göteborg, Sweden
Feb, 2015
Get full text of publication at:
http://rakeshrana.website/index.php/work/publications/
This document is a report on the state of software security that analyzes data from over 200,000 security assessments of applications from different industry verticals. Some key findings include: 1) Financial services and manufacturing industries remediate the majority (65-81%) of vulnerabilities found; 2) Government organizations remediate only 27% of vulnerabilities, the lowest rate among industries; 3) Healthcare applications commonly have cryptographic issues and a low remediation rate of 43%. The report provides insights into software security risks and remediation rates across different industries.
The optimization service for CustomerA's network by 360Cellutions was a success. In 4 months, over 450 recommendations were made and over 200 were implemented, leading to improvements in key performance indicators like signal quality, throughput, and usage. Advanced tools like SYS and FDI were introduced to increase visibility into the network and identify issues. Comprehensive daily drive testing and data analysis identified previously unknown problems and helped solve chronic issues.
This document discusses application lifecycle management (ALM) trends in open source interoperability. It describes the complex ALM landscape involving requirements, development, testing, and deployment. It highlights the need for integrating diverse ALM tools from different vendors. The Eclipse ALF project is presented as establishing technology standards and interoperability vision to allow integration of different ALM products. The motives and beneficiaries of the Eclipse ALF initiative are critically explored, with the possibility raised of emulating its open source model for a localized ALM framework.
A Data-Driven Approach to Balance Delivery Agility with Business Risk
While there are many ways to define and measure Technical Debt, one thing is clear—it has been growing exponentially as maintenance is starved and development teams are forced to cut corners to meet increasingly unrealistic delivery schedules. CAST clearly defines Technical Debt as the cost of fixing the structural quality problems in an application that, if left unfixed, are highly likely to cause major disruption and put the business at serious risk. Once Technical Debt is measured, it can be juxtaposed with the business value of applications to inform critical tradeoffs between delivery agility and business risk.
See how IT Risks Impacts your Business. CAST help you to check on software performance, stability, maintainability, and security vulnerabilities in which CAST excels and successfully differentiates from code analyzers.CAST’s Application Intelligence Platform and Rapid Portfolio Analysis solutions can help you avoid these types of “software glitches” or "software risks" by allowing you to gain greater visibility through automated code review that identifies the root causes of risks before they become production problems, while expediting time-to-market with shorter release time lines and improved business agility.
Future of Software Analysis & Measurement_CASTCAST
Read this informative presentation with contributions from experts on the Future of Software Analysis and Measurement: Dan Galorath, President & CEO of Galorath Inc and Bill Curtis, SVP & Chief Scientist, CAST will have an engaging discussion moderated by David Herron, VP, Knowledge Solution Services, David Consulting Group. These industry veterans will how SAM tools coupled with estimate models can impact organizational performance through increased ROI, customer satisfaction and business value.
To view the webinar, visit http://www.castsoftware.com/news-events/event/future-of-SAM?gad=ss
The document summarizes the key findings of the CRASH Report from 2014, which analyzes the structural quality of 1316 applications from 212 organizations. The report focuses on 5 health factors: robustness, performance, security, changeability, and transferability. The key findings include:
- Applications from CMMI Level 1 organizations had substantially lower scores on all health factors than applications from CMMI Level 2 or 3 organizations.
- A mix of agile and waterfall development methods produced higher health factor scores than either method alone.
- The choice to develop applications in-house versus outsourced or onshore versus offshore had little effect on health factor scores.
- Applications serving over 5,000
Software Defect Prediction Techniques in the Automotive Domain: Evaluation, S...RAKESH RANA
Software Defect Prediction Techniques in the Automotive Domain: Evaluation, Selection and Adoption
PhD Defense, Göteborg, Sweden
Feb, 2015
Get full text of publication at:
http://rakeshrana.website/index.php/work/publications/
This document is a report on the state of software security that analyzes data from over 200,000 security assessments of applications from different industry verticals. Some key findings include: 1) Financial services and manufacturing industries remediate the majority (65-81%) of vulnerabilities found; 2) Government organizations remediate only 27% of vulnerabilities, the lowest rate among industries; 3) Healthcare applications commonly have cryptographic issues and a low remediation rate of 43%. The report provides insights into software security risks and remediation rates across different industries.
The optimization service for CustomerA's network by 360Cellutions was a success. In 4 months, over 450 recommendations were made and over 200 were implemented, leading to improvements in key performance indicators like signal quality, throughput, and usage. Advanced tools like SYS and FDI were introduced to increase visibility into the network and identify issues. Comprehensive daily drive testing and data analysis identified previously unknown problems and helped solve chronic issues.
This document discusses application lifecycle management (ALM) trends in open source interoperability. It describes the complex ALM landscape involving requirements, development, testing, and deployment. It highlights the need for integrating diverse ALM tools from different vendors. The Eclipse ALF project is presented as establishing technology standards and interoperability vision to allow integration of different ALM products. The motives and beneficiaries of the Eclipse ALF initiative are critically explored, with the possibility raised of emulating its open source model for a localized ALM framework.
Turn network and customer data into actionable insight
Whether you are a wireless, wireline, or cable network operator, the customer is king. From retaining existing customers to acquiring new subscribers from your competitors, competitive advantage in the fast-moving communications market is all about customer satisfaction and network modernization.
Alteryx Strategic Analytics allows you to combine massive volumes of business and engineering data from your Business Support Systems (BSS) and Operational Support Systems (OSS) with third-party demographic, firmagraphic, and industry-specific data in single, integrated environment. Powerful analytics transform disparate data into actionable insight with geographic significance, so you can make strategic decisions about network expansion, customer acquisition and retention, proactive maintenance, and other critical improvements.
Plus, results can be easily shared across your company to enable agile decisions that improve network performance, increase customer satisfaction, and drive new revenue opportunities.
By applying engineering analytics across the business, manufacturers can reimagine how they design, produce and deliver new products and services that resonate with customer needs and preferences.
Industrial perspective on static analysisChirag Thumar
by BA Wichmann, AA. Canning, D.L. Clutterbuck, LA Winsborrow,
N.J. Ward and D.W.R. Marsh
Static analysis within industrial applications
provides a means of gaining higher assurance
for critical software. This survey notes several
problems, such as the lack of adequate
standards, difficulty in assessing benefits,
validation of the model used and acceptance
by regulatory bodies. It concludes by outlining
potential solutions and future directions.
KLA-Tencor Corp is a process control and yield management solutions company that provides defect inspection tools and metrology equipment to semiconductor and related industries. It generates most of its revenue outside the US, particularly in Taiwan, Korea, China, and Japan. The document discusses KLA-Tencor's business segments, industry overview of the growing semiconductor equipment market, catalysts such as growth in China, and risks related to revenue concentration among few customers and potential reduction in capital expenditure. It recommends buying KLA-Tencor based on an investment thesis of the company's dominance in the PDC segment, strong fundamentals, and positioning for growth driven by industry trends.
Detailed Infrastructure Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides is a visually-stimulating virtual tool to represent organizational infrastructure insights. Our asset management PPT theme features griping graphical layouts so that your audience can easily comprehend sophisticated data. This infrastructure management PowerPoint slideshow helps you to elaborate on key funding areas and drivers for sustainable infrastructure management. Use this property management PPT template to illustrate the framework, process, and life cycle of asset management. By the means of our asset maintenance PowerPoint presentation, you can demonstrate inventory assessment and condition assessment for an individual facility. Take advantage of this asset analysis PPT deck to elucidate the types of deterioration models and risk assessment. Showcase infrastructure optimization, asset management decision journey, and value-driven decision-making methodology using our asset management PowerPoint theme. Portray performance and cost function dynamics related to infrastructure management, using the construction analysis PPT slideshow. So, download this asset management PPT slideshow to create a comprehensive presentation within moments. https://bit.ly/2TITq3p
IRJET- A Design Approach for Basic Telecom OperationIRJET Journal
This document discusses using aspect-oriented programming to handle cross-cutting concerns in telecom operations. It proposes developing cross-cutting concerns like consistency checking as separate aspect modules. This allows cross-cutting concerns to be modularized without impacting the core functionality modules. The document presents class and sequence diagrams to model a basic telecom operation and discusses how aspect-oriented programming can be used to implement consistency checking as a cross-cutting concern in the telecom system.
Limited Budget but Effective End to End MLOps Practices (Machine Learning Mod...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a low-cost approach to implementing a typical MLops pipeline for small organizations without expensive cloud platforms. It describes:
1. Using Python, R, SQL and shell scripts to manage the entire ML workflow on-premises, covering data management, model building/management, deployment, monitoring and continuous training.
2. Key elements like a centralized code/model repository, computation platform to execute code, and periodic deployment via cron jobs to integrate changes.
3. A model drift and continuous training process that retrains models if performance declines, and a data drift analysis method to measure parameter impacts.
4. Several use cases like customer churn modeling that can be effectively implemented this way
Whitepaper oracle applications_updated with new opkey logoImranAhmad455575
This document discusses challenges with testing Oracle Applications and how automation can help address them. It outlines 9 key challenges including the huge size and complexity of Oracle Applications, tightly integrated technologies, stability concerns with creating custom test automation tools, issues with test localization, handling dynamic object properties, limited test coverage, inability to auto-switch between different application environments, constraints on modular object handling, and the need for technical expertise. It then describes how the Opkey Oracle Applications accelerator can help automate testing, reduce costs and time, improve coverage, and make testing accessible for non-technical users through its pre-built components and drag-and-drop interface.
This document discusses software quality measurement and outlines an ecosystem and objectives for the Center for Information-Driven Quality (CISQ). The objectives are to:
1. Raise awareness of the challenge of IT software quality.
2. Develop standard, automatable measures and anti-patterns for evaluating software quality.
3. Promote global acceptance of quality standards in acquiring software.
4. Develop infrastructure like authorized assessors and conforming products.
The document provides an introduction to an advanced production accounting (APA) framework called APA-FP-IMF that is applied to a tin-iron flotation plant case study. The framework models the plant using a unit-operation-port-state superstructure (UOPSS) and solves the resulting bilinear data reconciliation problem to determine if any gross errors are present in the plant data. The analysis finds no statistically detectable gross errors.
ConAgra Foods leveraged SAP to support reliability analytics across its consumer plants. It created a Reliability Center of Excellence to optimize SAP configuration for reliability, including developing a taxonomy, criticality analysis, and workflows. Key aspects included linking failure mode and effect analysis to technical object catalogs, developing granular criticality ratings, and optimizing maintenance workflows. The presentation provided examples of how these reliability tools and processes were implemented in SAP.
Better testing for C# software through source code analysiskalistick
You are probably using source code analysis for your C# software in order to ensure code quality. Want to go further ? You can use source code analysis to test the software more efficiently through risk based testing and improved regression testing and then deliver the software faster reducing testing cost in the meantime
Operational Infrastructure Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides is a highly visual custom tool. This PPT theme is loaded with impactful data visualization tools to reflect your asset management plan. Using our PowerPoint slideshow you can cover all the aspects related to enterprise asset management with considerable ease. The comprehensive format and the concise design elements help users to consolidate huge volumes of data without utilizing much room. Take advantage of the engaging graphics of our PPT templates to elucidate the asset management process. The easy-to-follow layout of this workplace infrastructure PowerPoint presentation not only helps users but also the audience. The neat tabular format of our organizational infrastructure PPT slideshow facilitates asset assessment for infrastructure companies. Elaborate on risk assessment and types of deteriorating models through this infrastructure asset management PowerPoint theme. Utilize the KPI metrics and dashboard diagrams to compile key facts and stats. So, download this work infrastructure PPT deck to create an impressive presentation in no time. Our Operational Infrastructure Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides are explicit and effective. They combine clarity and concise expression. https://bit.ly/34ZTySc
IRJET - Augmented Tangible Style using 8051 MCUIRJET Journal
This document describes the optimization of an 8051 microcontroller design using VLSI techniques. The original 8051 design operated at 12 MHz with a large chip area due to its 3.5um process technology. The authors synthesized the RTL code of the 8051 using a 90nm process, which allowed it to operate at 150 MHz with a 77249.814850um2 chip area, 12.5x faster and 30% smaller than the original. Floorplanning, placement, routing, and other physical design steps were performed. Power consumption was reduced by at least 32% to 593.9899uW compared to other 8051 derivatives. The optimized design demonstrated significant improvements in speed, area, and power consumption through
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document provides a selective survey of software reliability models. It discusses both static models used in early development stages and dynamic models used later. For static models, it describes a phase-based model and predictive development life cycle model. For dynamic models, it outlines reliability growth models, including binomial, Poisson, and other classes. It also presents a case study of incorporating code changes as a covariate into reliability modeling during testing of a large telecommunications system. The document concludes by advocating for wider use of statistical software reliability models to improve development and testing processes.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
Make Your Application “Oracle RAC Ready” & Test For ItMarkus Michalewicz
This presentation talks about the secrets behind Oracle RAC’s horizontal scaling algorithm, Cache Fusion, and how you can ensure that your application is “Oracle RAC ready.”. It discusses do's and don'ts and how to test your application for "Oracle RAC readiness". This version was first presented in Sangam19.
This document analyzes Satec's EOS SCADA system and identifies features of competitor products that could help increase sales. It compares Satec to other vendors like Skytron, GreenPowerMonitor, AlsoEnergy, First Solar, Arc Informatique, Locus Energy and Schneider Electric. Key features discussed include financial reporting tools, system optimization tools, statistical analysis capabilities, improved aesthetics and usability, and grid integration solutions. The document aims to help Satec identify opportunities to improve their EOS application based on advantages observed in competing products.
Software engineering in industrial automation state of-the-art reviewTiago Oliveira
This document summarizes recent developments in software engineering for industrial automation systems. It discusses how software is becoming increasingly important and complex in industrial automation, representing 40% of system costs in some cases. The document reviews key areas of software engineering as they relate to industrial automation, including requirements, design, construction, testing, maintenance, and standards/norms. It provides an overview of typical automation system architectures and software functions.
This document discusses the application of statistical process control (SPC) in automotive manufacturing. It provides 4 case studies that demonstrate both basic and advanced applications of SPC, including using SPC with multivariate analysis and design of experiments. It also describes a case where SPC was ignored, leading to failed experiments. The case studies illustrate how SPC can be used to monitor and improve processes, reduce variation, and gain understanding of process capabilities.
Six steps-to-enhance-performance-of-critical-systemsCAST
To view more ways to improve application performance: https://bit.ly/2OZGxgf
This white paper presents a six-step Application Performance
Application Development and Maintenance (ADM) teams often face performance issues in applications during the testing phase when an application is almost complete which results in delays and business loss. The performance modeling process using software Intelligence to identify and eliminate performance flaws before they reach to production level.
By adding dynamic performance testing with automated structural quality analysis, ADM team get early and important information that might be missed with a pure dynamic approach such as inefficient loops or SQL queries and improve the development lifecycle. The combined approach will result in detection of performance issues within the application software.
This white paper presents a six-step Performance Modeling Process using automated structural quality analysis to identify these potential performance issues at the earlier stage in the development lifecycle which results in reducing the cost but also intercept business from any kind of downfall.
This white paper helps to understand different approaches of structural quality analysis and illustrate the modeling process at work.
To view more ways to improve application performance: https://bit.ly/2OZGxgf
Application Performance: 6 Steps to Enhance Performance of Critical SystemsCAST
See more ways to improve application performance: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/Improve-adm-quality
This white paper presents a six-step Application Performance
Modeling Process using software intelligence to identify potential performance issues earlier in the development lifecycle. Enriching dynamic testing with structural quality analysis gives ADM teams insight into the performance behavior of applications by highlighting critical application performance issues, especially when combined with runtime
information.
By adding structural quality analysis, ADM teams learn important information about violations of architectural and programming best practices earlier in the development lifecycle than with a pure dynamic testing approach. Structural quality analysis as part of the performance modeling process allows for fact-based insight into application complexity (e.g. multiple layers, dynamics of their interactions, complexity of SQL, etc.) and allows ADM managers to anticipate evolution of the runtime context (e.g. growing volume of data, higher number of transactions, etc.). The combined approach results in better detection of latent application performance issues within software. Resolving application performance issues early in the development cycle, these alerts help to not only save money but also prevent complete business disruptions.
See more ways to improve application performance: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/Improve-adm-quality
More Related Content
Similar to 2011/2012 CAST report on Application Software Quality (CRASH)
Turn network and customer data into actionable insight
Whether you are a wireless, wireline, or cable network operator, the customer is king. From retaining existing customers to acquiring new subscribers from your competitors, competitive advantage in the fast-moving communications market is all about customer satisfaction and network modernization.
Alteryx Strategic Analytics allows you to combine massive volumes of business and engineering data from your Business Support Systems (BSS) and Operational Support Systems (OSS) with third-party demographic, firmagraphic, and industry-specific data in single, integrated environment. Powerful analytics transform disparate data into actionable insight with geographic significance, so you can make strategic decisions about network expansion, customer acquisition and retention, proactive maintenance, and other critical improvements.
Plus, results can be easily shared across your company to enable agile decisions that improve network performance, increase customer satisfaction, and drive new revenue opportunities.
By applying engineering analytics across the business, manufacturers can reimagine how they design, produce and deliver new products and services that resonate with customer needs and preferences.
Industrial perspective on static analysisChirag Thumar
by BA Wichmann, AA. Canning, D.L. Clutterbuck, LA Winsborrow,
N.J. Ward and D.W.R. Marsh
Static analysis within industrial applications
provides a means of gaining higher assurance
for critical software. This survey notes several
problems, such as the lack of adequate
standards, difficulty in assessing benefits,
validation of the model used and acceptance
by regulatory bodies. It concludes by outlining
potential solutions and future directions.
KLA-Tencor Corp is a process control and yield management solutions company that provides defect inspection tools and metrology equipment to semiconductor and related industries. It generates most of its revenue outside the US, particularly in Taiwan, Korea, China, and Japan. The document discusses KLA-Tencor's business segments, industry overview of the growing semiconductor equipment market, catalysts such as growth in China, and risks related to revenue concentration among few customers and potential reduction in capital expenditure. It recommends buying KLA-Tencor based on an investment thesis of the company's dominance in the PDC segment, strong fundamentals, and positioning for growth driven by industry trends.
Detailed Infrastructure Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides is a visually-stimulating virtual tool to represent organizational infrastructure insights. Our asset management PPT theme features griping graphical layouts so that your audience can easily comprehend sophisticated data. This infrastructure management PowerPoint slideshow helps you to elaborate on key funding areas and drivers for sustainable infrastructure management. Use this property management PPT template to illustrate the framework, process, and life cycle of asset management. By the means of our asset maintenance PowerPoint presentation, you can demonstrate inventory assessment and condition assessment for an individual facility. Take advantage of this asset analysis PPT deck to elucidate the types of deterioration models and risk assessment. Showcase infrastructure optimization, asset management decision journey, and value-driven decision-making methodology using our asset management PowerPoint theme. Portray performance and cost function dynamics related to infrastructure management, using the construction analysis PPT slideshow. So, download this asset management PPT slideshow to create a comprehensive presentation within moments. https://bit.ly/2TITq3p
IRJET- A Design Approach for Basic Telecom OperationIRJET Journal
This document discusses using aspect-oriented programming to handle cross-cutting concerns in telecom operations. It proposes developing cross-cutting concerns like consistency checking as separate aspect modules. This allows cross-cutting concerns to be modularized without impacting the core functionality modules. The document presents class and sequence diagrams to model a basic telecom operation and discusses how aspect-oriented programming can be used to implement consistency checking as a cross-cutting concern in the telecom system.
Limited Budget but Effective End to End MLOps Practices (Machine Learning Mod...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a low-cost approach to implementing a typical MLops pipeline for small organizations without expensive cloud platforms. It describes:
1. Using Python, R, SQL and shell scripts to manage the entire ML workflow on-premises, covering data management, model building/management, deployment, monitoring and continuous training.
2. Key elements like a centralized code/model repository, computation platform to execute code, and periodic deployment via cron jobs to integrate changes.
3. A model drift and continuous training process that retrains models if performance declines, and a data drift analysis method to measure parameter impacts.
4. Several use cases like customer churn modeling that can be effectively implemented this way
Whitepaper oracle applications_updated with new opkey logoImranAhmad455575
This document discusses challenges with testing Oracle Applications and how automation can help address them. It outlines 9 key challenges including the huge size and complexity of Oracle Applications, tightly integrated technologies, stability concerns with creating custom test automation tools, issues with test localization, handling dynamic object properties, limited test coverage, inability to auto-switch between different application environments, constraints on modular object handling, and the need for technical expertise. It then describes how the Opkey Oracle Applications accelerator can help automate testing, reduce costs and time, improve coverage, and make testing accessible for non-technical users through its pre-built components and drag-and-drop interface.
This document discusses software quality measurement and outlines an ecosystem and objectives for the Center for Information-Driven Quality (CISQ). The objectives are to:
1. Raise awareness of the challenge of IT software quality.
2. Develop standard, automatable measures and anti-patterns for evaluating software quality.
3. Promote global acceptance of quality standards in acquiring software.
4. Develop infrastructure like authorized assessors and conforming products.
The document provides an introduction to an advanced production accounting (APA) framework called APA-FP-IMF that is applied to a tin-iron flotation plant case study. The framework models the plant using a unit-operation-port-state superstructure (UOPSS) and solves the resulting bilinear data reconciliation problem to determine if any gross errors are present in the plant data. The analysis finds no statistically detectable gross errors.
ConAgra Foods leveraged SAP to support reliability analytics across its consumer plants. It created a Reliability Center of Excellence to optimize SAP configuration for reliability, including developing a taxonomy, criticality analysis, and workflows. Key aspects included linking failure mode and effect analysis to technical object catalogs, developing granular criticality ratings, and optimizing maintenance workflows. The presentation provided examples of how these reliability tools and processes were implemented in SAP.
Better testing for C# software through source code analysiskalistick
You are probably using source code analysis for your C# software in order to ensure code quality. Want to go further ? You can use source code analysis to test the software more efficiently through risk based testing and improved regression testing and then deliver the software faster reducing testing cost in the meantime
Operational Infrastructure Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides is a highly visual custom tool. This PPT theme is loaded with impactful data visualization tools to reflect your asset management plan. Using our PowerPoint slideshow you can cover all the aspects related to enterprise asset management with considerable ease. The comprehensive format and the concise design elements help users to consolidate huge volumes of data without utilizing much room. Take advantage of the engaging graphics of our PPT templates to elucidate the asset management process. The easy-to-follow layout of this workplace infrastructure PowerPoint presentation not only helps users but also the audience. The neat tabular format of our organizational infrastructure PPT slideshow facilitates asset assessment for infrastructure companies. Elaborate on risk assessment and types of deteriorating models through this infrastructure asset management PowerPoint theme. Utilize the KPI metrics and dashboard diagrams to compile key facts and stats. So, download this work infrastructure PPT deck to create an impressive presentation in no time. Our Operational Infrastructure Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides are explicit and effective. They combine clarity and concise expression. https://bit.ly/34ZTySc
IRJET - Augmented Tangible Style using 8051 MCUIRJET Journal
This document describes the optimization of an 8051 microcontroller design using VLSI techniques. The original 8051 design operated at 12 MHz with a large chip area due to its 3.5um process technology. The authors synthesized the RTL code of the 8051 using a 90nm process, which allowed it to operate at 150 MHz with a 77249.814850um2 chip area, 12.5x faster and 30% smaller than the original. Floorplanning, placement, routing, and other physical design steps were performed. Power consumption was reduced by at least 32% to 593.9899uW compared to other 8051 derivatives. The optimized design demonstrated significant improvements in speed, area, and power consumption through
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document provides a selective survey of software reliability models. It discusses both static models used in early development stages and dynamic models used later. For static models, it describes a phase-based model and predictive development life cycle model. For dynamic models, it outlines reliability growth models, including binomial, Poisson, and other classes. It also presents a case study of incorporating code changes as a covariate into reliability modeling during testing of a large telecommunications system. The document concludes by advocating for wider use of statistical software reliability models to improve development and testing processes.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
Make Your Application “Oracle RAC Ready” & Test For ItMarkus Michalewicz
This presentation talks about the secrets behind Oracle RAC’s horizontal scaling algorithm, Cache Fusion, and how you can ensure that your application is “Oracle RAC ready.”. It discusses do's and don'ts and how to test your application for "Oracle RAC readiness". This version was first presented in Sangam19.
This document analyzes Satec's EOS SCADA system and identifies features of competitor products that could help increase sales. It compares Satec to other vendors like Skytron, GreenPowerMonitor, AlsoEnergy, First Solar, Arc Informatique, Locus Energy and Schneider Electric. Key features discussed include financial reporting tools, system optimization tools, statistical analysis capabilities, improved aesthetics and usability, and grid integration solutions. The document aims to help Satec identify opportunities to improve their EOS application based on advantages observed in competing products.
Software engineering in industrial automation state of-the-art reviewTiago Oliveira
This document summarizes recent developments in software engineering for industrial automation systems. It discusses how software is becoming increasingly important and complex in industrial automation, representing 40% of system costs in some cases. The document reviews key areas of software engineering as they relate to industrial automation, including requirements, design, construction, testing, maintenance, and standards/norms. It provides an overview of typical automation system architectures and software functions.
This document discusses the application of statistical process control (SPC) in automotive manufacturing. It provides 4 case studies that demonstrate both basic and advanced applications of SPC, including using SPC with multivariate analysis and design of experiments. It also describes a case where SPC was ignored, leading to failed experiments. The case studies illustrate how SPC can be used to monitor and improve processes, reduce variation, and gain understanding of process capabilities.
Similar to 2011/2012 CAST report on Application Software Quality (CRASH) (20)
Six steps-to-enhance-performance-of-critical-systemsCAST
To view more ways to improve application performance: https://bit.ly/2OZGxgf
This white paper presents a six-step Application Performance
Application Development and Maintenance (ADM) teams often face performance issues in applications during the testing phase when an application is almost complete which results in delays and business loss. The performance modeling process using software Intelligence to identify and eliminate performance flaws before they reach to production level.
By adding dynamic performance testing with automated structural quality analysis, ADM team get early and important information that might be missed with a pure dynamic approach such as inefficient loops or SQL queries and improve the development lifecycle. The combined approach will result in detection of performance issues within the application software.
This white paper presents a six-step Performance Modeling Process using automated structural quality analysis to identify these potential performance issues at the earlier stage in the development lifecycle which results in reducing the cost but also intercept business from any kind of downfall.
This white paper helps to understand different approaches of structural quality analysis and illustrate the modeling process at work.
To view more ways to improve application performance: https://bit.ly/2OZGxgf
Application Performance: 6 Steps to Enhance Performance of Critical SystemsCAST
See more ways to improve application performance: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/Improve-adm-quality
This white paper presents a six-step Application Performance
Modeling Process using software intelligence to identify potential performance issues earlier in the development lifecycle. Enriching dynamic testing with structural quality analysis gives ADM teams insight into the performance behavior of applications by highlighting critical application performance issues, especially when combined with runtime
information.
By adding structural quality analysis, ADM teams learn important information about violations of architectural and programming best practices earlier in the development lifecycle than with a pure dynamic testing approach. Structural quality analysis as part of the performance modeling process allows for fact-based insight into application complexity (e.g. multiple layers, dynamics of their interactions, complexity of SQL, etc.) and allows ADM managers to anticipate evolution of the runtime context (e.g. growing volume of data, higher number of transactions, etc.). The combined approach results in better detection of latent application performance issues within software. Resolving application performance issues early in the development cycle, these alerts help to not only save money but also prevent complete business disruptions.
See more ways to improve application performance: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/Improve-adm-quality
See how to Assess Your Application: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/application-assessment
Assessing application development like the rest of the business
Well overdue, it is time to measure application development and
maintenance the same way as the rest of the business, based on not just how much work someone does, but how well they do the work. As we know, looking to see if the code works as expected is only a single measurement. Knowing how easy it will be to maintain over time, how flexible it is to change as required by business changes, how quickly new team members can understand the code and get working on it and how easily the application can be tested are just some of the things that we need to look at in order to understand the real quality of the work being done by application development teams. When these measurements are combined with ways of counting the productivity (quantity) of development teams, we can get a real understanding of how well the teams are performing and what return is being realized from the investment. These measurements can be assessed both for in-house development organizations as well as the work being done by outsourcers.
The applications delivered by IT are a significant differentiator between competitors and therefore it needs to be managed as a core business process. Held up against corporate standards and no matter how or where the development work is done, it must be done well and the resulting applications need to be able to withstand time.
See how to Assess Your Application: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/application-assessment
Cloud Migration: Azure acceleration with CAST HighlightCAST
Learn how to accelerate your cloud migration: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/cloud-readiness-and-migration
Cloud migration is table stakes for digital transformation initiatives. The driving factors to get to the cloud vary from organization to organization...for some, it's about cost savings and for others, it's about creating smarter apps that support continuous innovation.
IaaS – For organizations looking to reduce costs, Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a great option. IaaS is sometimes described as "Lift and Shift" – when applications are moved from an existing infrastructure to a cloud infrastructure. This helps save money by reducing the hardware needed to run those applications and providing flexibility to adjust infrastructure requirements on-demand.
PaaS – For organizations looking for smarter deployments that facilitate digital transformation, streamline the delivery of new feature and support emerging technologies like IoT and Machine Learning, Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a more suitable option. While a considerable percentage of new application development is done with a cloud-first mentality, most legacy software is not optimized for a cloud environment.
So now the question becomes, how do I get my existing application portfolios ready for cloud migration so I can take full advantage of new technologies and processes
Software Intelligence-Based Cloud Readiness
So you’re ready for PaaS, but before you begin to assess the technical and structural requirements of the migration, you must also determine the business drivers for cloud and the desired outcomes. Setting a cloud migration roadmap that is based on comprehensive Software Intelligence that considers both business drivers and technical features of your applications is a critical first step.
Learn how to accelerate your cloud migration: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/cloud-readiness-and-migration
Cloud Readiness : CAST & Microsoft Azure Partnership OverviewCAST
Learn more about accelerating Cloud Migration: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/cloud-readiness-and-migration
A joint team from CAST and Microsoft worked to define rules that assess the ability of an existing codebase to migrate to Microsoft Azure. The team then integrated the rules into CAST Highlight and moved the solution itself to Azure.
In this report, we describe the process and what we did before, during, and after the hackfest, including the following:
• How we produced the rules that assess the ability to migrate to Azure
• How we benchmarked the rules
• How we migrated the CAST Highlight service to Azure
• What the architecture looked like and future plans
• Learnings from the process
Our first objective was to define rules that assess the ability of applications to migrate to Azure and integrate those rules into CAST Highlight. This was the more-complex task for our team.
Our second objective was to move the existing application to Azure, thus profiting from App Service features such as auto-scaling and deployment slots. The existing application is a Java web app running on Apache Tomcat and using PostgreSQL as its database. This is a frequent scenario for web applications running in Azure, so we did not anticipate having any issues with this task.
Learn more about accelerating Cloud Migration: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/cloud-readiness-and-migration
Cloud Migration: Cloud Readiness Assessment Case StudyCAST
Learn more about Cloud Migration: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/cloud-readiness-and-migration
Review this case study of a CIO migrating applications to Microsoft Azure to see how a cloud readiness assessment help to identify obstacles preventing the organization from moving faster to Azure. Learn how to gain quick visibility through an objective assessment of your core application's cloud readiness, before you plan your cloud migration.
Learn more about Cloud Migration: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/cloud-readiness-and-migration
Digital Transformation e-book: Taking the 20X20n approach to accelerating Dig...CAST
More information on Digital Transformation here: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/accelerate-it-modernization
The digital transformation wave is hitting its peak. An IDC
study found that global enterprise spending related to digital
experiences is set to reach $1.7 trillion in 2019.
The problem is that companies are spending heavily on
digital transformation, but not getting results: Approximately
59 percent of those polled in the IDC study identified as
companies at a digital impasse—stuck in an early stage of
maturation and struggling to move forward.
Digital transformation frameworks—formalized strategies that
define priorities and create clear technology roadmaps —are
essential to becoming a digitally mature organization. The
20x20n approach gives organizations an iterative, cohesive
base to build their efforts around. It isn’t just a high-level
philosophy, it’s a pragmatic, analytics-driven framework.
More information on Digital Transformation here: https://www.castsoftware.com/use-cases/accelerate-it-modernization
1) Computers will never be completely secure due to the immense complexity of software and the many potential vulnerabilities across entire technology supply chains.
2) The risks of computer insecurity are growing as computers are integrated into more physical systems like cars, medical devices, and household appliances through the "Internet of Things".
3) While technical solutions can help, the incentives for companies to prioritize security are often weak, and economic and policy tools may be needed to better manage cyber risks, such as through regulation, liability standards, and cybersecurity insurance.
Green indexes used in CAST to measure the energy consumption in codeCAST
This document describes CAST's Green IT Index, which aims to measure the energy consumption of code. CAST analyzes software at the system, module, and program levels using over 1500 checks. The Green IT Index aggregates quality rules related to efficiency and robustness, which impact energy usage. It is calculated based on rules in 5 technical criteria for efficiency and 3 for robustness. The index helps identify parts of software that could be optimized to reduce wasted CPU resources and lower energy consumption. CAST is seeking feedback on this approach to refine how the Green IT Index is composed.
Building Business Capabilities and Improving the Application Landscape
1. Balance Decision Making: Top-down for business capabilities; bottom-up effective landscape
2. 3 Categories are used for building the IT budget: Assign metrics that drive prioritization based on business outcomes
3. New projects should balance new capability with business risk
4. Improve landscape: accelerate time to market
5. Improve landscape: budget for high availability of critical applications and improve runtime performance
6. Improve Landscape: Strive to reduce business risks caused by application vulnerabilities
7. Improve Landscape: Prepare for dynamic staffing models
8. Improve landscape: Reduce applications support cost
9. Break Fix
Improving ADM Vendor Relationship through Outcome Based ContractsCAST
How shifting focus from time-based to outcome-based contracts improves supplier relationships and drives value.
One of the major challenges between a client and application development and maintenance supplier is that their relationship is defined by the production and management of time. Most ADM contracts can be reduced to a simple equation: Price = Rate(s) x Hours.
Suppliers remove Cost of Labor from rate to find profit, however; both parties manage time as the key variable. While these contracts are governed by project plans and deliverables, the client and supplier’s primary goal is to manage the consumption of time, not the production of business value.
Drive Business Excellence with Outcomes-Based Contracting: The OBC ToolkitCAST
Making Outcomes-Based Contracting Work With Facts
Introduction by Amit Anand, Robert Asen & Vijay Anand of Cognizant
Using metrics to develop effective results-based contracts
Managing outcome based application contracts requires a combination of scope management,
pricing, and, above all, quality. As suppliers and clients evolve the relationship, the
need for clear facts dominates conversations.
The premise of outcomes-based contracting is that hours (and indeed rate) are inputs to
the ADM process (not outputs), and that structures that measure programming results are
now both possible and achievable. Outcomes-based structures bring the original intent of
software to the forefront—creating successful results. While many companies have shifted
from input-based to output-based contracting, forward-thinking IT leaders are also taking
steps to define a sustainable outcomes-based relationship with their ADM suppliers.
Outcomes-based contracts focus on how the delivered product adds value, while inputand
output-based contracts focus on the resources and the activities needed to deliver the
outcome, respectively.
Get the big picture on your application portfolio - FAST.
Highlight is the SaaS platform for fast & code-level application portfolio analytics.
Try our demo dashboard @ casthighlight.com
Shifting Vendor Management Focus to Risk and Business OutcomesCAST
The document discusses how service level agreements are evolving from conventional models focused on individual services to outcome-based agreements measured by overall business outcomes. It introduces CAST software as a tool for objectively measuring key performance indicators like reliability, maintainability, and security risk at the application level to establish benchmarks and monitor performance over time in support of outcome-based pricing constructs. The document argues that standard software quality measurement creates visibility and leads to cost reduction and improved business agility.
Applying Software Quality Models to Software SecurityCAST
The document discusses applying software quality models to assess software security. It summarizes research showing that projects with low defect densities during testing tend to have few or no security defects reported after deployment. Additionally, 1-5% of defects are typically vulnerabilities, so reducing defects through quality practices like the Team Software Process can also reduce vulnerabilities. However, challenges remain in directly linking quality and security metrics due to differences in how data is collected and reported for vulnerabilities versus defects.
The business case for software analysis & measurementCAST
As software becomes more integrated into our daily lives, companies are finding that visibility into the systems that run their business has many benefits: reduces business risks, increases revenue, and improves IT spending.
This whitepaper provides a framework for capturing the impact of software analytics on your business and a worksheet to help you create your own business case. Leaders that can clearly articulate this value are more successful than their peers in obtaining strategic support and funding for software analytics.
The cost of maintaining a software application is directly proportional to its size and complexity. IT organizations can take several steps using static code quality analysis to reduce size and complexity, and thus diminish their software maintenance costs.
Is your application system process facing problem? With the help of System-level analysis you can save your application from failures at different levels. It analyzes how the components are interacting at multiple layers & technologies. Keep your system efficient and secure.
The term ‘technical debt' and the challenges it can bring are becoming more widely understood and discussed by IT practitioners, vendor managers and business leaders. If you're looking at technical debt in your organization, or already thinking about measuring technical debt with your vendors, you will find this report useful.
What you should know about software measurement platformsCAST
Software analysis and measurement is a growing sector, and becoming a must-have in any company that runs on enterprise software. Do you know how to pick the right solution for your company? What are the essentials to delivering a comprehensive and actionable software quality measurement program to your entire enterprise? What about do-it-yourself solutions?
Our guide to the most important considerations about the engine that powers software measurement program will help you make smarter decisions about your own program.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
2011/2012 CAST report on Application Software Quality (CRASH)
1.
2. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Contents
Introduction.................................................................... 1
Overview..................................................................................................................... 1
The Sample.................................................................................................................. 1
Terminology................................................................................................................ 3
PART I: Adding to Last Year’s Insights............................. 4
Finding 1—COBOL Applications Show Higher Security Scores................................. 4
Finding 2—Performance Scores Lower in Java-EE....................................................... 6
Finding 3—Modularity Tempers the Effect of Size on Quality..................................... 7
Finding 4—Maintainability Lowest in Government Applications................................ 9
Finding 5—No Structural Quality Difference Due to Sourcing or Shoring................ 13
PART II: New Insights This Year.................................... 13
Finding 6—Development Methods Affect Structural Quality ................................... 14
Finding 7— Structural Quality Decline with Velocity............................................... 15
Finding 8—Security Scores Lowest in IT Consulting................................................ 16
Finding 9—Maintainability Declines with Number of Users..................................... 17
Finding 10—Average $3.61 of Technical Debt per LOC........................................... 18
PART III: Technical Debt .............................................. 18
Finding 11— Majority of Technical Debt Impacts Cost and Adaptability.................. 20
Finding 12—Technical Debt is Highest in Java-EE................................................... 21
Future Technical Debt Analyses................................................................................. 21
Concluding Comments.................................................. 22
3. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Introduction
Overview The Sample
365 million This is the second annual report produced The data in this report are drawn from the
lines of code by CAST on global trends in the structural Appmarq benchmarking repository main-
quality of business applications software. tained by CAST, comprised of 745 applica-
745 applica- These reports highlight trends in five struc- tions submitted by 160 organizations for the
tions tural quality characteristics—Robustness, analysis and measurement of their structural
160 organiza- Security, Performance, Transferability, and
Changeability—across technology domains
quality characteristics, representing 365
MLOC (million lines of code) or 11.3 mil-
tions and industry segments. Structural quality lion Backfired Function Points. These orga-
refers to the engineering soundness of the nizations are located primarily in the United
architecture and coding of an application States, Europe, and India. This data set is
rather than to the correctness with which almost triple the size of last year’s sample
it implements the customer’s functional re- of 288 applications from 75 organizations
quirements. Evaluating an application for comprising 108 MLOC.
structural quality defects is critical since they
are difficult to detect through standard test- The sample is widely distributed across size
ing, and are the defects most likely to cause categories and appears representative of the
operational problems such as outages, per- types of applications in business use. Figure
formance degradation, breaches by unau- 1 displays the distribution of these applica-
thorized users, or data corruption. tions over eight size categories measured in
lines of code. The applications range from
This summary report provides an objec- 10 KLOC (kilo or thousand lines of code)
tive, empirical foundation for discussing the to just over 11 MLOC. This distribution
structural quality of software applications includes 24% less than 50 KLOC, 33% be-
throughout industry and government. It tween 50 KLOC and 200 KLOC, 31% be-
highlights some key findings from a com- tween 201 KLOC and 1 MLOC, and 12%
plete report that will provide deeper analysis over 1 MLOC.
of the structural quality characteristics and
their trends across industry segments and As is evident in Table 1, almost half of the
technologies. The full report will also pres- sample (46%) consists of Java-EE applica-
ent the most frequent violations of good ar- tions, while .NET, ABAP, COBOL, and
chitectural and coding practice in each tech- Oracle Forms each constituted between 7%
nology domain. You can request details on and 11% of the sample. Applications with a
the full report at: significant mix of two or more technologies
http://research.castsoftware.com. constituted 16% of the sample.
1
4. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Figure 1. Distribution of Applications by Size Categories
160 149
140
119 121 122
120
Frequency
100
82 86
80
60 60
40
20
7
0
10-20 20-50 50-100 100-200 200-500 500-1K 1K-5K >5K
Kilo (thousands) of Lines of Code (KLOC)
As shown in Table 1, there are 10 industry ufacturing and IT consulting, while CO-
segments represented in the 160 organiza- BOL applications were concentrated most
tions that submitted applications to the Ap- heavily in financial services and insurance.
pmarq repository. Some trends that can be Java-EE applications accounted for one-
observed in these data include the heaviest third to one-half of the applications in each
concentration of ABAP applications in man- industry segment.
Table 1. Applications Grouped by Technology and Industry Segments
Mixed Oracle Oracle Visual
Industry .NET ABAP C C++ Cobol Java-EE Tech Forms CRM/ERP Other Basic Total
Energy&Utilities 3 5 0 0 0 26 3 0 1 2 0 40
FinancialServices 5 0 0 2 39 46 50 3 0 4 1 150
Insurance 10 0 1 1 21 27 5 1 2 0 2 70
IT Consulting 11 11 2 2 13 51 6 0 6 1 6 109
Manufacturing 8 19 3 2 4 46 7 0 2 1 2 94
Other 3 2 1 2 1 11 9 1 0 0 0 30
Government 0 9 1 0 0 25 7 34 0 0 2 78
Retail 5 5 2 0 2 11 5 0 1 1 0 32
Technology 4 1 0 0 0 14 1 0 0 1 0 21
Telecom 2 7 4 0 0 82 24 0 0 1 1 121
Total 51 59 14 9 80 339 117 39 12 11 14 745
2
5. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
This sample differs in important charac- The quality characteristics are attributes that
teristics from last year’s sample, including affect:
a higher proportion of large applications Robustness: The stability of an application
and a higher proportion of Java-EE. Con- and the likelihood of introducing defects
sequently, it will not be possible to establish when modifying it.
year-on-year trends by comparing this year’s Performance: The efficiency of the software
findings to those reported last year. As the layer of the application.
number and diversity of applications in the Security: An application’s ability to prevent
Appmarq repository grows and their relative unauthorized intrusions.
proportions stabilize, we anticipate report- Transferability: The ease with which a new
ing year-on-year trends in future reports. team can understand the application and
quickly become productive working on it.
Changeability: An application’s ability to be
Terminology easily and quickly modified.
LOC: Lines of code. The size of an applica- We also measure:
tion is frequently reported in KLOC (kilo or Total Quality Index: A composite score com-
thousand lines of code) or MLOC (million puted from the five quality characteristics
lines of code). listed above.
Structural Quality: The non-functional Technical Debt: Technical Debt represents
quality of a software application that indi- the effort required to fix violations of good
cates how well the code is written from an architectural and coding practices that re-
engineering perspective. It is sometimes main in the code when an application is
referred to as technical quality or internal released. Technical Debt is calculated only
quality, and represents the extent to which on violations that the organization intends
the application is free from violations of to remediate. Like financial debt, technical
good architectural or coding practices. debt incurs interest in the form of extra costs
accruing for a violation until it is remedi-
Structural Quality Characteristics: This ated, such as the effort required to modify
report concentrates on the five structural the code or inefficient use of hardware or
quality characteristics defined below. The network resources.
scores are computed on a scale of 1 (high
risk) to 4 (low risk) by analyzing the applica- Violations: A structure in the source code
tion for violations against a set of good cod- that is inconsistent with good architectural
ing and architectural practices, and using an or coding practices and has proven to cause
algorithm that weights the severity of each problems that affect either the cost or risk
violation and its relevance to each individual profile of an application.
quality characteristic.
3
6. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
PART I: Adding to Last Year’s Insights
Finding 1—COBOL Applications where high security for confidential finan-
Show Higher Security Scores cial information is mandated. These scores
The distributi-
should not be surprising since COBOL ap-
on of security The distribution of Security scores across plications run in mainframe environments
scores sug- the current Appmarq sample is presented where they are not as exposed to the security
gests some in Figure 2. The bi-modal distribution of challenges of the internet. In addition, these
industry seg- Security scores indicates that applications are typically the oldest applications in our
can be grouped into two distinct types: one sample and have likely undergone more ex-
ments pay
group that has very high scores and a sec- tensive remediation for security vulnerabili-
more attention ond group with moderate scores and a long ties over time.
to security tail toward poor scores. The distribution
of Security scores is wider than for any of The lower Security scores for other types of
the other quality characteristics, suggesting applications are surprising. In particular,
strong variations in the attention paid to se- .NET applications received some of the low-
curity among different types of applications est Security scores. These data suggest that
or industry segments. attention to security may be focused primar-
ily on applications governed by regulatory
Further analysis on the data presented in compliance or protection of financial data,
Figure 3 revealed that applications with while less attention is paid to security in
higher Security scores continue to be pre- other types of applications.
dominantly large COBOL applications in
the financial services and insurance sectors
Figure 2. Distribution of Security Scores
80
60
Frequency
40
20
0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Security Scores
4
7. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Figure 3. Security Scores by Technology
Low
4.0
Risk
Max
3.0
Security Score
75th Percentile
Median
25th Percentile
Min
2.0
High
1.0
Risk .NET C C++ COBOL Java EE Oracle Oracle Visual
Forms ERP Basic
Technology
Figure 4. Distribution of Performance Scores
80
60
Frequency
40
20
0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Peformance Scores
5
8. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 2—Performance Scores scores than other languages. Modern devel-
Lower in Java-EE opment languages such as Java-EE are gen-
erally more flexible and allow developers to
As displayed in Figure 4, Performance scores create dynamic constructs that can be riskier
were widely distributed, and in general are in operation. This flexibility is an advantage
skewed with the highest concentration to- that has encouraged their adoption, but can
wards better performance. These data were also be a drawback that results in less pre-
produced through software analysis and do dictable system behavior. In addition, de-
not constitute a dynamic analysis of an ap- velopers who have mastered Java-EE may
plication’s behavior or actual performance in still have misunderstandings about how it
use. These scores reflect detection of viola- interacts with other technologies or frame-
tions of good architectural or coding prac- works in the application such as Hibernate
tices that may have performance implica- or Struts. Generally, low scores on a qual-
tions in operation, such as the existence of ity characteristic often reflect not merely
expensive calls in loops that operate on large the coding within a technology, but also the
data tables. subtleties of how language constructs inter-
act with other technology frameworks in the
Further analysis of the data presented in application and therefore violate good archi-
Figure 5 revealed that Java-EE applications tectural and coding practices.
received significantly lower Performance
Figure 5. Performance Scores by Technology
Low 4.0
Risk
3.5
Performance Score
3.0
2.5
2.0
High
Risk 1.5 .NET C C++ COBOL Java EE Oracle Oracle Visual
Forms ERP Basic
Technology
6
9. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 3—Modularity Tempers applications is that COBOL was designed
the Effect of Size on Quality long before the strong focus on modularity
A negative in software design. Consequently, COBOL
correlation Appmarq data contradicts the common be- applications are constructed with many large
between size lief that the quality of an application neces- and complex components. More recent lan-
and quality sarily degrades as it grows larger. Across the guages encourage modularity and other tech-
is evident for full Appmarq sample, the Total Quality In- niques that control the amount of complex-
dex (a composite of the five quality charac- ity added as applications grow larger. For
COBOL appli- teristic scores) failed to correlate significant- instance, Figure 7 reveals that the percent-
cations ly with the size of applications. However, age of highly complex components (compo-
after breaking the sample into technology nents with high Cyclomatic Complexity and
segments, we found that the Total Quality strong coupling to other components) in
Index did correlate negatively with the size COBOL applications is much higher than
of COBOL applications as is evident in Fig- in other languages, while this percentage is
ure 6, where the data are plotted on a loga- lower for the newer object-oriented technol-
rithmic scale to improve the visibility of the ogies like Java-EE and .NET, consistent with
correlation. The negative correlation indi- object-oriented principles. However, high
cates that variations in the size of COBOL levels of modularity may present a partial
applications accounts for 11% of the varia- explanation of the lower Performance scores
tion in the Total Quality Index (R2 = .11). in Java-EE applications discussed in Finding
2, as modularity could adversely impact the
One explanation for the negative correla- application’s performance.
tion between size and quality in COBOL
Figure 6. Correlation of Total Quality Index with Size of COBOL Applications
3.5
Total Quality Index Score
,
3.0
2.5
10 100 1000 10000
COBOL Application Size (Kilo Lines of Code)
7
10. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
The increased complexity of components greater size compared with components in
in COBOL is consistent with their much other languages. Figure 8 displays the aver-
Figure 7. Percentage of Components that are Highly Complex in Applications
by Technology
100%
Percentage Of Highly Complex
80%
Objects in Applications
60%
40%
20%
0%
.NET C C++ COBOL Java EE Oracle Oracle Visual
Forms ERP Basic
Technology
Figure 8. Average Object Size Comparison Across Different Technologies
2000
Average Object Size - Lines of Code
1500
1000
500
0
.NET C C++ COBOL Java EE Oracle Oracle Visual
Forms ERP Basic
Technology
8
11. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
age number of components per KLOC for Finding 4—Maintainability Low-
applications developed in each of the tech- est in Government Applications
nologies. While the average component size
for most development technologies in the Transferability and Changeability are critical
Appmarq repository is between 20 to 50 components of an application’s cost of own-
LOC, the average COBOL component is ership, and scores for these quality character-
usually well over 600 LOC. istics in the Appmarq sample are presented
in Figures 9 and 10. The spread of these
Measurements and observations of COBOL distributions suggest different costs of own-
applications in the Appmarq repository sug- ership for different segments of this sample.
gest that they are structurally different from
components developed in other technolo- When Transferability and Changeability
gies, both in size and complexity. Conse- scores were compared by industry segment,
quently we do not believe that COBOL ap- the results presented in Figure 11 for Trans-
plications should be directly benchmarked ferability revealed that scores for govern-
against other technologies because compari- ment applications were lower than those
sons may be misleading and mask important for other segments. The results for Change-
findings related to comparisons among oth- ability were similar, although the differences
er, more similar technologies. Although we between government and other industry seg-
will continue reporting COBOL with other ments were not as pronounced. This sample
technologies in this report, we will identify includes government applications from both
any analyses where COBOL applications the United States and European Union.
skew the results.
Figure 9. Distribution of Transferability Scores
120
80
Frequency
40
0
2.0 3.0 4.0
Transferability Scores
9
12. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Figure 10. Distribution of Changeability Scores
80
Frequency
40
0
1.5 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
Changeability Scores
Figure 11. Transferability Scores by Industry Segment
Low
4.0
Risk
Transferability Score
3.5
3.0
Energey & Utilities
Financial Services
Manufacturing
IT Consulting
2.5
Government
Technology
Insurance
Telecom
Retail
High
Risk 2.0
Industry
10
13. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Although we do not have cost data, these through contracted work, compared to 50%
results suggest that government agencies are of the applications in the private sector be-
Government spending significantly more of their IT bud- ing obtained through outsourcing. Multiple
applications gets on maintaining existing applications contractors working on the same applica-
have the most than on creating new functionality. Not tion over time, disincentives in contracts,
chronic com- surprisingly, the Gartner 2011 IT Staffing contractors not having to maintain the code
plexity profiles & Spending report stated that the govern- at their own cost, and immature acquisi-
ment sector spends about 73% of its budget tion practices are potential explanations for
on maintenance, higher than any other seg- the lower Transferability and Changeability
ment. scores on government applications. Regard-
less of the cause, Figure 12 indicates that
The lower Transferability and Changeability when COBOL applications are removed
scores for government agencies may partially from the sample, government applications
result from unique application acquisition have the highest proportion of complex
conditions. In the Appmarq sample, 75% components in the Appmarq sample.
of government applications were acquired
Figure 12. Complexity of Components (Not Including COBOL)
35%
Percentage of High Complex Ob-
30%
Government
jects in Applications
25%
Financial Services
20%
Energey & Utilities
Manufacturing
15%
IT Consulting
Telecom
Insurance
10%
Technology
Retail
5%
0%
Industry Segment
11
14. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Compared to Transferability scores, the est Changeability scores since most ABAP
Changeability scores exhibited an even wid- code customizes commercial off-the-shelf
er distribution indicating that they may be SAP systems.
affected by factors other than industry seg-
ment. Figure 13 presents Changeability The lowest Changeability scores were seen
scores by technology type, and shows ABAP, in applications written in C, a language that
COBOL, and Java-EE had higher Change- allows great flexibility in development, but
ability scores than other technologies. It is apparently sacrifices ease of modification.
not surprising that ABAP achieved the high-
Figure 13. Changeability Scores by Technology
Low
4.0
Risk
3.5
Changeability Score
3.0
2.5
2.0
High
1.5
Risk .NET ABAP C C++ COBOL Java EE Oracle Oracle Visual
Forms ERP Basic
Technology
12
15. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
PART II: New Insights This Year
Finding 5—No Structural Qual-
ity Difference Due to Sourcing
Variations in Figure 14. Total Quality Index Scores
or Shoring for Inhouse vs. Outsourced
quality are not
explained by The Appmarq sample was analyzed based
Low Risk 4.0
sourcing mo- on whether applications were managed by
Total Quality Index Score
del alone inhouse or outsourced resources. A slightly
larger proportion of the applications were 3.5
developed by outsourced resources (n=390)
compared to inhouse resources (n=355).
3.0
Figure 14 presents data comparing inhouse
and outsourced applications, showing no
difference between their Total Quality Index 2.5
scores. This finding of no significant differ-
ences was also observed for each of the in-
High Risk 2.0
dividual quality characteristic scores. One Inhouse Outsourced
possible explanation for these findings is that
many of the outsourced applications were
initially developed inhouse before being out-
Figure 15. Total Quality Index Scores
sourced for maintenance. Consequently, it is
for Onshore vs. Offshore
not unexpected that their structural quality
characteristics are similar to those whose
maintenance remained inhouse. Low Risk 4.0
Total Quality Index Score
Similar findings were observed for applica- 3.5
tions developed onshore versus offshore.
Most of the applications in the Appmarq
sample were developed onshore (n=585) 3.0
even if outsourced. As is evident in Figure
15, no significant differences were detected 2.5
in the Total Quality Index between onshore
and offshore applications. There were also
no differences observed among each of the High Risk 2.0
Onshore Offshore
individual quality characteristic scores.
13
16. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 6—Development Meth- for applications that reported using waterfall
ods Affect Structural Quality methods are higher than those using agile/
Quality lowest iterative methods, as displayed in Figures
with custom The five quality characteristics were analyzed 16b and 16c. This trend was stronger for
development for differences between the development Changeability than for Transferability. In
methods, method used on each of the applications. both cases, the trend for a mix of agile and
and Waterfall For the 204 applications that reported their waterfall methods was closer to the trend for
development method, the most frequently agile than to the trend for waterfall.
scores highest reported methods fell into four categories:
in Changeabili- agile/iterative methods (n=63), waterfall It appears from these data that applications
ty and Transfe- (n=54), agile/waterfall mix (n=40), and cus- developed with agile methods are nearly as
rability tom methods developed for each project effective as waterfall at managing the struc-
(n=47). As is evident in Figure 16a, scores tural quality affecting business risk (Robust-
for the Total Quality Index were lowest for ness, Performance, and Security), but less so
applications developed using custom meth- at managing the structural quality factors af-
ods rather than relying on a more established fecting cost (Transferability and Changeabil-
method. Similar trends were observed for all ity). The agile methods community refers
of the quality characteristics except Transfer- to structural quality as managing Technical
ability. Debt, a topic we will discuss in Part III.
The Transferability and Changeability scores
Figure 16a. Total Quality Index Figure 16b. Transferability Scores Figure 16c. Changeability Scores
Scores by Development Methods by Development Methods by Development Methods
Low
Risk 3.5 3.5 3.5
Total Quality Index Score
Transferability Score
Changeability Score
3.0 3.0 3.0
2.5 2.5 2.5
Agile/Waterfall
Agile/Waterfall
Agile/Waterfall
Agile/Iterative
Agile/Iterative
Agile/Iterative
Waterfall
Waterfall
Waterfall
Custom
Custom
Custom
High
2.0 2.0 2.0
Risk
Development Methods
14
17. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 7— Scores Decline with
More Frequent Releases
The five quality characteristics were analyzed
based on the number of releases per year for Figure 17a. Robustness Scores by
each of the applications. The 319 applica- Number of Releases per Year
tions that reported the number of releases
per year were grouped into three categories: Low
4.0
Risk
one to three releases (n=140), four to six re-
leases (n=114), and more than six releases
(n=59). As shown in Figure 17a, 17b, and
Robustness Score
17c, scores for Robustness, Security, and 3.0
Changeability declined as the number of re-
leases grew, with the trend most pronounced
for Security. Similar trends were not ob- 2.0
served for Performance and Transferability.
In this sample most of the applications with
six or more releases per year were reported to High
have been developed using custom methods, 1.0
Risk
1 to 3 3 to 6 More than
and the sharp decline for projects with more per year 6 per year
per year
than six releases per year may be due in part Major Releases per Year
to less effective development methods.
Figure 17b. Security Scores by Num- Figure 17c. Changeability Scores by
ber of Releases per Year Number of Releases per Year
Low Low 4.0
4.0
Risk Risk
Changeability Score
3.0
Security Score
3.0
2.0 2.0
High High
1.0 1.0
Risk Risk 1 to 3 More than
1 to 3 3 to 6 More than 3 to 6
per year per year 6 per year per year per year 6 per year
Major Releases per Year Major Releases per Year
15
18. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 8—Security Scores of the IT consulting data indicated that the
Lowest in IT Consulting lower Security scores were primarily char-
acteristic of applications that had been out-
As is evident in Figure 18, Security scores are sourced to them by customers. In essence,
lower in IT consulting than in other indus- IT consulting companies were receiving ap-
try segments. These results did not appear to plications from their customers for mainte-
be caused by technology, since IT consulting nance that already contained significantly
displayed one of the widest distributions of more violations of good security practices.
technologies in the sample. Deeper analysis
Figure 18. Security Scores by Industry Segment
Low
Risk 4.0
Security Score
3.0
Energy & Utilities
Financial Services
2.0
Manufacturing
IT Consulting
Governement
Technology
Insurance
Telecom
Retail
High
1.0
Risk
Industry Segment
16
19. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 9—Maintainability De- as the number of users grew. Similar trends
clines with Number of Users were not observed for Robustness, Perfor-
mance, or Security. A possible explanation
The five quality characteristics were analyzed for these trends is that applications with a
to detect differences based on the number of higher number of users are subject to more
users for each of the 207 applications that re- frequent modifications, putting a premium
ported usage data. Usage levels were grouped on Transferability and Changeability for
into 500 or less (n=38), 501 to 1000 (n=43), rapid turnaround of requests for defect fixes
1001 to 5000 (n=26), and greater than 5000 or enhancements. Also, the most mission
(n=100). Figures 19a and 19b show scores critical applications rely on most rigid (wa-
for Transferability and Changeability rose terfall like) processes.
Figure 19a. Transferability by Number Figure 19b. Changeability by Number
of Application Users of Application Users
Low Low
4.0 4.0
Risk Risk
3.5 3.5
Transferability Score
Changeability Score
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0 2.0
High High
1.5 1.5
Risk Risk
500 or 501 to 1001 to Greater 500 or 501 to 1001 to Greater
Less 1000 5000 than 5000 Less 1000 5000 than 5000
Number of End Users Number of End Users
17
20. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
PART III: Technical Debt
Finding 10—Average $3.61 of remediated at each level of severity, the time
Technical Debt per LOC required to fix a violation, and the burdened
This report
hourly rate for a developer. This formula for
takes a very Technical Debt represents the effort re- calculating the Technical Debt of an applica-
conservative quired to fix problems that remain in the tion is presented on the following page.
approach to code when an application is released. Since
quantifying it is an emerging concept, there is little ref- To evaluate the average Technical Debt
erence data regarding the Technical Debt in across the Appmarq sample, we first calcu-
Technical Debt
a typical application. The CAST Appmarq lated the Technical Debt per line of code for
benchmarking repository provides a unique each of the individual applications. These
opportunity to calculate Technical Debt individual application scores were then aver-
across different technologies, based on the aged across the Appmarq sample to produce
number of engineering flaws and violations an average Technical Debt of $3.61 per line
of good architectural and coding practices in of code. Consequently, a typical application
the source code. These results can provide a accrues $361,000 of Technical Debt for each
frame of reference for the application devel- 100,000 LOC, and applications of 300,000
opment and maintenance community. or more LOC carry more than $1 million of
Technical Debt ($1,083,000). The cost of
Since IT organizations will not have the fixing Technical Debt is a primary contribu-
time or resources to fix every problem in the tor to an application’s cost of ownership, and
source code, we calculate Technical Debt as a significant driver of the high cost of IT.
a declining proportion of violations based
on their severity. In our method, at least This year’s Technical Debt figure of $3.61 is
half of the high severity violations will be larger than the 2010 figure of $2.82. How-
prioritized for remediation, while only a ever, this difference cannot be interpreted
small proportion of the low severity viola- as growth of Technical Debt by nearly one
tions will be remediated. We developed a third over the past year. This difference is
parameterized formula for calculating the at least in part, and quite probably in large
Technical Debt of an application with very part, a result of a change in the mix of appli-
conservative assumptions about parameter cations included in the current sample.
values such as the percent of violations to be
18
21. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Technical Debt Calculation
Our approach for calculating Technical Debt is defined below:
1. The density of coding violations per thousand lines of code
(KLOC) is derived from source code analysis using the CAST Ap-
plication Intelligence Platform. The coding violations highlight is-
sues around Security, Performance, Robustness, Transferability,
and Changeability of the code.
2. Coding violations are categorized into low, medium, and high
severity violations. In developing the estimate of Technical Debt,
it is assumed that only 50% of high severity problems, 25% of
moderate severity problems, and 10% of low severity problems
will ultimately be corrected in the normal course of operating the
application.
3. To be conservative, we assume that low, moderate, and high se-
verity problems would each take one hour to fix, although industry
data suggest these numbers should be higher and in many cases
is much higher, especially when the fix is applied during operati-
on. We assumed developer cost at an average burdened rate of
$75 per hour.
4. Technical Debt is therefore calculated using the following formula:
Technical Debt = (10% of Low Severity Violations + 25% of Medi-
um Severity Violations + 50% of High Severity Violations) * No. of
Hours to Fix * Cost/Hr.
19
22. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 11— Majority of Tech- to the three characteristics associated with
nical Debt Impacts Cost and risk (Robustness, Performance, and Securi-
Only one third Adaptability ty) is much lower in C, C++, COBOL, and
of Technical Oracle ERP. Technical Debt related to Ro-
Debt carries Figure 20 displays the amount of Technical bustness is proportionately higher in ABAP,
immediate Debt attributed to violations that affect each Oracle Forms, and Visual Basic.
business risks of the quality characteristics. Seventy per-
cent of the Technical Debt was attributed to
violations that affect IT cost: Transferability Figure 20. Technical Debt by Quali-
and Changeability. The other thirty percent ty Characteristics for the Complete
involved violations that affect risks to the Appmarq Sample
business: Robustness, Performance, and Se-
curity.
Similar to the findings in the complete sam- Robustness
Changeability 18%
ple, in each of the technology platforms the 30%
Performance
5%
cost factors of Transferability and Change-
Security
ability accounted for the largest proportion
7%
of Technical Debt. This trend is shown in
Transferability
Figure 21, which displays the spread of Tech- 40%
nical Debt across quality characteristics for
each language. However, it is notable that
the proportion of Technical Debt attributed
Figure 21. Technical Debt by Quality Characteristics for Each Language
9%
13%
16%
36% 34%
35%
38%
Changeability
44% 44%
48% Transferability
47%
Security
30% 45% 41% 63% 47% 34%
2% 0%
1% Performance
7%
40%
9% 6%
3% Robustness
42% 3%
8% 4% 5%
1%
3% 3% 23%
7%
17% 13% 2% 17% 12% 32% 1% 0%
7% 8%
.NET ABAP C C++ COBOL Java EE Oracle Oracle Visual
Forms ERP Basic
Technology
20
23. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Finding 12—Technical Debt is During the past two years we have chosen
Highest in Java-EE parameter values based on the previously
described conservative assumptions. In the
Technical Debt was analyzed within each of future, we anticipate changing these values
the development technologies. As shown in based on more accurate industry data on
Figure 22, Java-EE had the highest Techni- average time to fix violations and strategies
cal Debt scores, averaging $5.42 per LOC. for determining which violations to fix. The
Java-EE also had the widest distribution of Technical Debt results presented in this re-
Technical Debt scores, although scores for port are suggestive of industry trends based
.NET and Oracle Forms were also widely on the assumptions in our parameter values
distributed. COBOL and ABAP had some and calculations. Although different as-
of the lowest Technical Debt scores. sumptions about the values to set for param-
eters in our equations would produce dif-
ferent cost results, the relative comparisons
Future Technical Debt Analyses within these data would not change, nor
would the fundamental message that Tech-
The parameters used in calculating Technical nical Debt is large and must be systemati-
Debt can vary across applications, compa- cally addressed to reduce application costs,
nies, and locations based on factors such as risks, and adaptability.
labor rates and development environments.
Figure 22. Technical Debt within Each Technology
$15,000
Technical Debt ($/KLOC)
$10,000
$5.000
$0
.NET ABAP C C++ COBOL Java EE Oracle Visual
Forms Basic
Technology
21
24. The CRASH Report - 2011/12 • Summary of Key Findings
Concluding Comments
The findings in this report establish differ- establish annual trends and may ultimately
ences in the structural quality of applica- be able to do this within industry segments
tions based on differences in development and technology groups. Appmarq is a
technology, industry segment, number of benchmark repository with growing capabil-
users, development method, and frequency ities that will allow the depth and quality of
of release. However, contrary to expecta- our analysis and measurement of structural
tions, differences in structural quality were quality to improve each year.
not related to the size of the application,
whether its development was onshore or The observations from these data suggest
offshore, and whether its team was internal that development organizations are focused
or outsourced. These results help us better most heavily on Performance and Security
understand the factors that affect structural in certain critical applications. Less atten-
quality and bust myths that lead to incorrect tion appears to be focused on removing the
conclusions about the causes of structural Transferability and Changeability problems
problems. that increase the cost of ownership and
reduce responsiveness to business needs.
These data also allows us to put actual num- These results suggest that application devel-
bers to the growing discussion of Technical opers are still mostly in reaction mode to the
Debt—a discussion that has suffered from business rather than being proactive in ad-
a dearth of empirical evidence. While we dressing the long term causes of IT costs and
make no claim that the Technical Debt fig- geriatric applications.
ures in this report are definitive because of
the assumptions underlying our calculations, Finally, the data and findings in this report
we are satisfied that these results provide a are representative of the insights that can
strong foundation for continuing discussion be gleaned by organizations who establish
and the development of more comprehen- their own Application Intelligence Centers
sive quantitative models. to collect and analyze structural quality data.
Such data provide a natural focus for the ap-
We strongly caution against interpreting plication of statistical quality management
year-on-year trends in these data due to and lean techniques. The benchmarks and
changes in the mix of applications making insights gained from such analyses provide
up the sample. As the Appmarq repository excellent input for executive governance
grows and the proportional mix of applica- over the cost and risk of IT applications.
tions stabilizes, with time we will be able to
22
25. CAST Research Labs
CAST Research Labs (CRL) was established to further the empirical study of software
implementation in business technology. Starting in 2007, CRL has been collecting
metrics and structural characteristics from custom applications deployed by large,
IT-intensive enterprises across North America, Europe and India. This unique dataset,
currently standing at approximately 745 applications, forms a basis to analyze actual
software implementation in industry. CRL focuses on the scientific analysis of large
software applications to discover insights that can improve their structural quality.
CRL provides practical advice and annual benchmarks to the global application de-
velopment community, as well as interacting with the academic community and con-
tributing to the scientific literature.
As a baseline, each year CRL will be publishing a detailed report of software trends
found in our industry repository. The executive summary of the report can be down-
loaded free of charge by clicking on the link below. The full report can be purchased
by contacting the CAST Information Center at +1 (877) 852 2278 or visit:
http://research.castsoftware.com.
Authors
Jay Sappidi, Sr. Director, CAST Research Labs
Dr. Bill Curtis, Senior Vice President and Chief Scientist, CAST Research Labs
Alexandra Szynkarski, Research Associate, CAST Research Labs
For more information, please visit research.castsoftware.com