Dokumen ini memberikan informasi mengenai lintah, termasuk definisi lintah, spesiesnya, habitat dan proses pertumbuhannya, interaksi antar lintah, dan penggunaan komersial lintah.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan kertas kerja untuk projek kemanusiaan bernama "Under One Roof" yang dijalankan oleh pelajar kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Projek ini bertujuan untuk membantu masyarakat yang kurang mampu di kawasan Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia dengan memberikan bantuan keuangan, motivasi, dan aktivitas. Projek ini akan dijalankan pada tanggal 13 April 2014 dengan 68 peserta.
Ini merupakan contoh kertas kerja untuk membuat program di universiti..
TIPS utk lulus kertas kerja program:
-Penggunaan VOT berdasarkan pekeliling yg lengkap.
-Mempunyai Kemahiran Insaniah (KI)
-Tentatif prgram yg lengkap
This document provides an introduction to studying media. It outlines the coursework and exam requirements for the year which include a film opening coursework and an exam on the film industry and TV drama analysis. It then discusses various conventions of film openings including production logos, titles, establishing genre, characters and locations. It explores how openings use sound, themes, and enigma to engage audiences. Students are tasked to research film openings and media theory for an essay on how openings draw in audiences. They will also develop a storyboarded concept for a film opening over the summer.
RODOVIAS RS-ANÁLISE ZERO HORA NOV/2011 A MARÇO/2013-PARTE IIPLANORS
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones y prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso en la UE a finales de este año. Algunos estados miembros aún dependen en gran medida del petróleo ruso y se les ha concedido una exención, pero se espera que el embargo reduzca de manera significativa los ingresos de Rusia por la venta de petróleo.
Dokumen ini memberikan informasi mengenai lintah, termasuk definisi lintah, spesiesnya, habitat dan proses pertumbuhannya, interaksi antar lintah, dan penggunaan komersial lintah.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan kertas kerja untuk projek kemanusiaan bernama "Under One Roof" yang dijalankan oleh pelajar kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran dan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Projek ini bertujuan untuk membantu masyarakat yang kurang mampu di kawasan Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia dengan memberikan bantuan keuangan, motivasi, dan aktivitas. Projek ini akan dijalankan pada tanggal 13 April 2014 dengan 68 peserta.
Ini merupakan contoh kertas kerja untuk membuat program di universiti..
TIPS utk lulus kertas kerja program:
-Penggunaan VOT berdasarkan pekeliling yg lengkap.
-Mempunyai Kemahiran Insaniah (KI)
-Tentatif prgram yg lengkap
This document provides an introduction to studying media. It outlines the coursework and exam requirements for the year which include a film opening coursework and an exam on the film industry and TV drama analysis. It then discusses various conventions of film openings including production logos, titles, establishing genre, characters and locations. It explores how openings use sound, themes, and enigma to engage audiences. Students are tasked to research film openings and media theory for an essay on how openings draw in audiences. They will also develop a storyboarded concept for a film opening over the summer.
RODOVIAS RS-ANÁLISE ZERO HORA NOV/2011 A MARÇO/2013-PARTE IIPLANORS
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones y prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso en la UE a finales de este año. Algunos estados miembros aún dependen en gran medida del petróleo ruso y se les ha concedido una exención, pero se espera que el embargo reduzca de manera significativa los ingresos de Rusia por la venta de petróleo.
The document introduces different types of cloud computing services including software as a service, infrastructure as a service, and platform as a service. It discusses how software as a service allows software to be accessed over the internet rather than being installed locally. Infrastructure as a service provides computing hardware resources, while platform as a service provides tools for developing cloud applications.
Interactive Reader pgs. 105 112 + Rubric, Bohr Model & Lewis Dotjmori1
The document provides a schedule and assignments for a science class. It includes a checklist of assignments with due dates, a priority list of assignments to focus on completing today which includes power notes and interactive reader pages, and homework assignments due on Friday including completing interactive reader pages and star cards.
This document provides a grammar book table of contents covering various topics of Spanish grammar, including: reflexive verbs, por vs para, ways to say "to become", the future, conditional, present perfect, relative pronouns, subjunctive mood usage, comparisons and superlatives, adverbs, diminutives and augmentatives, the present perfect subjunctive, uses of se, past participles as adjectives, time expressions with hacer, the future perfect, conditional perfect, si clauses, transitional expressions, passive voice, negative and indefinite expressions, and prepositions. Each topic includes a brief definition or examples.
Este documento presenta 10 comportamientos digitales que promueven el respeto a los derechos humanos en el uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC). Estos comportamientos incluyen utilizar las TIC respetando a los demás y haciéndose respetar, proteger la información y seguridad personal, ser responsable con la privacidad propia y ajena, y no utilizar las TIC para actividades ilegales o que atenten contra los derechos humanos.
This document provides a quotation for various all-in-one desktop computers from multiple brands including Apple, HP, MSI, Lenovo, and GM!. It lists 18 items ranging in price from around 7,656,000 VND to 45,450,000 VND. A variety of specifications are provided for each item including processor, memory, storage, display, optical drive, graphics, and operating system. Most items are said to be in stock and come with a 1-2 year warranty.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the document:
Green Tara is a resin art piece made by Asheville Horizon using steel, paper, and resin to create a fused glass look with more detail and durability. The artist makes custom handmade resin art for walls, windows, counter tops, tables, and more using this technique. The pieces are suitable for high traffic areas in the home or office.
Intravert Server side processing for CassandraEdward Capriolo
The document provides examples of using CQL (Cassandra Query Language) to create and query tables in Cassandra. It shows how to create tables to store user and video data, insert sample records, and perform queries. It then discusses using the IntraVert library to execute more complex queries directly against Cassandra, such as joins, filters, and multi-table operations, in order to reduce network traffic and processing compared to doing everything on the client side.
This document discusses an approach to metaphor elicitation research to understand human emotions and behavior. It involves two foundational beliefs: 1) emotions influence human behavior more than rational thought, and 2) the best way to understand emotions is through metaphor elicitation. The approach uses visual and verbal exercises with individuals and groups to elicit metaphors that provide insight into thoughts, feelings, and perspectives. These metaphors can then be applied to understand issues like disease states, patient experiences, communication strategies, and product positioning in various industries like pharmaceuticals.
Mba724 s4 2 writing up the final reportRachel Chung
This document provides guidance on key sections of a research paper, including the literature review, methodology, results, and discussion sections. The main points are:
1) The literature review should selectively review high-quality, unbiased prior research and build a case for the paper's research question and hypotheses.
2) The methodology section should describe the study design and procedures in enough detail to allow replication.
3) The results section should present statistical findings without interpretation, including descriptive and inferential statistics relevant to testing the hypotheses.
4) The discussion section should interpret the results in the context of the research questions, hypotheses, and prior literature, and discuss limitations and implications.
TrueMaisha Training Co. Ltd. is a Tanzanian training and consulting company that offers various services including open and tailored training programs, training advisory, corporate and personal retreats, and event planning and management. They provide professional development opportunities for employees, entrepreneurs, and individuals to empower their potential. Their services are aimed at increasing productivity, reducing costs, boosting customer satisfaction, and empowering human potential. They can be contacted through their offices in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania or online.
The document is a production log detailing the steps taken to design a fashion magazine for a final major project. It outlines tasks completed in pre-production, production, and post-production phases such as analyzing magazine covers and layouts, conducting a survey to determine the target demographic, designing the logo, organizing a photo shoot, editing photos, drafting articles, and creating layout plans using Adobe Illustrator. Key tasks included designing the front cover, contents page, and a double page article spread with photos and columns of text. The log concludes with updating the original production schedule to reflect the actual work completed.
The document introduces different types of cloud computing services including software as a service, infrastructure as a service, and platform as a service. It discusses how software as a service allows software to be accessed over the internet rather than being installed locally. Infrastructure as a service provides computing hardware resources, while platform as a service provides tools for developing cloud applications.
Interactive Reader pgs. 105 112 + Rubric, Bohr Model & Lewis Dotjmori1
The document provides a schedule and assignments for a science class. It includes a checklist of assignments with due dates, a priority list of assignments to focus on completing today which includes power notes and interactive reader pages, and homework assignments due on Friday including completing interactive reader pages and star cards.
This document provides a grammar book table of contents covering various topics of Spanish grammar, including: reflexive verbs, por vs para, ways to say "to become", the future, conditional, present perfect, relative pronouns, subjunctive mood usage, comparisons and superlatives, adverbs, diminutives and augmentatives, the present perfect subjunctive, uses of se, past participles as adjectives, time expressions with hacer, the future perfect, conditional perfect, si clauses, transitional expressions, passive voice, negative and indefinite expressions, and prepositions. Each topic includes a brief definition or examples.
Este documento presenta 10 comportamientos digitales que promueven el respeto a los derechos humanos en el uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC). Estos comportamientos incluyen utilizar las TIC respetando a los demás y haciéndose respetar, proteger la información y seguridad personal, ser responsable con la privacidad propia y ajena, y no utilizar las TIC para actividades ilegales o que atenten contra los derechos humanos.
This document provides a quotation for various all-in-one desktop computers from multiple brands including Apple, HP, MSI, Lenovo, and GM!. It lists 18 items ranging in price from around 7,656,000 VND to 45,450,000 VND. A variety of specifications are provided for each item including processor, memory, storage, display, optical drive, graphics, and operating system. Most items are said to be in stock and come with a 1-2 year warranty.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the document:
Green Tara is a resin art piece made by Asheville Horizon using steel, paper, and resin to create a fused glass look with more detail and durability. The artist makes custom handmade resin art for walls, windows, counter tops, tables, and more using this technique. The pieces are suitable for high traffic areas in the home or office.
Intravert Server side processing for CassandraEdward Capriolo
The document provides examples of using CQL (Cassandra Query Language) to create and query tables in Cassandra. It shows how to create tables to store user and video data, insert sample records, and perform queries. It then discusses using the IntraVert library to execute more complex queries directly against Cassandra, such as joins, filters, and multi-table operations, in order to reduce network traffic and processing compared to doing everything on the client side.
This document discusses an approach to metaphor elicitation research to understand human emotions and behavior. It involves two foundational beliefs: 1) emotions influence human behavior more than rational thought, and 2) the best way to understand emotions is through metaphor elicitation. The approach uses visual and verbal exercises with individuals and groups to elicit metaphors that provide insight into thoughts, feelings, and perspectives. These metaphors can then be applied to understand issues like disease states, patient experiences, communication strategies, and product positioning in various industries like pharmaceuticals.
Mba724 s4 2 writing up the final reportRachel Chung
This document provides guidance on key sections of a research paper, including the literature review, methodology, results, and discussion sections. The main points are:
1) The literature review should selectively review high-quality, unbiased prior research and build a case for the paper's research question and hypotheses.
2) The methodology section should describe the study design and procedures in enough detail to allow replication.
3) The results section should present statistical findings without interpretation, including descriptive and inferential statistics relevant to testing the hypotheses.
4) The discussion section should interpret the results in the context of the research questions, hypotheses, and prior literature, and discuss limitations and implications.
TrueMaisha Training Co. Ltd. is a Tanzanian training and consulting company that offers various services including open and tailored training programs, training advisory, corporate and personal retreats, and event planning and management. They provide professional development opportunities for employees, entrepreneurs, and individuals to empower their potential. Their services are aimed at increasing productivity, reducing costs, boosting customer satisfaction, and empowering human potential. They can be contacted through their offices in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania or online.
The document is a production log detailing the steps taken to design a fashion magazine for a final major project. It outlines tasks completed in pre-production, production, and post-production phases such as analyzing magazine covers and layouts, conducting a survey to determine the target demographic, designing the logo, organizing a photo shoot, editing photos, drafting articles, and creating layout plans using Adobe Illustrator. Key tasks included designing the front cover, contents page, and a double page article spread with photos and columns of text. The log concludes with updating the original production schedule to reflect the actual work completed.
1. Thursday, March 26, 2009
KULIAH KE- 8 PENERBITAN VIDEO DOKUMENTARI ISLAM
Pengertian
—Video dokumentari Islam ialah media yang menggabungkan audio dan visual
untukmenyampaikanmaklumattentang Islam.
—Video dokumentarimengandungimaklumatbersumberkanfakta yang
dikumpulkanmelaluipenyelidikandandisampaikandenganpelbagaikaedah.
Maudu’
—Isi kandungan video ialahsegalamaklumattentang Islam yang diperolehimelaluitemuramah, observasi,
pengkisahan ,pengalaman, pengembaraan, penyelidikandanpembacaan.
—Isi kandungandikemukakanbertujuanuntukmemberipendedahan, penjelasan,
penghuraiandanpenghujahantentangkeelebihandankebaikan agama Islam sebagai agama yang
syumuldanselamat.
Uslub
Sinematografi;
—Composition/ kedudukangambardalamkamera
—Lighting/ pencahayaan
—Object and image/ subjek- imej
—Suaralatar
—Muzik
—Plot
—Bahasa
—Penyampaianbahan
PROSES PENERBITAN
—Proses penerbitan video dokumentariterbahagikepada 3 langkah;
—Pre-production
—Production
—Post Production
PRE-PRODUCTION
—Penulismembuatperancanganuntukpenerbitansesebuah video dokumentari.
—Proses inimemerlukanpemikiran yang kreatifdanpenyelidikanterlebihdahuluterhadapsubjek yang
hendakdipilih.
—Terbahagikepada 2 proses iaitu proses treatment danpenentuan budget penerbitan.
—1. TREATMENT
—Proses inimengandungipenjelasantentangtopik yang hendakdikemukakandalamfilemdokumentari
—Iamerupakansebuahkertascadangantentangsubjek yang hendakditonjolkan
,tujuandankepentinganpenerbitannya
—( It generally conveys on paper what you are going to show and how you are going to show it.)
—Penulisan treatment merupakanlangkahawaldalampembangunanpenulisanskripdokumentari.
Penyelidikanterhadapsubjekakandilakukanterlebihdahuludandijelaskandalampenulisandrafpertamaiaitudraf
yang mengandungistrukturpenerbitan video yang dirancang.
Treatment for Others
2. A valuable communication tool as it help funding sources to understand your vision and give them
confidence that you know how and what you want to show.
—The production company will be able to see whether what you have proposed can be done within the
budget.
—a) Kertascadangan
—Latarbelakangsubjek
—Objektifpenerbitan
—Kepentingan
—Sasaran
—Metodologi :penyelidikanperpustakaan, temuramah, observasi
—Budget
—Rangkakerjapenerbitan
—b) Treatment danpenyelidikan
—Setelah proposal diterima, perbincanganakandilakukandenganstesyenTV.
—Barulah treatment akandilakukanbersertadenganpenyelidikan.
—Structure of a Treatment
—Tidakadasatukaedah yang tetapdalampembikinan treatment. Iadilakukanmengikutkehendaksasaran.
—Iamestimengandungikepentinganfilemdankenapafilemdokumentarikitabegituistimewa, tentangapa,
bagaimanaiapaparkandansiapa yang akanmenontonya.
—Penulisan treatment inilebihkurang 2 – 5 halamandansesetengahpembuatfilemmengemukakansehingga
30 halaman.
Format treatment mengandungiperkaraberikut;
—Summary
—Purpose of the film
—Approach of the film
—Content of the film
—b) Storyboard
—Bahagian treatment inimengandungiketerangan visual bagisetiapgambar yang akandiambil.
—Iamenjadigarispanduankepadajurugambarsemasa shooting dijalankan.
—Storyboard membantupenyusunandankesepaduan/ hubunganantarasubjekdalamfilem
—Setiap shoot yang digariskandalam storyboard akandisesuaikansemulamengikutkeperluansemasa
shooting dilakukan.
—c). Budget
—Anggaranperbelanjaanakanmembantupengurusankewangansehinggafilemselesai.
—The budget includes:
—Production Personnel- salaries for filmmakers, researchers, consultants and assistants
Right and Permissions:
Any distributed films must obtain rights and permissions for all copyrighted material that appears in the
film. Copyrighted material includes music, footage (bahan visual), photographs, news clippings
and also includes fees for permissions and reproduction fees.
—Participants (Talent)- cost of narrators and actors
Production Expenses;
-Travel, Lodging and food: include cost of air fares, local transportation including train, cars, taxis and
lodging expenses.
- Equipment: cost of owned, purchased and rented equipment.
3. - Crew: include the cost of production personnel: camera operators, sound recorders, lighting, grip,
construction people and assistants
—Stock and Ratio
—Post production: cost of editing process, editor, translation cost, legal service
MENCARI TOPIK
Topikmestibaruataumendekatitajukdaripadaperspektif yang lain.
1. Menelitiminatperibadi
2. Berbicaradengan orang lain
3. MenggunakanImaginasi
4. Membacadanmelakukan
5. Literature review
FOKUS TOPIK
Apabilamemperolehisesuatutopik, bentuknyabelumsempurna. Faktor-faktoriniakanmenjadiasassesuatu
idea;
1. Khalayaksasaran;
a. Siapapembaca/ kumpulansasaran
b. Perkara yang diketahuiolehpembacatentangsubjekatautopik
c. Perkara yang perludiberitahukepadapembacatentangtopik.
d. Perkara yang diminatiolehpembaca
TUJUAN
a. Tujuanhujahan
b. Tujuanpendedahan
c. Tujuanpenjelasan
d. Tujuanpendidikan
Kenyataantesis/ Tema
a.menyatakanpendirianataupendekatantertentu yang akandigunakandalampenerbitan
b. Menonjolkansubjek yang wajarsebagaibahan.
PERANCANGAN BAHAN
—kenalpastimasalah - ungkapkanpernyataantajuk - tajukdiselidiki - kumpul data pelbagaisumber -
menjelaskanfenomenatajuk - analisa data utksahkanbahan yang akandigunakan
—menyaringmaklumat
—Merangkabahan/ treatment
—PetaMinda
—Mencarisumberbahan
Sebelummembuatpenyelidikan, penyiasatanperludilakukanuntukmencaribahan yang
berkaitandengansesuatutopikataudikatakan literature review
1. Apakahjenistopik yang pernahdikemukakanolehrancangan TV?
2. Apakahyagditemuidalampenerbitanrancangantersebut?
3. Apakahsyorataucadangan yang dikemukakanolehpenerbit?
4. Apakah yang belumditayangkan?
5. Bagaimanakahtopikbolehmeningkatkanpengetahuankhalayak?
6. Apakahkaedahpenerbitan yang digunakanoleh orang lain?
—Mencaribahan
4. —Perpustakaan
—Observasi
—Temuramah
—Penontonan
—Laman Web
—Eksperimen
—Menganalisis, menilaidanmentafsirbahan
—Sebelummemilihbahan, lakukanpenelitianterhadapperkaraberikut;
1. Bahan yang hendakditelitidandigunakandalam proses penerbitan
2. Kaedah yang telahdigunakanolehpenerbit lain.
3. Tempohmasadankos yang terlibat
Proses Analisisbahan
Proses menilai data – mengadun/ menganalisis data – membuatpentafsiran data
dananalisis.Dataialahsebarangmaklumat – angka, fakta, persepsidll yang dikumpuluntukdianalisis.
Sumber Data – Sumber primary dansumbersekunder
Sumber primary – kaitanlangsungdengansubjekkajian – temubual, observasi, laporan, autobiografi,
diari, fail, artifak, tesis, minitmesyuarat, catatanpengembaradankaryaasalpengarang.Sumbersekunder –
sumberperantarasubjek yang dikaji – ulasan, makalah, buku-bukuilmiah.
Sumberautoritatif – tulisanklasikatautokoh yang sudah establish
atautokohpengkajisesutubidangsecaraintensifdanekstensifdandiakuikeilmuannya – Imam al-Ghazali, al-
Shafi’I, Abu Yusuf, Ahmad Ibrahim (undang-undang). Khoo Kay Kim (Sejarah Malaysia) dll.
Sumbertidakberautoriti – penulisandari yang tidakdikenalidalambidang-bidangberkenaan.
Penilaian data/ bahan
—Disebutkritikan data yang dilakukanpadadua peringkat;1. Kritikanluaran – ketulinandankekuatansumber
data – kaedahpenetapanhukum: tarjih, takhsisdannasakh. a) Tarjih
—memperbandingkanasal-usulteks - biladihasilkan, olehsiapa,
siapasebenarnyapenulisdalamkonteksilmudanzamannya (tentukanmanasumber yang paling kuat).
b. Takhsis – menilaidarisudutmaksudumumataukhusus
—adakahkenyataanbersifatumumitumempunyaipenjelasan yang khusus?
—Tulisanuntukmasyarakatumumataupihaktertentu
c. Nasakh – menilaikekinianteks
—Menilaipendapatulamak yang berbezamengikutzaman, pengetahuan, tempatdanpengalaman.
—Perbezaantarikhzamanakanmembolehkanpenulismemperbandingkan pendapat2
berdasarkanzamandankeadaan.
Kritikandalaman
—menilaiketepatanmaklumat yang adadalamdokumenberkenaan –
caramembuatrujukankepadapelbagaisumbermengenaimaklumat yang sama,
kesepakatansumbertentangfakta, penjelasankonsepmengikutzamandanbudaya.
Analisis Data
1. Kaedahinduktifdandeduktifdijelaskan. 1. Kaedahinduktif/ induktif- generatif –
semuamaklumatdikumpulbagimenghuraifenomenakajiandandicarihubungan-hubunganfakta-
faktaatauketerangan yang terkumpuluntukmengenalibentuk-
bentukatauuntukmerumuskansesuatugagasanfikiran.
5. 2. Kaedahdeduktif – Penyelidikmenggunakanteoriataugagasanfikiran yang adabagimembantumengumpul
data danmenjelaskanfenomenakajianuntukdibandingkandengan yang berlaku –
aplikasiteoridalammenyelesaikanmasalah.
3. Analisis data – membanding, mengkategoridanmenyusun data untukmenjelaskansesuatukeadaan,
membuktikanhipotesisataumenjawabsoalan. Maklumat yang
diperolehidibandingkandanditentukankeabsahannya.
4. Pengkategorian – melakukanpemisahan data dalamkumpulan yang mempunyaiciri yang sama.
5. Penyusunanfakta –menghuraiataumenjelaskanmaksud-maksudtertentu –
peristiwadisusunmengikutkronologiuntukjelaskanperjalanansejarahataubermuladenganfakta yang
kuatkepadafakta yang kurangkuat.
Penafsiran Data
—Penafsiran data memerlukankekuatandankekritisanpemikirandalammemahamiapa yang berlaku di
sebalik data yang terkumpul. a. Data Kuantitatif – kaedahstatistikb. Data kualitatif – keupayaan mental
menanggapmasalahkajian – menggunakansoalanmengapa.
MasalahdalamAnalisis Data
1.Data khususdikumpuluntukmenjelaskankeadaan yang umum.
2. Data dikumpultidakseimbang – Data lain /sampinganmelebihi data utama.
3. Pengkategoriantidakdilakukandengancermat
4. Pengkajitidakmemahamibetul-betulteoriataupemikiran yang digunakan.
5. Memahami data secaraluaransahaja – kemuka data
tanpaanalisisatauhanyaberdasarkanpersepsiawalnyasahaja.
6. Analisatidakberasas,.Tidaktersusundantidakrasional- tidakkearahobjektifkajian.
7. Tidakselarasantaraobjektif, analisis, rumusandancadangan yang dikemukakan.
PendekatanPenulisan
Pendedahan/penjelasan/exposition - menghuraiataumenjelaskansesuatumeliputiperkara-perkara
yang berkaitandenganpengalaman, definisi, fakta, proses, peristiwa, idea, masalah, sejarah, analisis,
pendapatdanapasahaja yang bolehdihuraikan.
3 Prinsippenggunaan;
- Kepakaranpenulisdanmahirtentangsubjek
- Khalayaktidakmemahamisubjek
- Subjektidakkontroversialdankhalayakhanyaperlutahusahaja.
Penggolonganpenjelasan;
I. Penjelasankonsep - pemaklumanmaklumat yang belumdiketahuiumum/ belumdilaporkan.
Ii. Penjelasan proses - pemaklumanmaklumattentang proses
sesuatuperlakuanataupembuatanuntukdijelaskankepadaumum.
Iii. Penjelasansejarah - pemaklumanperistiwa/ maklumatsecarapensejarahan
Pengenalan
—Bermulasecaraumumdanfokuskepada idea utama (tesis)
—Menyeronokkan, maklumatbarudanmerangsangingintahu
—Ayatmudah, ringkasdanjitu