The document discusses the importance of skin-to-skin contact and bonding between infants and caregivers. It reviews literature showing that skin-to-skin contact lowers infant stress, improves physiological stability, and fosters brain development. The author describes a clinical experience where they noticed a lack of bonding with an infant patient whose mother did not interact with them. To address this issue, the document proposes an action plan to form a skin-to-skin care committee to develop policy and training for providing skin-to-skin contact to infants without caregivers present on the pediatric unit.
The document discusses a research paper that examines a clinical practice guideline from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center regarding skin-to-skin contact for low-birth-weight infants. The guideline asserts there is insufficient evidence that skin-to-skin contact benefits these infants. However, the research paper finds recent evidence that skin-to-skin contact provides health benefits to infants and improves mother-infant bonding. It also decreases hospital stays. As a result, the research argues the clinical practice guideline should be changed.
Grief in the NICU: Identifying, Understanding and Helping Grieving ParentsKirsti Dyer MD, MS
The document summarizes a presentation by Dr. Kirsti A. Dyer about grief in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and helping grieving parents. The presentation covers understanding loss and grief, types of losses experienced by parents of NICU babies, common grief responses, and strategies for supporting grieving parents. It provides insights from Dr. Dyer's experience as a physician and parent of a baby in the NICU.
This document discusses recommendations from various national organizations for the use of Kangaroo Care. It begins by identifying organizations such as the WHO, CDC, AAP, and ACOG that recommend Kangaroo Care. It then reviews how evidence on the benefits of Kangaroo Care becomes guidelines that institutions can implement. Some key benefits discussed are improved breastfeeding rates, decreased infant pain and stress, and improved infant development. The document provides examples of guidelines from different organizations and reviews evidence from various studies on the positive outcomes of Kangaroo Care.
The document discusses factors that helped in the survival of weak newborns in Bihar, India. It identifies technical factors like clean delivery, complication identification and management, breastfeeding, warmth, cleanliness, and referral to district hospitals. It also discusses social factors such as the presence of the husband, family support, social support, birth order and sex of the child, previous child deaths, economic status, and the roles of organizations like CARE India and government officials. Interviews were conducted with parents, community health workers, and officials to understand what helped the survival of weak newborns in the community.
The document discusses the history and development of pediatric nursing. It begins by defining pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It then covers the treatment of children in primitive societies, ancient civilizations, and the impact of Christianity. The document also discusses the development of pediatric nursing in Europe, the United States, and developing countries. Key events and developments that shaped pediatric nursing are highlighted, such as the establishment of children's hospitals and the passing of laws to protect children's rights and welfare.
Preparation of child birth is very important to all the pregnant women's it is also cover the choice of birth. this is also important to Medical as well as community peoples to know what are the choices are available for the birth of the baby.
This document provides a summary of recommendations from health organizations on reducing the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and other sleep-related causes of infant death. It discusses how advice from healthcare providers influences parent behaviors and choices regarding safe sleep. Key recommendations include: placing babies on their backs to sleep in a crib, without soft objects and loose bedding; room-sharing without bed-sharing; breastfeeding; avoiding overheating; and not using unnecessary products that claim to reduce risk but have not been tested. The goal is to share evidence-based safe sleep messages to help reduce infant mortality.
Promovendo o cuidado para o desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância: Ferramentas para ajudar as crianças sobreviverem e promovendo a saúde para o pleno desenvolvimento do potencial humano em tradução livre.
Neste documento de maio de 2018, a OMS e o UNICEF e seus parceiros declaram:
“Agora entendemos que o período entre a gravidez e os 3 anos é o mais crítico, quando o cérebro cresce mais rápido do que em qualquer outro momento; 80% do cérebro de um bebê é formado nessa idade. Para o desenvolvimento saudável do cérebro nestes anos, as crianças precisam de um ambiente seguro, acolhedor e amoroso, com a nutrição e a estimulação corretas de seus pais ou cuidadores. Esta é uma janela de oportunidade para estabelecer uma base de saúde e bem-estar cujos benefícios duram toda a vida - e levam para a próxima geração. ”
Parabéns OMS e Unicef - excelente publicação.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
The document discusses a research paper that examines a clinical practice guideline from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center regarding skin-to-skin contact for low-birth-weight infants. The guideline asserts there is insufficient evidence that skin-to-skin contact benefits these infants. However, the research paper finds recent evidence that skin-to-skin contact provides health benefits to infants and improves mother-infant bonding. It also decreases hospital stays. As a result, the research argues the clinical practice guideline should be changed.
Grief in the NICU: Identifying, Understanding and Helping Grieving ParentsKirsti Dyer MD, MS
The document summarizes a presentation by Dr. Kirsti A. Dyer about grief in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and helping grieving parents. The presentation covers understanding loss and grief, types of losses experienced by parents of NICU babies, common grief responses, and strategies for supporting grieving parents. It provides insights from Dr. Dyer's experience as a physician and parent of a baby in the NICU.
This document discusses recommendations from various national organizations for the use of Kangaroo Care. It begins by identifying organizations such as the WHO, CDC, AAP, and ACOG that recommend Kangaroo Care. It then reviews how evidence on the benefits of Kangaroo Care becomes guidelines that institutions can implement. Some key benefits discussed are improved breastfeeding rates, decreased infant pain and stress, and improved infant development. The document provides examples of guidelines from different organizations and reviews evidence from various studies on the positive outcomes of Kangaroo Care.
The document discusses factors that helped in the survival of weak newborns in Bihar, India. It identifies technical factors like clean delivery, complication identification and management, breastfeeding, warmth, cleanliness, and referral to district hospitals. It also discusses social factors such as the presence of the husband, family support, social support, birth order and sex of the child, previous child deaths, economic status, and the roles of organizations like CARE India and government officials. Interviews were conducted with parents, community health workers, and officials to understand what helped the survival of weak newborns in the community.
The document discusses the history and development of pediatric nursing. It begins by defining pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It then covers the treatment of children in primitive societies, ancient civilizations, and the impact of Christianity. The document also discusses the development of pediatric nursing in Europe, the United States, and developing countries. Key events and developments that shaped pediatric nursing are highlighted, such as the establishment of children's hospitals and the passing of laws to protect children's rights and welfare.
Preparation of child birth is very important to all the pregnant women's it is also cover the choice of birth. this is also important to Medical as well as community peoples to know what are the choices are available for the birth of the baby.
This document provides a summary of recommendations from health organizations on reducing the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and other sleep-related causes of infant death. It discusses how advice from healthcare providers influences parent behaviors and choices regarding safe sleep. Key recommendations include: placing babies on their backs to sleep in a crib, without soft objects and loose bedding; room-sharing without bed-sharing; breastfeeding; avoiding overheating; and not using unnecessary products that claim to reduce risk but have not been tested. The goal is to share evidence-based safe sleep messages to help reduce infant mortality.
Promovendo o cuidado para o desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância: Ferramentas para ajudar as crianças sobreviverem e promovendo a saúde para o pleno desenvolvimento do potencial humano em tradução livre.
Neste documento de maio de 2018, a OMS e o UNICEF e seus parceiros declaram:
“Agora entendemos que o período entre a gravidez e os 3 anos é o mais crítico, quando o cérebro cresce mais rápido do que em qualquer outro momento; 80% do cérebro de um bebê é formado nessa idade. Para o desenvolvimento saudável do cérebro nestes anos, as crianças precisam de um ambiente seguro, acolhedor e amoroso, com a nutrição e a estimulação corretas de seus pais ou cuidadores. Esta é uma janela de oportunidade para estabelecer uma base de saúde e bem-estar cujos benefícios duram toda a vida - e levam para a próxima geração. ”
Parabéns OMS e Unicef - excelente publicação.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Under-five clinics provide comprehensive healthcare services to children under five years old, including preventative care like immunizations and nutrition, curative care for illnesses, growth monitoring, and family planning education. Nurses play a key role in administering immunizations, maintaining growth charts and records, conducting physical exams, providing treatment and referrals, and educating mothers on childcare, breastfeeding, nutrition, and health-related topics. The overall goal is to monitor children's growth and development and care for their health needs through this specialized facility.
This document provides a history of the development of pediatric medicine and nursing from prehistoric times to the modern world. It discusses how in ancient civilizations children were reared according to traditions and medical care focused on mothers and children. During the medieval period, war, epidemics, and poor conditions in shelters led to high child mortality. The Renaissance period saw enhanced knowledge dissemination and the first infant hospitals in Italy. The modern world brought great progress in child health due to recognized differences between child and adult diseases, separate pediatric departments and hospitals, and policies focused on children's rights and development. Pediatric nursing training began in specific schools and graduate programs.
This document provides guidance for breastfeeding mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It recommends that mothers continue breastfeeding and take precautions like wearing a mask, washing hands, and cleaning surfaces. If a mother has COVID-19, she can express milk and have another caregiver feed the infant. The document provides tips for proper hygiene during formula feeding as well. It emphasizes the importance of breastfeeding for infant health and immunity.
Nt current principles, practices and trends in pediatric nursing (2)muruganandan natesan
Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the care of children from conception to adolescence. It focuses on preventative, curative, and rehabilitative care of children. Pediatrics is important because children make up a large portion of the population and are more vulnerable to health problems. Pediatric nursing aims to provide comprehensive, family-centered care to children while they are healthy and sick. It focuses on promoting growth and optimal functioning. Key aspects of pediatric nursing include family-centered care, minimizing trauma to children, and coordinating care through case management.
This document appears to be a performance evaluation checklist for a nursing student evaluating their competency in newborn care. It contains 11 sections evaluating different newborn care skills and responsibilities including safe nursing care, management of resources, health education, legal responsibilities, ethical responsibilities, professional development, quality improvement, research, record keeping, communication, and collaboration. The student is evaluated on over 40 different newborn care criteria like establishing an airway, performing APGAR scores, providing cord care education, and documenting assessments. Scores are given for each competency and the evaluation is signed by the clinical instructor and nursing dean.
The document discusses trends in pediatric nursing. It outlines how pediatric nursing has changed significantly due to advances in medicine, technology, societal needs, and changes within the nursing profession itself. The trends in modern pediatric nursing practice include family-centered care, high-technology care, evidence-based practice, atraumatic care, cost containment, and a focus on prevention and health promotion. Pediatric nurses now aim to provide quality care that supports families, uses advanced technology competently, is based on scientific evidence, minimizes trauma, reduces costs, and emphasizes preventative healthcare.
The staff meeting covered several topics:
- A new daily diary system where each group will record any accidents, incidents, medical issues, or other important information from the day.
- Guidelines for recording information in the diaries such as including the time, facts only, and noting anything that needs to be fed back to parents.
- Policies on illnesses, medications, and accidents were reviewed including exclusion periods, fever guidelines, and first aid procedures.
- Hand washing guidelines that hands should be washed at least every 2-3 hours and before/after certain tasks like nappy changes or food preparation.
This document discusses the history, philosophy, and principles of child health nursing. It outlines the evolution of pediatric nursing from ancient practices of child rearing to modern specialized nursing care. Key developments include the establishment of the first pediatric hospital in 1855, the inclusion of pediatric nursing education in 1917, and research in the mid-20th century highlighting the importance of family-centered care. The history of pediatric nursing in India incorporated it as a course in nursing programs from the 1950s onward.
This document discusses trends in hospital care for sick children. It outlines different types of facilities that provide pediatric care, such as pediatric units, neonatal intensive care units, and outpatient departments. It then examines the impact of hospitalization on children and families of different age groups. Babies experience separation anxiety and impaired bonding. Toddlers may react with protest, despair or regression. Older children's reactions include fears, worries and mental mechanisms like repression. Adolescents can feel anxiety, anger and depression. The role of the child health nurse is to provide family-centered care appropriate to each age, minimize stress, encourage self-care and involve parents to help children cope with hospitalization.
This presentation is the analysis of current newborn care in India. It focuses on the Hospital birth scenario and Factors contributing to newborn death. It further highlights , how the Midwives can make a difference.
Paediatric nursing involves providing specialized care to children from conception through adolescence. It aims to promote children's growth, development and well-being. Key principles include treating each child as a unique individual, supporting their family, and delivering developmentally-appropriate care. Current trends emphasize family-centered care, shorter hospital stays, and expanded nursing roles in areas like primary care, education and research. Paediatric nursing also addresses important ethical, legal and social issues related to children's health and rights.
The document discusses the field of pediatrics, including:
1. It outlines the different stages of childhood by age, from fetal period to adolescence, describing key features and health care needs at each stage.
2. It describes the characteristics of pediatrics, highlighting differences between pediatric and adult patients in areas like anatomy, physiology, immunology and types of diseases seen.
3. It discusses the scope and tasks of pediatrics, which involves caring for infants, children and adolescents, and promoting their growth, development and overall health.
Prepared childbirth involves educating women before labor to help them cope with discomfort through various techniques like Lamaze and Bradley methods. Lamaze uses breathing and relaxation to inhibit pain, while Bradley relies on a coach for support. Historically natural childbirth meant non-medical settings, but now often incorporates pain management in facilities. While home births aim to increase choice and flexibility, they are discouraged in the Philippines due to higher risks of death for mother and baby compared to hospitals or birthing centers.
The document discusses Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI), a strategy launched by WHO and UNICEF to reduce child mortality from preventable diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles and malnutrition. IMNCI focuses on preventive, promotive and curative care for children aged 0-5 years. It standardizes case management procedures based on age groups - children under 2 months and those from 2 months to 5 years. The IMNCI process involves assessing, classifying, identifying appropriate treatment, counseling caregivers and providing follow-up care for sick children.
This document is a magazine from Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children aimed at parents. It provides health and safety tips for common summer activities like biking, swimming, sports, trampolines, and playground play. It encourages balancing fun with precautions like wearing helmets, supervision near water, proper conditioning, and ensuring safe playground surfaces. It also promotes the hospital's online patient portal for accessing care.
This document discusses premature babies and the challenges they face. It defines a premature baby as one born before 37 weeks of gestation. Premature babies often have underdeveloped organs and need medical equipment like incubators and ventilators to help them survive. They also require special nutrition and developmental support. While the costs of caring for premature babies are high, neonatal intensive care units are considered very cost effective interventions. Organizations like the March of Dimes work to increase awareness of prematurity and fund research to improve outcomes.
The document summarizes a hospital's venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis program over 7 years. It shows that the program reduced hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by over two-thirds, saving over $6 million in costs. Moving forward, the hospital aims to further improve prophylaxis practices by focusing on areas like daily ambulation and administering prophylaxis in the emergency department and throughout a patient's care. The goal is continuous quality improvement to help more patients and potentially achieve outcomes like preventing all hospital-acquired infections.
The document contains a 25-question multiple choice exam on pregnancy and related conditions for nursing students. The questions cover topics like normal weight gain during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy-induced hypertension, appropriate dietary advice for diabetics, risks of substance abuse during pregnancy, and potential complications of conditions like premature rupture of membranes.
Obsterics and Gynaecology-
introduction-Preventive obstetrics is the concept of prevention or early detection of particular health deviations through routine periodic examinations and screening .
The concept of preventive obstetrics concerns with the concepts of the health & wellbeing of the mother her baby during the antenatal,intranatal & postnatal period.
The goal of the preventive obstetrics is the delivery of a healthy infant by a healthy mother at the end of a healthy pregnancy.
Pregnancy & child birth normal physiological
process that change from conception to
delivery.
Objectives
To promote , protect and maintain the health of the mother during pregnancy.
To detect “high risk” cases and give them special attention
To foresee complications and prevent them.
To remove anxiety and dread associated with delivery
This document discusses the importance of breastfeeding and ways to encourage lactation. It outlines the medical reasons why breastfeeding may not be advisable in some cases, as well as some of the psychosocial reasons women choose not to breastfeed. The benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother are described. Suggestions for maintaining or increasing milk production include getting rest, drinking water, eating nutritious foods, breastfeeding often, and potentially using herbal supplements like fenugreek under a doctor's guidance.
This document summarizes the benefits of skin-to-skin contact between mothers and infants immediately after birth. It discusses how skin-to-skin contact helps with bonding, breastfeeding, and maternal and infant health outcomes. Barriers to immediate skin-to-skin contact are also addressed. The presentation provides guidance to nurses on how to support mothers in initiating and continuing skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.
Learn the history of attachment theory (known today as attachment parenting), and the benefits of creating a secure attachment with your infant and/or child.
Under-five clinics provide comprehensive healthcare services to children under five years old, including preventative care like immunizations and nutrition, curative care for illnesses, growth monitoring, and family planning education. Nurses play a key role in administering immunizations, maintaining growth charts and records, conducting physical exams, providing treatment and referrals, and educating mothers on childcare, breastfeeding, nutrition, and health-related topics. The overall goal is to monitor children's growth and development and care for their health needs through this specialized facility.
This document provides a history of the development of pediatric medicine and nursing from prehistoric times to the modern world. It discusses how in ancient civilizations children were reared according to traditions and medical care focused on mothers and children. During the medieval period, war, epidemics, and poor conditions in shelters led to high child mortality. The Renaissance period saw enhanced knowledge dissemination and the first infant hospitals in Italy. The modern world brought great progress in child health due to recognized differences between child and adult diseases, separate pediatric departments and hospitals, and policies focused on children's rights and development. Pediatric nursing training began in specific schools and graduate programs.
This document provides guidance for breastfeeding mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It recommends that mothers continue breastfeeding and take precautions like wearing a mask, washing hands, and cleaning surfaces. If a mother has COVID-19, she can express milk and have another caregiver feed the infant. The document provides tips for proper hygiene during formula feeding as well. It emphasizes the importance of breastfeeding for infant health and immunity.
Nt current principles, practices and trends in pediatric nursing (2)muruganandan natesan
Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the care of children from conception to adolescence. It focuses on preventative, curative, and rehabilitative care of children. Pediatrics is important because children make up a large portion of the population and are more vulnerable to health problems. Pediatric nursing aims to provide comprehensive, family-centered care to children while they are healthy and sick. It focuses on promoting growth and optimal functioning. Key aspects of pediatric nursing include family-centered care, minimizing trauma to children, and coordinating care through case management.
This document appears to be a performance evaluation checklist for a nursing student evaluating their competency in newborn care. It contains 11 sections evaluating different newborn care skills and responsibilities including safe nursing care, management of resources, health education, legal responsibilities, ethical responsibilities, professional development, quality improvement, research, record keeping, communication, and collaboration. The student is evaluated on over 40 different newborn care criteria like establishing an airway, performing APGAR scores, providing cord care education, and documenting assessments. Scores are given for each competency and the evaluation is signed by the clinical instructor and nursing dean.
The document discusses trends in pediatric nursing. It outlines how pediatric nursing has changed significantly due to advances in medicine, technology, societal needs, and changes within the nursing profession itself. The trends in modern pediatric nursing practice include family-centered care, high-technology care, evidence-based practice, atraumatic care, cost containment, and a focus on prevention and health promotion. Pediatric nurses now aim to provide quality care that supports families, uses advanced technology competently, is based on scientific evidence, minimizes trauma, reduces costs, and emphasizes preventative healthcare.
The staff meeting covered several topics:
- A new daily diary system where each group will record any accidents, incidents, medical issues, or other important information from the day.
- Guidelines for recording information in the diaries such as including the time, facts only, and noting anything that needs to be fed back to parents.
- Policies on illnesses, medications, and accidents were reviewed including exclusion periods, fever guidelines, and first aid procedures.
- Hand washing guidelines that hands should be washed at least every 2-3 hours and before/after certain tasks like nappy changes or food preparation.
This document discusses the history, philosophy, and principles of child health nursing. It outlines the evolution of pediatric nursing from ancient practices of child rearing to modern specialized nursing care. Key developments include the establishment of the first pediatric hospital in 1855, the inclusion of pediatric nursing education in 1917, and research in the mid-20th century highlighting the importance of family-centered care. The history of pediatric nursing in India incorporated it as a course in nursing programs from the 1950s onward.
This document discusses trends in hospital care for sick children. It outlines different types of facilities that provide pediatric care, such as pediatric units, neonatal intensive care units, and outpatient departments. It then examines the impact of hospitalization on children and families of different age groups. Babies experience separation anxiety and impaired bonding. Toddlers may react with protest, despair or regression. Older children's reactions include fears, worries and mental mechanisms like repression. Adolescents can feel anxiety, anger and depression. The role of the child health nurse is to provide family-centered care appropriate to each age, minimize stress, encourage self-care and involve parents to help children cope with hospitalization.
This presentation is the analysis of current newborn care in India. It focuses on the Hospital birth scenario and Factors contributing to newborn death. It further highlights , how the Midwives can make a difference.
Paediatric nursing involves providing specialized care to children from conception through adolescence. It aims to promote children's growth, development and well-being. Key principles include treating each child as a unique individual, supporting their family, and delivering developmentally-appropriate care. Current trends emphasize family-centered care, shorter hospital stays, and expanded nursing roles in areas like primary care, education and research. Paediatric nursing also addresses important ethical, legal and social issues related to children's health and rights.
The document discusses the field of pediatrics, including:
1. It outlines the different stages of childhood by age, from fetal period to adolescence, describing key features and health care needs at each stage.
2. It describes the characteristics of pediatrics, highlighting differences between pediatric and adult patients in areas like anatomy, physiology, immunology and types of diseases seen.
3. It discusses the scope and tasks of pediatrics, which involves caring for infants, children and adolescents, and promoting their growth, development and overall health.
Prepared childbirth involves educating women before labor to help them cope with discomfort through various techniques like Lamaze and Bradley methods. Lamaze uses breathing and relaxation to inhibit pain, while Bradley relies on a coach for support. Historically natural childbirth meant non-medical settings, but now often incorporates pain management in facilities. While home births aim to increase choice and flexibility, they are discouraged in the Philippines due to higher risks of death for mother and baby compared to hospitals or birthing centers.
The document discusses Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI), a strategy launched by WHO and UNICEF to reduce child mortality from preventable diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles and malnutrition. IMNCI focuses on preventive, promotive and curative care for children aged 0-5 years. It standardizes case management procedures based on age groups - children under 2 months and those from 2 months to 5 years. The IMNCI process involves assessing, classifying, identifying appropriate treatment, counseling caregivers and providing follow-up care for sick children.
This document is a magazine from Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children aimed at parents. It provides health and safety tips for common summer activities like biking, swimming, sports, trampolines, and playground play. It encourages balancing fun with precautions like wearing helmets, supervision near water, proper conditioning, and ensuring safe playground surfaces. It also promotes the hospital's online patient portal for accessing care.
This document discusses premature babies and the challenges they face. It defines a premature baby as one born before 37 weeks of gestation. Premature babies often have underdeveloped organs and need medical equipment like incubators and ventilators to help them survive. They also require special nutrition and developmental support. While the costs of caring for premature babies are high, neonatal intensive care units are considered very cost effective interventions. Organizations like the March of Dimes work to increase awareness of prematurity and fund research to improve outcomes.
The document summarizes a hospital's venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis program over 7 years. It shows that the program reduced hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by over two-thirds, saving over $6 million in costs. Moving forward, the hospital aims to further improve prophylaxis practices by focusing on areas like daily ambulation and administering prophylaxis in the emergency department and throughout a patient's care. The goal is continuous quality improvement to help more patients and potentially achieve outcomes like preventing all hospital-acquired infections.
The document contains a 25-question multiple choice exam on pregnancy and related conditions for nursing students. The questions cover topics like normal weight gain during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy-induced hypertension, appropriate dietary advice for diabetics, risks of substance abuse during pregnancy, and potential complications of conditions like premature rupture of membranes.
Obsterics and Gynaecology-
introduction-Preventive obstetrics is the concept of prevention or early detection of particular health deviations through routine periodic examinations and screening .
The concept of preventive obstetrics concerns with the concepts of the health & wellbeing of the mother her baby during the antenatal,intranatal & postnatal period.
The goal of the preventive obstetrics is the delivery of a healthy infant by a healthy mother at the end of a healthy pregnancy.
Pregnancy & child birth normal physiological
process that change from conception to
delivery.
Objectives
To promote , protect and maintain the health of the mother during pregnancy.
To detect “high risk” cases and give them special attention
To foresee complications and prevent them.
To remove anxiety and dread associated with delivery
This document discusses the importance of breastfeeding and ways to encourage lactation. It outlines the medical reasons why breastfeeding may not be advisable in some cases, as well as some of the psychosocial reasons women choose not to breastfeed. The benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother are described. Suggestions for maintaining or increasing milk production include getting rest, drinking water, eating nutritious foods, breastfeeding often, and potentially using herbal supplements like fenugreek under a doctor's guidance.
This document summarizes the benefits of skin-to-skin contact between mothers and infants immediately after birth. It discusses how skin-to-skin contact helps with bonding, breastfeeding, and maternal and infant health outcomes. Barriers to immediate skin-to-skin contact are also addressed. The presentation provides guidance to nurses on how to support mothers in initiating and continuing skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding.
Learn the history of attachment theory (known today as attachment parenting), and the benefits of creating a secure attachment with your infant and/or child.
introduction of pediatric in bsc nursing.pptxMr Parv Joshi
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It discusses how pediatrics has evolved from a focus on treating childhood diseases to taking a holistic, family-centered approach to child health and development. Key points include:
- Pediatrics originated from the need to address the health of mothers and children, who make up a large portion of populations.
- The field has progressed from early contributions by ancient Greek and Indian physicians to the modern establishment of pediatric departments, hospitals, and the recognition of childhood as a distinct life phase requiring specialized care.
- Present-day pediatrics emphasizes prevention, health promotion, evidence-based practices, and caring for the whole
The document discusses closeness and separation in neonatal intensive care units. It notes that the period from in utero to age 1 is critical for brain development. Evidence suggests that physical and emotional closeness between parents and newborns, through practices like skin-to-skin contact, can support brain development and reduce stress. Such closeness is associated with benefits like stronger attachment, better neurodevelopment, lower cortisol levels, and improved parenting behaviors. Separation can potentially undermine development and increase health risks.
The document outlines Methodist Dallas Medical Center's plan to achieve Baby-Friendly designation by adopting several evidence-based practices. The plan includes having a neonatal admission nurse care for infants in the same location as mothers to promote skin-to-skin contact and rooming-in. Research shows these practices improve breastfeeding and maternal-infant bonding. The plan also delays unnecessary interventions like early infant bathing to prevent hypothermia and supports breastfeeding within one hour of birth.
Impact of neonatal nurses’ guidelines on improving their knowledgeAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated the impact of guidelines on neonatal nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding kangaroo mother care. The study found that the guidelines improved nurses' knowledge and practices in supporting kangaroo mother care, which facilitates parent-infant bonding. Kangaroo mother care involves skin-to-skin contact between a parent and premature infant and provides physiological and developmental benefits. While nurses saw benefits, some had concerns about safety and workload that could influence implementation of kangaroo mother care practices. Education is important for nurses to gain knowledge and skills in facilitating kangaroo mother care, but changing attitudes is also important for improving adoption of related practices.
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O cuidado “Mãe Canguru” é uma metodologia inovadora para o tratamento e atendimento ambulatorial (não hospitalar) de crianças prematuras e com baixo peso ao nascer.
Calor, Amamentação e posição do canguru são os fundamentos básicos dessa tecnologia. Mais do que tudo, porém, é o relacionamento amoroso e íntimo estabelecido entre mãe e filho que permite que os pequenos sobrevivam.
O estímulo importante e contínuo, afetuoso tanto quanto físico, melhora e garante os ritmos respiratório e cardíaco dos prematurinhos.
A voz da mãe, seu arrulhar e a família ao redor servem como gatilhos enriquecedores das perspectivas neurológica e cognitiva. É a mãe, e não os médicos ou o hospital, quem é responsável e protagonista pelo cuidado do bebê precoce.
Texto escrito pelo Dr. Hector Martinez.
Tradução livre por Marcus Renato de Carvalho
#NovembroRoxo
Mesa redonda em homenagem aos 40 anos dessa Metodologia no #XVENAM 3thWBC no dia 14 de novembro as 14h no Centro de Convenções Sul América – Rio de Janeiro / RJ Brasil com a presença do Dr. Hector Martinez
Role of Mother and Father During InfancyNeil Chheda
This document discusses the important roles of parents in promoting healthy development during infancy. It outlines how parent-infant relationships form the basis for social-emotional development and influence emotional well-being later in life. Parents who are consistently sensitive and responsive help infants develop trust and secure attachment. Demand feeding and carrying infants are correlated with secure attachment. Physical care, play, and recruiting help also support infant development and well-being.
CHILD health nursing Introduction UNIT1.pptxkhushinidhaan
The document provides an introduction to modern concepts of child care in nursing. It discusses the historical development of pediatrics from ancient times to the present. Key aspects of modern child care philosophy include family-centered care and considering the individual child as well as their cultural and family context. The national policy for children in India aims to ensure children's rights and complete development.
Introduction to Child Health and Child Health Nursing [Autosaved] - Copy.pptBandanapihuYadav
This document provides an overview of the history of child health and pediatric nursing. It discusses key terminology like pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It then covers the concept of child health nursing which involves promoting overall development and well-being of children. The goals of child health nursing are also outlined. The document proceeds to discuss the history of child care from pre-historic times through early civilizations and modern periods. It notes improvements in child health as medical knowledge advanced. The qualities of a pediatric nurse and historical development of pediatric hospitals and practices are summarized. Finally, traditional and modern approaches to child care in Nepal are briefly mentioned.
Introduction to Child Health and Child Health Nursing [Autosaved] - Copy.pptBandanaKumariYadav
This document provides a history of child health and pediatric nursing. It discusses the evolution of terminology related to pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It then covers the concept of child health nursing and its goals. The document outlines the development of child care practices from pre-historic times through various civilizations and eras. It also discusses the development of pediatric nursing education and care in Nepal. Finally, it addresses present status and trends in child health care.
Role of mother and father during infancyNeil Chheda
This document discusses the roles of mothers and fathers in promoting healthy development during infancy. It outlines how parent-infant relationships form the basis for social-emotional development and influence emotional well-being. Sensitive and responsive parenting helps infants develop trust and secure attachment. Demand feeding and practices like carrying and co-sleeping also strengthen attachment. Parents support physical development through care, play, and ensuring safety. Their role is critical to an infant's growth.
This case study describes the psychological care provided to a mother ("Mary") after her newborn baby ("Kevin") experienced sudden cardiac arrest shortly after birth. The medical team provided life support to Kevin but recognized he would not survive without ventilation. They worked to communicate this with the parents and help them process the situation over multiple discussions. Providing emotional support and allowing time for understanding was crucial. Ultimately the parents were able to come to terms with withdrawing life support for Kevin with the support of the neonatal team and their family. The case study demonstrates how integral psychological care is for patients and families during medical crises.
The Neonatal Integrative Developmental Care ModelApril Charlton
The document discusses a study that evaluated an alternative health care model called the Neonatal Integrative Developmental Care Model, which combines knowledge from multiple disciplines to create optimal care from nurses. The study aimed to see if this model was more effective than traditional family-centered care, which focuses heavily on parent-child attachment. Although the alternative model was not proven more effective in this study, the authors believe there is potential for it to improve health outcomes when nurses enhance family-centered care with their knowledge and skills.
This document discusses attachment theory and its key concepts. It begins by defining attachment as the emotional bond between children and caregivers, usually evidenced by infants seeking proximity to their mothers. John Bowlby is identified as the founder of attachment theory. His research in the 1950s emphasized the importance of the caregiver-child relationship for development. Mary Ainsworth further classified attachment styles in infants as secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized based on her Strange Situation experiments. Factors that promote secure attachment are identified as caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness to infant cues. Attachment disorders can result from maternal deprivation and lack of interaction with caregivers.
The pediatric nurse's role is complex and varied, encompassing health promotion, disease treatment, and rehabilitation. Key responsibilities include primary caregiving, coordinating care with other providers, advocating for patients, providing health education, consulting, counseling, case management, recreation activities, social work functions, and participating in research. The overarching goals are to promote children's healthy development, provide medical care for illnesses, and assist with disabilities.
1. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes
Catherine Fritz
Adelphi University
Contents
2. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 1
I.The Issue
II. Review of the Literature
III. Compare and Contrast
IV. Action Plan
i. Skin to Skin Care Committee
ii. Education and Training
iii. Skin to Skin Team
iv. Policy and Procedures
v. Evaluation
The importance of mother and infant bonding has been studied for years. According to
Johnson (2013), “maternal bonding has been described as the mother's concerns and actions
about the safety and well-being of the infant, as well as the mother's affection for the infant and
the place he or she holds in her world” (p. 17). In Vitello’s (2013) article, The two men who
realized the importance of skin to skin contact between mother and infant after birth were Dr.
3. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 2
John Kennel and Dr. Marshall H. Klaus. They changed hospital care for mothers and their
newborns in 1976 when their book, Maternal-Infant Bonding was published. According to The
World Health Organization, “A newborn infant, or neonate, is a child under 28 days of age.
During these first 28 days of life, the child is at highest risk of dying. It is thus crucial that
appropriate feeding and care are provided during this period, both to improve the child’s chances
of survival and to lay the foundations for a healthy life.”(2015).
As stated by Lerwick (2013), Psychologist Erik Erikson developed the eight
developmental stages, with trust vs. mistrust being the first stage. During this stage, the infant
gains trust and attachment to the caregiver because the caregiver is responsive to the infant’s
needs. However, the infant can become mistrustful if their needs are ignored by the caregiver or
if the caregiver is inconsistent with caring for the infant. If mistrust develops, the hospitalized
infant will eventually develop stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. “When infants cry they
need to experience the primary caregiver as a present, attentive, problem-solver. This helps the
infant master the virtue of hope. Alternatively, if an infant is ignored or if the caregiver is
incompetent, inconsistent, or distracted, hope does not become established” (p. 129). When a
nurse works on a pediatric floor, he or she may become distracted and may be inconsistent in
holding infants due to the high intensity and stress that comes with working in a hospital which
can affect an infant who is without a caregiver.
I. The Issue
The author has always been interested in pediatric nursing. During a clinical rotation at
night on a pediatric unit in a hospital in Manhattan where most of the patients came from low
economic standings had psychosocial issues affecting family dynamics. The author experienced
an infant who was in need of bonding.
4. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 3
The pediatric unit in this urban hospital was fairly large; however there were about 6
patients at maximum on the unit with three registered nurses and two licensed practical nurses.
The ratio of nurses to patients was proportional.The author noticed the nurses spending a lot of
time at the nurses station, not holding the infant's. Of the six patients the ages ranged from two
weeks old to 17 years old.
All of the patients, except for the two week old female infant, had a parent or caregiver
present during the day and night. The author took notice to the infant because no one except for
the nurses had been in her room. The infant was admitted to the pediatric unit due to an E. coli
infection. The little two week old infant was the tenth child of an unmediated bipolar mother
who did not have custody of any of her children except for her one year old and the patient. The
mother finally arrived at the hospital around 9pm and only stayed for a half hour. The author
noticed the mother did not hold the patient during her visit. She asked the nurses how infant was
doing, but that was the extent of her visit.
After the mother left, the author noticed the infant was awake in her crib while the nurses
were at the nurse’s station having their own conversations. Since this was a night shift, there was
not much for the nurses to do since all the patients were stable and with their parents, except for
the infant. The author decided to go into the infant’s room and hold her. At first the author
stroked the infant’s belly. The infant began to cry, panicking the author picked up the baby and
held her and the crying stopped. The author realized the infant must have been crying because
she wanted to be held. As the author learned in the obstetrics-pediatric class, infants love faces so
the author kept herself and the baby face to face. The author continued to hold the baby for
another hour which was the end of the shift. The following week, the patient had been
discharged, but was placed in foster care.
5. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 4
The author realized that all babies need to be held especially when there is not a caregiver
present in the hospital. The nurses involved in this patient's care did not make time to hold the
infant; they only went into her room to feed her, administer medication, and clean her. Nurses
are without a doubt busy, but time spent holding the infant should be included in the patient’s
plan of care to increase better outcomes for the infant.
II. Review of the Literature
According to Luddington-Hoe (2013), skin to skin contact has time and time again prove
to lower infant stress which is encouraged in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units and is now a vital
form of therapy to promote brain development. Neonatal Intensive Care Units encourage a type
of bonding called kangaroo care (KC), in which parents or the nurses hold the preterm infant's
chest to chest and in turn, bond with them and provide comfort. This provides a calm and
soothing environment for the preterm infant who is undergoing stressful procedures in a noisy
environment.“Within 20 min of KC's onset, serum cortisol values have dropped by 67%–72%.
Four days of intermittent KC sessions has cumulative effects on reduction of stress in most
infants, but even one session of KC significantly reduces stress level” (p. 73). While providing
kangaroo care, it is best to keep the infant in the prone position. By keeping the infant prone it
has been proven to lower the incidence of poor oxygenation, lung volume is greater, and motor
development can occur earlier. Also, keeping the infant’s head upright decreases bradycardia and
apneic episodes. It is not recommended to keep the infant supine when providing kangaroo care
as it has poor physiologic outcomes for the infant. “Physiologic stability, particularly
cardiorespiratory, begins within minutes of the onset of KC”(p. 73). Also, kangaroo care
provides deep and quiet sleep for the infant. This fosters brain development and maturity for the
infant.
6. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 5
According to Johnson (2013), “infants are born with a desire to participate in human
interactions” (p. 17). Especially early on in their lives, infants completely have to depend on a
caregiver to feed them, care for them, stimulate their minds, and protect them from harm.
Johnston states that according to Klaus and Kennell, bonding is a special, distinct, and
everlasting connection that starts with the mother and her infant's first interaction. “Because
mothers respond more affectionately to their infants with continuous contact and interaction,
bonding appears to develop progressively, rather than being completely present at birth” (p.17).
Bonding between mother and infant requires both parties to participate. Certain behaviors that
infants exhibit such as making eye contact, crying, and facial expressions can enhance maternal
bonding and increase the emotions of both mother and infant that are involved during bonding.
The role of the hormone oxytocin cannot be forgotten as it is an important hormone in the
mother-infant relationship. Oxytocin is made during labor, birth, and when the mother and infant
touch and are close together. This hormone creates attachment between mother and infant.
Oxytocin also “creates feelings of love, drowsiness, euphoria, and pain relief” between the
mother and infant. Skin to skin contact increases the release of oxytocin and is continuously
released after birth by breastfeeding, speaking to the infant, and facial cues. “Oxytocin is
significant in the initiation of bonding because of its role in decreasing stress, increasing trust,
and integrating psychological and physiological states to aid in calmness and approach”(p. 20).
Nurses and other licensed professionals working in the area of obstetrics and pediatrics should
identify mothers who may be at risk for ineffective bonding.
Crenshaw (2014) states that “the benefits of skin-to-skin care extend beyond the moment
of birth. Whether in a maternity care setting or at home, the maternal and newborn physical and
emotional need for each other continues. While together, the mother quickly learns her baby’s
7. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 6
needs and how best to care for, comfort, and soothe her newborn” (p. 4). Immediately after birth
and the days after birth, both mother and infant have a physical and biologic need to be close to
each other. The mother and her baby should be kept together because it is a prudent and harmless
health practice. There are plenty of chances for mother and infant to engage in skin to skin care
and it encourages positive outcomes. “When the newborn is placed skin to skin with the mother,
this heightened response stimulates behaviors that help to meet the newborn’s basic biological
needs, activates neuroprotective mechanisms, enables early neurobehavioral self-regulation and
reduces stress” (p. 2). Mothers and infants who are constantly separated can lead to negative
health outcomes and can be dangerous for the mother-infant relationship. “When health
professionals respect, honor, and support the physiologic need that mothers and babies have for
each other after birth, they also improve the short- and long-term health outcomes for mothers
and babies” (p. 6).
Allen (2014) states that holding infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units can be
difficult to provide when there is constantly doctors, medical equipment, and interventions
occurring. The same can be said for a full term hospitalized infant without a caregiver present;
they are not receiving appropriate tactile stimulation. Nurturing touch is crucial for the infant's
psychosocial development. Nurturing touch is simply stroking the infant's leg or arm and it has
be proven to improve sleep and awake patterns, lessen time spent in hospitals, lowers stress, and
can increase the development of cognitive and motor skills. “Nurturing touch and massage
contain all of the elements necessary to begin the process of bonding, introduce appropriate
tactile stimulation and encourage healthy development” (para. 14). Nurturing touch can be the
most comforting intervention for the infant when he or she is enduring several medical
8. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 7
procedures daily. Nurturing touch can also “encourage optimal development” (para. 14) for the
infant.
In an empirical study by Kymre and Bondas (2013), the participants included 18
Neonatal Intensive Care Units nurses from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden; six from each
country. The nurses recollected instances when parents could not be present with their infants in
the Neonatal Intensive Care Units and it was the nurses who filled the role of the caregiver.
These nurses comforted and held the infants. One of the participants stated, “It might be
excessive to have another woman’s child on your skin, but I unbuttoned, and held him skin-to-
skin, because it was his only possibility to have physical contact” (p. 6). In another scenario one
of the nurses recalled that several nurses in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units were specifically
hired to provide skin to skin care for the infants. The participants realized the importance of
hiring nurses to give skin to skin care to infants and they believe that is “the child’s rights and
needs, and staff’s responsibilities in comforting infants close to human bodies” (p. 6). The nurses
who participated in this study felt great responsibility for the infant to always have skin to skin
contact, whether it be with the nurse or caregiver. “The findings in this study indicate an
importance in reflecting on how nurses encourage parents to participate and feel needed as a
condition for the developmental care of their newborn” (p. 6). These nurses encouraged parent
involvement and participation in the care of their baby. The nurses also encouraged the parents to
give skin to skin care with their newborns. Some nurses even felt that it should be demanded that
the parents give skin to skin comfort to their baby.
III. Compare and Contrast
What the author witnessed in the clinical experience was similar in some ways to what
research has found and different in other ways. One example includes mental illness as a factor
9. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 8
in maternal infant bonding. The author discovered that the mother of the infant was bipolar and
not medicated. The author also noticed that the mother never interacted with her baby during the
visit. According to Johnson (2013), infant health and comfort have been attributed to bonding
and it is essential for the infant to receive this attachment from their caregiver. Bonding begins
and continues when mother and infant have skin to skin contact with one another. However,
bonding can be disrupted by several issues, in particular psychological problems, which relate to
the author's experience.
According to Kymre and Bondas (2013), the nurses provided bonding for the infants on
the neonatal intensive care unit when the caregiver was not present. They realized the importance
of making skin to skin contact a nursing intervention for the infants who were not receiving
nurturing touch. Even several nurses were hired to provide skin to skin contact with the
newborns. This example differs from what the author experienced. The author did not witness
the nurses on the pediatric floor providing skin to skin contact with the infant. Also, the hospital
did not hire nurses to specifically provide skin to skin care for the infants.
Another example that differs from the author’s experience is that according to the study
done by Kymre and Bondas (2013), the nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit encouraged the
mothers to comfort and provide skin to skin contact with their newborn. From what the author
experienced on the pediatric unit, the nurses never tried to encourage the infant's’ mother to
interact with her newborn. In fact, the nurse assigned to the two week old infant barely spoke to
the mother.
IV. Action Plan
Due to the day to day demands of society, caregivers may not always be present with
their babies for the entire hospital stay. Therefore, a plan of action must be formed to increase
10. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 9
patient outcomes and improve the quality of care. A possible action plan for providing skin to
skin care for hospitalized infants will contain the following:
i. Skin to Skin Care Committee
The first step in changing policy in the hospital regarding skin to skin care for infants and
to eventually change practice is to form a committee. The committee will be composed of
pediatric nurses, pediatric physicians, midwives, and doulas. These members of the healthcare
team will be the ones to change policy regarding skin to skin care when infants do not have a
caregiver on the pediatric unit. The committee will develop policy, procedures, and a program
for bonding by using evidence based practice and by observing infant responses. The committee
will also provide training for staff, volunteers, and parents about how to hold and console the
infants. A “happy baby survey” will be conducted to determine the infants satisfaction three
months after initiating the program. Twenty infants within the program will be evaluated and
compared to another twenty infants before the program begins, serving as the control group.
(Kymre and Bondas, 2013)
ii. Education and Training
For the skin to skin program to be effective, staff and volunteers need to be educated and
trained on how to provide skin to skin care to infants. There will be a mandatory informational
meeting held by the Skin to Skin Committee for pediatric staff and volunteers. During this
meeting, staff and volunteers will be educated on what skin to skin care actually is, the benefits
of skin to skin care, and finally the policies and procedures about the program. The staff and
volunteers attending this program will be comprised become the Skin to Skin Team. (Kymre and
Bondas, 2013)
iii. Skin to Skin Team
11. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 10
Almost anyone can become apart of the The Skin to Skin Team. This can include college
students, the elderly, and anyone else who wants to volunteer their time to hold infants who are
without a caregiver on the pediatric unit. Nurses who work on the pediatric unit will
automatically become apart of the Skin to Skin Team because skin to skin care will become a
required intervention of care for the infants who are without a caregiver. The team will be trained
by the Skin to Skin Committee. ( Kymre and Bondas, 2013)
iv. Policy and Procedures
The Skin to Skin program for Volunteers include the following:
1. Attend training program on how to hold infants and properly provide skin to skin care
and show competency
2. Attend training program on how to provide hygienic care for the infant and show
competency
3. Taught universal precautions and show competency
4. Shifts for volunteers will be 8am-5pm and they must commit to three hours for each day
they volunteer
5. Must be 21 years of age and older
6. Background check and drug testing required
7. Must complete an interview
Pediatric nurses are required to do the following:
1. Nurses on the day shift from 7am-7pm will provide skin to skin care for 20 minutes every
four hours and will document the time providing skin to skin care on the “skin to skin”
form
12. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 11
2. Nurses on the night shift from 7pm-7am will provide skin to skin care every two hours
for one hour and will document the time providing skin to skin care on the “skin to skin”
form
3. Nurses need to teach the caregiver how to provide skin to skin care and how to comfort
their baby
4. If a caregiver is not present, it is the nurse's responsibility to reach out to the family non-
judgmentally and encourage them to participate in their infants’ care.
5. Nurses need to provide education on the importance of the caregiver's presence and how
it affects their infant's’ development.
6. Nurses must monitor the volunteers
v. Evaluation of the Skin to Skin Program
Three months after the program begins, the program will be evaluated for better patient
outcomes. The evaluation will be done by nurses who will use the “happy baby survey” to
determine if the program has been successful. The nurses will evaluate twenty infants in a three
month's time span. The nurses will gather information from their own observations and
comments from the volunteers. The “happy baby survey” will contain a list of behaviors and
physiologic responses that the infant should be expressing if he or she is being held and
comforted. The behaviors and physiologic responses include less crying, easily comforted,
improved sleeping patterns, normal heart rate, normal respiratory rate, and better feeding
patterns. These findings will be compared to the survey done with the twenty infants who did not
participate in the program. (Ludington-Hoe, 2013).
In conclusion, full term infants who are hospitalized need bonding just as much as
preterm infants, especially if their parents or caregivers are absent. This is a sensitive part of their
13. Holding Infants on Pediatric Units Increases Bonding and Therefore Increases Patient Outcomes 12
development where the infant either has trust or mistrust of others and being hospitalized can
disturb this period where bonding is critical. All infants are immature, whether they are preterm
or full term, both require comforting and hospitalized full term infants should receive skin to skin
care from nurses when the caregiver is not present.
References
Allen, T. (2012). Nurturing touch in the NICU. Massage Today, 12(01). Retrieved April 22,
2015, from http://www.massagetoday.com/mpacms/mt/article.php?id=14518
Crenshaw, J. (2014). Healthy Birth Practice #6: Keep Mother and Baby Together— It’s Best for
Mother, Baby, and Breastfeeding. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 23(4).
Johnson, K. (2013). Maternal-infant bonding: a review of literature. International Journal of
Childbirth Education, 28(3), 17+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA344155224&v=2.1&u=olr_health_watc
h&it=r&p=HRCA&sw=w&asid=54b4485a6907244a8a4622d85e641b63
Kymre, I. G., & Bondas, T. (2013). Balancing preterm infants’ developmental needs with
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Lerwick, J.(2013). Psychosocial implications of pediatric surgical hospitalization. Seminars in
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Vitello, P. (2013, September 13). John Kennell, Advocate of Infant Bonding, Dies at 91. The
New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2015, from
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