John Cage was an American composer known for incorporating chance-based procedures and extended techniques into his music. His piece 4'33" from 1952 consists of only silence, as the performer does not play their instrument for the entire duration. Cage believed that music incorporates both sound and silence. He used aleatory and chance-based composition methods, where aspects of a musical work are left to random determination. His piece Fontana Mix from 1958 uses transparencies with dots and lines that are superimposed to randomly generate a score telling the performer what actions to take.