This document contains code snippets for 12 common C++ programs: 1) checking if a number is even or odd, 2) swapping two numbers, 3) checking if a year is a leap year, 4) sorting words in dictionary order, 5) calculating a factorial, 6) generating a Fibonacci series, 7) transposing a matrix, 8) using constructors and destructors, 9) demonstrating multiple inheritance, 10) using static members and functions, 11) exception handling, and 12) file input/output. Each code snippet is followed by sample input/output to demonstrate the program's functionality.

1. C++ PRACTICAL

2. 1. Check Whether Number is Even or
Odd
2. Swap Two Numbers
3. Check Leap Year
4. Sort words in Dictionary order
5. Find Factorial of a given number
6. Fibonnacci Series of N numbers
7. Transpose of Matrix
8. Constructor And Destructor
9. Multiple Inheritance
10.Static members and functions
11.Exception Handling
12.File handling
INDEX

3. 1. Check Whether Number is Even or
Odd
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> n;
if ( n % 2 == 0)
cout << n << " is even.";
else
cout << n << " is odd.";
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter an integer: 23
23 is odd.

4. 2. Swap Two Numbers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int a = 5, b = 10, temp;
cout << "Before swapping." << endl;
cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b
<< endl;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
cout << "n After swapping." <<
endl;
cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b
<< endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Before swapping a = 5, b = 10
After swapping. a = 10, b = 5

5. 3. Check Leap Year
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int year;
cout << "Enter a year: ";
cin >> year;
if (year % 4 == 0) {
if (year % 100 == 0){
if (year % 400 == 0)
cout << year << " is a
leap year.";
else
cout << year << " is not a
leap year.";
} else
cout << year << " is a leap
year.";
} else
cout << year << " is not a leap
year.";
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a year: 2014
2014 is not a leap year.

6. 4. Sort Words in Dictionary Order
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string str[10], temp;
cout << "Enter 10 words: " << endl;
for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){
getline(cin, str[i]);
}
for(int i = 0; i < 9; ++i)
for( int j = i+1; j < 10; ++j){
if(str[i] > str[j]){
temp = str[i];
str[i] = str[j];
str[j] = temp;
}
}
cout << "Sorted order is: " << endl;
for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){
cout << str[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}

7. OUTPUT:
Enter 10 words:
C
C++
Java
Python
Perl
R
Matlab
Ruby
JavaScript
PHP
Sorted order is:
C
C++
Java
JavaScript
Matlab
PHP
Perl
Python
R
Ruby

8. 5.Find Factorial of a given number
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
unsigned int n;
unsigned long long factorial = 1;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
for(int i = 1; i <=n; ++i)
{
factorial *= i;
}
cout << "Factorial of " << n << " = " <<
factorial;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a positive integer: 12
Factorial of 12 = 479001600

9. 6. Fibonnacci Series of N numbers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n, t1 = 0, t2 = 1, nextTerm = 0;
cout << "Enter the number of terms: ";
cin >> n;
cout << "Fibonacci Series: ";
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i){
// Prints the first two terms.
if(i == 1) {
cout << " " << t1;
continue;
}
if(i == 2){
cout << t2 << " ";
continue;
}
nextTerm = t1 + t2;
t1 = t2;
t2 = nextTerm;
cout << nextTerm << " ";
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the number of terms: 10
Fibonacci Series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34

10. 7. Transpose of Matrix
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int a[10][10], trans[10][10], r, c, i,
j;
cout << "Enter rows and columns of
matrix: ";
cin >> r >> c;
// Storing element of matrix entered by user in
array a[][].
cout << endl << "Enter elements of
matrix: " << endl;
for(i = 0; i < r; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < c; ++j)
{
cout << "Enter elements a" << i + 1
<< j + 1 << ": ";
cin >> a[i][j];
}
// Displaying the matrix a[][]
cout << endl << "Entered Matrix: " <<
endl;
for(i = 0; i < r; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < c; ++j){
cout << " " << a[i][j];
if(j == c - 1)
cout << endl << endl;

11. }
// Finding transpose of matrix a[][] and storing it
in array trans[][].
for(i = 0; i < r; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < c; ++j){
trans[j][i]=a[i][j];
}
// Displaying the transpose,i.e, Displaying array
trans[][].
cout << endl << "Transpose of Matrix: "
<< endl;
for(i = 0; i < c; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < r; ++j)
{
cout << " " << trans[i][j];
if(j == r - 1)
cout << endl << endl;
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter rows and column of matrix: 2 3
Enter elements of matrix:
Enter elements a11: 1
Enter elements a12: 2

12. Enter elements a13: 9
Enter elements a21: 0
Enter elements a22: 4
Enter elements a23: 7
Entered Matrix:
1 2 9
0 4 7
Transpose of Matrix:
1 0
2 4
9 7

13. 8. Constructor And Destructor
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Arithmetic {
public:
Circle(){
cout << "Constructor called";
}
int sum(int a, int b){
return a + b;
}
~Circle(){
cout << "Destructor called";
}
};
int main() {
Arithmetic arth;
cout << “Sum is: ” << arth.sum(50 + 17)
<<endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Constructor called
Sum is: 67
Destructor called

14. 9. Multiple Inheritance
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
A() {
cout << "A's constructor
called" << endl;
}
};
class B {
CLASS A CLASS B
CLASS C

15. public:
B() {
cout << "B's constructor
called" << endl;
}
};
class C: public B, public A {
public:
C() {
cout << "C's constructor
called" << endl;
}
};
int main(){
C c;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
B's constructor called
A's constructor called
C's constructor called

16. 10. Static members and functions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box {
public:
static int objectCount;
// Constructor definition
Box(double l = 2.0, double b = 2.0,
double h = 2.0) {
cout <<"Constructor called." <<
endl;
length = l;
breadth = b;
height = h;
// Increase every time object is created
objectCount++;
}
double Volume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
static int getCount() {
return objectCount;
}
private:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};

17. // Initialize static member of class Box
int Box::objectCount = 0;
int main(void) {
// Print total number of objects before creating
object.
cout << "Inital Stage Count: " <<
Box::getCount() << endl;
Box Box1(3.3, 1.2, 1.5); // Declare
box1
Box Box2(8.5, 6.0, 2.0); // Declare
box2
// Print total number of objects after creating
object.
cout << "Final Stage Count: " <<
Box::getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Inital Stage Count: 0
Constructor called.
Constructor called.
Final Stage Count: 2

18. 11.Exception Handling
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double division(int a, int b) {
if( b == 0 ) {
throw "Division by zero condition!";
}
return (a/b);
}
int main () {
int x = 50;
int y = 0;
double z = 0;
try {
z = division(x, y);
cout << z << endl;
}catch (const char* msg) {
cerr << msg << endl;
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Division by zero condition!

19. 12. File Handling
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
char data[100];
// open a file in write mode.
ofstream outfile;
outfile.open("afile.dat");
cout << "Writing to the file" << endl;
cout << "Enter your name: ";
cin.getline(data, 100);
// write inputted data into the file.
outfile << data << endl;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> data;
cin.ignore();
// again write inputted data into the file.
outfile << data << endl;
// close the opened file.
outfile.close();
// open a file in read mode.
ifstream infile;
infile.open("afile.dat");

20. cout << "Reading from the file" << endl;
infile >> data;
// write the data at the screen.
cout << data << endl;
// again read the data from the file and display it.
infile >> data;
cout << data << endl;
// close the opened file.
infile.close();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
$./a.out
Writing to the file
Enter your name: Zara
Enter your age: 9
Reading from the file
Zara
9