The document discusses two main ethical theories: teleological and deontological ethics, with teleological ethics focusing on the consequences of actions and deontological ethics emphasizing duty and adherence to moral rules. It also outlines Kohlberg's six stages of moral development and their significance in various fields, including education and corporate ethics. Furthermore, the document touches on the importance of global ethics, addressing issues like human rights, environmental ethics, and global justice.

1. Theories of Ethics: Consequentialism,
Utilitarianism, Teleological, Deontological;
Kohlberg Six Stage Moral Development
UNIT 4 MODULE 1 (PART II)

2. Theories of
Ethics
Teleological
(Based on outcomes/
consequences)
Deontological
(Based on process)

3. Teleological Theory of Ethics
 The Greek word "telos," which signifies an end, is where the word "teleological"
originates.
 Teleological theories state that an action's is entirely dependent on its outcomes, not on any
aspect of the action itself.
 Teleological ethics, also referred to as consequentialism, assesses the morality of a deed by
considering its results or ramifications.
 There are few types of this theory:
 Eudaimonism- This theory holds that a behaviour is morally right if it makes people
happy.
 Ethical Egoism- A decision that, from an individual's perspective, maximises self-
interest—sometimes even at the expense of others—is referred to as ethical egoism.
 Utilitarianism-According to this concept, a course of action is morally right if it
maximises satisfaction for all parties involved.

4. Key Points of Teleological Ethics
1. Focus on Outcomes: Actions are deemed right or wrong based on their results. Good
consequences make actions morally right, while bad consequences make them morally wrong.
2. Utilitarianism: The most prominent teleological theory, founded by Jeremy Bentham and John
Stuart Mill, which holds that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or
utility.
3. Evaluation of Consequences: Decision-makers must consider the potential outcomes of their
actions and choose the one that produces the greatest net benefit or the least harm.
4. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Often involves weighing the positive and negative consequences to
determine the most ethical course of action.

5. Deontological Theory of Ethics
 The Greek word "deon," which meaning duty, is the source of the word "deontological."
 The core idea in deontological theories is duty or obligation.
 Deontological views hold that some behaviours are morally correct because they follow the
norms that govern them, not because they benefit oneself or others.
 Social Contract Theories-This idea states that a behaviour is morally right if it
complies with established standards, agreements, or laws that protect the general
welfare of the contractual parties.
 Social Justice Theories- This idea holds that if a behaviour reflects distributive,
retributive, and compensatory aspects of social justice, it is ethical.
 Positive And Negative Rights Theories- Positive rights theories hold that an action is
morally justified if it grants a person the necessities of life, such as the right to superior
healthcare, education, and other necessities.

6. Key Points of Deontological Ethics:
1. Rule-Based Morality: Actions are judged based on their adherence to rules, principles, or
duties. It emphasizes following ethical principles regardless of the outcomes.
2. Duty and Obligation: Moral duties and obligations are central to deontological ethics.
Individuals must act according to their moral duties.
3. Intrinsic Rightness: Certain actions are inherently right or wrong, independent of their
consequences. Lying, for instance, is considered wrong even if it produces good outcomes.
4. Universalizability: A key concept in Kantian ethics is that actions should be
universalizable, meaning one should act only according to maxims that can be consistently
applied as universal laws.

7. Kohlberg Six Stage Moral Development

8. Significance of Kohlberg Six Stage
Moral Development
 Understanding Moral Development
 Educational Applications
 Parental Guidance
 Counseling and Psychotherapy
 Corporate Ethics
 Criminal Justice
 Policy Making
 Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity
 Personal Growth

9. Ethics in Global Era

10. Ethics in Global Era
• Human Rights
• Universality vs. Relativism
• Environmental Ethics
• Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR)
• Justice and Fairness

11. Ethics in Global Era
• Global Health Ethics
• Peace and Conflict
Resolution
• Technological Ethics
• Migration and Refugee
Ethics
• Intercultural Dialogue and
Respect

12. Significance of Global Ethics
Ensures Fair Treatment
Promotes Global Cooperation
Guides Global Policy
Encourages Sustainable Development

13. Key Points of Global Ethics:
1. Universal Values:
2. Interconnectedness
3. Global Justice
4. Environmental Ethics
5. Human Rights
6. Global Governance