Business Continuity is directly related to the outside world. This is illustrated by examining the affects of a wide area event on interbank payment operations.
This document discusses liquidity risk and liquidity management in Islamic banks. It begins by outlining sources of liquidity risk for Islamic banks, including contractual forms like murabaha that can impact risk. While some Islamic banks have excess liquidity, others have faced liquidity crises. The document then examines current practices for managing both liquidity shortages and excesses, including reserves, maturity matching, and sukuk structures. It concludes by recommending the development of new liquidity management instruments and infrastructure to help smooth liquidity issues in Islamic banking.
Presentation_FX_Risk_Management_10_04_11Fahim Ahmed
The presentation discusses foreign exchange risks and mitigation strategies for banks. It covers Bangladesh Bank's FX risk management policy, Treasury risk management policies at Brac Bank, key FX risks including market risk and definitions. It provides an overview of Treasury operations including money markets, FX markets, and capital markets. It discusses Treasury risk monitoring, FX and money market deal processing, and back office support functions.
The document discusses Mohammad Fheili, who has over 30 years of banking experience and currently works as an executive at JTB Bank in Lebanon. He has delivered over 1,500 hours of training to bankers and has published over 25 articles. The main document appears to be about an upcoming forum on de-risking that Fheili will be speaking at, as it covers topics like the challenges in compliance that are driving banks to de-risk, the implications of de-risking, and strategies for managing risk while continuing to serve clients.
This document provides information about an upcoming conference on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) for heads of units at Arab banks and financial institutions. It includes the conference details, date, location, and topic "The Many Faces of Compliance Risk". It also includes a biography of Mohammad Fheili, who will be speaking at the conference and has over 30 years of banking experience, including roles at various banks and economic advising organizations in Lebanon.
“BSA/AML Considerations for Digital and Virtual Currencies”Rachel Hamilton
The document discusses regulatory considerations for digital and virtual currencies from an anti-money laundering perspective. It provides an overview of key questions for virtual currency companies regarding their regulatory obligations. It also summarizes remarks from financial regulators emphasizing the importance of virtual currency companies having controls to address money laundering risks and meet reporting obligations. The document outlines elements of an effective anti-money laundering compliance program and notes increased scrutiny of individuals at financial institutions, including directors and officers, for anti-money laundering failures.
121010_Mobile Banking & Payments for Emerging Asia Summit 2012_A Risk-Based A...spirecorporate
Regulators should take a risk-based approach to mobile financial services regulation. While services may be provided by telcos or banks, all involve both entities at some level. Financial regulators are appropriate to oversee issues involving safeguarding of money. Key risks include fraud, technical failures, money laundering, and lack of consumer protection; common controls address transaction limits, KYC, agent management, and more. Examples show tiered KYC and deposit limits based on risk.
This document summarizes an overview of intraday liquidity management. It discusses measuring and forecasting daily liquidity flows, monitoring positions against available resources, arranging sufficient intraday funding, mobilizing collateral, and dealing with disruptions. It also outlines control indicators for monitoring intraday liquidity requirements and available resources. Charts show an example intraday liquidity profile and quantitative tools are discussed for monitoring intraday positions. Potential stress scenarios and effective management methods are also summarized, along with examples of regulatory reports used for monitoring and reporting intraday liquidity.
This document outlines indicators for monitoring intraday liquidity risk. It defines intraday liquidity and risk, describes sources of intraday funds including central bank reserves and credit lines. It presents key monitoring indicators such as daily liquidity requirements and available funds. An example calculates indicators for a bank making six payments. It also discusses stress scenarios and issues around applying the indicators for different systems, currencies, and organizational structures.
This document discusses liquidity risk and liquidity management in Islamic banks. It begins by outlining sources of liquidity risk for Islamic banks, including contractual forms like murabaha that can impact risk. While some Islamic banks have excess liquidity, others have faced liquidity crises. The document then examines current practices for managing both liquidity shortages and excesses, including reserves, maturity matching, and sukuk structures. It concludes by recommending the development of new liquidity management instruments and infrastructure to help smooth liquidity issues in Islamic banking.
Presentation_FX_Risk_Management_10_04_11Fahim Ahmed
The presentation discusses foreign exchange risks and mitigation strategies for banks. It covers Bangladesh Bank's FX risk management policy, Treasury risk management policies at Brac Bank, key FX risks including market risk and definitions. It provides an overview of Treasury operations including money markets, FX markets, and capital markets. It discusses Treasury risk monitoring, FX and money market deal processing, and back office support functions.
The document discusses Mohammad Fheili, who has over 30 years of banking experience and currently works as an executive at JTB Bank in Lebanon. He has delivered over 1,500 hours of training to bankers and has published over 25 articles. The main document appears to be about an upcoming forum on de-risking that Fheili will be speaking at, as it covers topics like the challenges in compliance that are driving banks to de-risk, the implications of de-risking, and strategies for managing risk while continuing to serve clients.
This document provides information about an upcoming conference on Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) for heads of units at Arab banks and financial institutions. It includes the conference details, date, location, and topic "The Many Faces of Compliance Risk". It also includes a biography of Mohammad Fheili, who will be speaking at the conference and has over 30 years of banking experience, including roles at various banks and economic advising organizations in Lebanon.
“BSA/AML Considerations for Digital and Virtual Currencies”Rachel Hamilton
The document discusses regulatory considerations for digital and virtual currencies from an anti-money laundering perspective. It provides an overview of key questions for virtual currency companies regarding their regulatory obligations. It also summarizes remarks from financial regulators emphasizing the importance of virtual currency companies having controls to address money laundering risks and meet reporting obligations. The document outlines elements of an effective anti-money laundering compliance program and notes increased scrutiny of individuals at financial institutions, including directors and officers, for anti-money laundering failures.
121010_Mobile Banking & Payments for Emerging Asia Summit 2012_A Risk-Based A...spirecorporate
Regulators should take a risk-based approach to mobile financial services regulation. While services may be provided by telcos or banks, all involve both entities at some level. Financial regulators are appropriate to oversee issues involving safeguarding of money. Key risks include fraud, technical failures, money laundering, and lack of consumer protection; common controls address transaction limits, KYC, agent management, and more. Examples show tiered KYC and deposit limits based on risk.
This document summarizes an overview of intraday liquidity management. It discusses measuring and forecasting daily liquidity flows, monitoring positions against available resources, arranging sufficient intraday funding, mobilizing collateral, and dealing with disruptions. It also outlines control indicators for monitoring intraday liquidity requirements and available resources. Charts show an example intraday liquidity profile and quantitative tools are discussed for monitoring intraday positions. Potential stress scenarios and effective management methods are also summarized, along with examples of regulatory reports used for monitoring and reporting intraday liquidity.
This document outlines indicators for monitoring intraday liquidity risk. It defines intraday liquidity and risk, describes sources of intraday funds including central bank reserves and credit lines. It presents key monitoring indicators such as daily liquidity requirements and available funds. An example calculates indicators for a bank making six payments. It also discusses stress scenarios and issues around applying the indicators for different systems, currencies, and organizational structures.
The operational & liquidity implications of CCPsJohn Wilson
This document discusses the operational and liquidity impacts of central clearing counterparties (CCPs) on banks and other financial institutions. It notes that CCPs will require large amounts of high-quality collateral from participants to back trades, posing liquidity challenges. Variation margin requirements being cash-only could also force asset sales during stressed markets. While banks may benefit from netting, buy-side firms face larger costs due to one-sided exposures. The document examines issues around trade processing, collateral management, and the different regulatory approaches between the US and EU. It emphasizes the need for participants to assess liquidity requirements under stress and diversify sources of funding.
Risk Based Approach Bachir El Nakib July 2009 [Compatibility Mode]bashirnakib
The document discusses building a risk profile and outlines a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance. It covers developing risk-based know-your-customer procedures, identifying different types of risks, and enhancing due diligence for high-risk customers. The document also discusses regulatory concerns, compliance requirements and recent enforcement actions to emphasize the importance of a robust risk-based approach.
This document is a thesis on liquidity management at Bank Al-Sharq in Syria. It begins with an introduction and acknowledgments. It then provides an abstract that outlines studying liquidity management procedures at Bank Al-Sharq when liquidity ratios fall below authorized limits, and the impact on bank profitability. The document also contains chapters on liquidity management in traditional banks, liquidity risks, the role of Syria's Central Bank in regulating liquidity ratios, and a specific analysis of liquidity management at Bank Al-Sharq. It concludes with recommendations for improving liquidity management and increasing profitability.
Nacha payments 2013 -Transparency in Cross-Border Payments & Impact of Dodd-F...Earthport
Dodd-Frank Section 1073 is arguably one of the biggest changes to cross-border payments globally in recent years. It requires banks providing cross-border payments services to U.S. based consumers to commit to all fees, funds delivery date and more before initiating the transaction. This session describes the pros and cons of open loop, closed loop and hybrid approaches. Speakers also discuss whether the new requirement is likely to be adopted by corporates and internationally.
High regulatory costs for small and mid sized banksHEXANIKA
Anecdotal evidence from bankers suggests that the cost of complying usually increases with new rules and regulations when large statutory changes are made to financial laws and rules of any country or region[1]. This burden increases significantly when such changes are made especially after a financial crisis. New regulations stemming from the financial crisis has cost the six largest U.S. banks $70.2 billion as of the end of last year[2]. Between the end of 2007 and the end of 2015, regulatory fines rose by more than 100% – or $35.5 billion- according to data from policy-analysis firm Federal Financial Analytics Inc. As per Federal Financial Analytics, the reporting costs come from a mix of requirements that are specific to these banks, e.g. particular capital surcharges that apply to banks with assets over $50 billion but impose the largest cost on the six biggest banks due to their size or risk
The document summarizes a presentation about the impact of Dodd-Frank regulations on international payments and how credit unions can address these changes. It discusses:
- New disclosure requirements for international payments under Dodd-Frank that will take effect in October 2013.
- How the Federal Reserve's FedGlobal international ACH system can help credit unions provide lower cost international payments to members while meeting regulatory requirements.
- Benefits of using FedGlobal ACH payments include no beneficiary deductions, lower costs, consistent delivery times, and accessibility for institutions of all sizes.
- Resources available to help credit unions understand and comply with new international payment rules.
Asset liability management-in_the_indian_banks_issues_and_implicationsVikas Patro
This document discusses asset-liability management (ALM) in Indian banks. It provides background on the evolution of risk management practices in Indian banks over time in response to deregulation and other changes. It describes various types of risks banks face, such as interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and credit risk. Effective ALM is important for banks to manage these risks and balance risks with profits. The document outlines objectives to study the current status and impact of ALM practices in Indian banks.
Practical implementation of the BCBS Monitoring indicators for intraday liqui...Kimmo Soramaki
(1) The document discusses calculating the BCBS monitoring indicators for intraday liquidity management using data from interbank payment systems. (2) It argues that payment system operators like central banks are best placed to calculate most of the indicators efficiently using their existing payment data. (3) Combining the indicators with network and flow data from payment systems allows for more meaningful stress testing and identification of systemically important banks.
This document discusses systemically important banks and the need for additional policy measures to regulate them. It defines systemically important banks as those whose failure could trigger a financial crisis due to their size, interconnectedness with other financial institutions, and the critical banking services they provide. The document outlines indicators like size, interconnectedness, complexity, and substitutability used to identify globally systemically important banks. It proposes assigning systemically important banks to buckets based on a score, with higher buckets requiring additional capital buffers to reduce risks from these banks.
SWIFT is a secure network that allows multi-banked corporates to efficiently connect and communicate with multiple banks globally through a single channel. It addresses challenges of multi-banking like lack of visibility, manual processes, and high costs. SWIFT provides services for cash management, treasury, trade, and more. It offers benefits like global visibility, lower costs, and improved security compared to connecting with each bank individually. SWIFT is used by both large and small corporations internationally and domestically.
Current Trends in Selected Industries: BankingEren Ocakverdi
This document provides an overview of banking and financial systems. It discusses:
1) The role of banks and other financial institutions as intermediaries that borrow funds from savers and lend to borrowers. This indirect finance is more important than direct finance through securities markets.
2) How financial intermediaries help address information asymmetry and manage risk. They also allow for economies of scale and risk sharing.
3) Sources of external financing for businesses, with bank loans being the most important in many countries.
4) Dynamics of financial crises, particularly in emerging markets, which often start with a lending boom and bust followed by a currency crisis and broader financial crisis. Weak regulation and supervision can exacerbate these
Global Payables, Best Practices For Ecommerce Merchants By Dana Ninodananino
Global e-commerce merchants face challenges with cross-border payments including high costs, lack of transparency, and complex compliance requirements. There is a need for payment providers to offer more efficient, cost-effective methods in local currencies with real-time rates and reporting. Merchants should evaluate providers based on accuracy, bundling of payment types, online functionality, and auditing controls to streamline the payment process and reduce errors.
Alternative Finance Briefing Paper - Simon Deane-Johns 27 01 12Simon Deane-Johns
Submitted on 27 January 2012 to the UK Government's Red Tape Challenge on Disruptive Business Models (http://www.redtapechallenge.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/themehome/disruptive-business-model/) and the Taskforce on Non-bank Finance (http://www.bis.gov.uk/businessfinance). Related posts are here: http://sdj-thefineprint.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/submission-on-new-model-for-retail.html
Risk Based Approach to Anti Money Laundering and Counter Terrorist Financing IIR Middle East
Join our Risk Based Approach to Anti Money Laundering and Counter Terrorist Financing in the finance capital Geneva...contact me directly to book a place at howard.fernandes@iirme.com
This document discusses risk management in the banking sector. It identifies four main types of risks that banks face: operational risk, credit risk, market risk, and regulatory risk. For each risk, it provides examples of the specific risks involved. It also discusses how risk management in banks has evolved from a focus on risk reduction to treating risk as an inherent part of the business that must be monitored. Regulatory responses aimed at improving risk management in the financial industry are also summarized.
Shoes By # 139 is a small shoe store located in downtown Chicago. They specialize in men's dress shoes and boots for work. Their selection focuses on comfort and durability for professionals at affordable prices.
The narrator went for a routine checkup at the Lord's Clinic where various issues were found. Jesus saw that they were low in tenderness from their blood pressure reading and registered anxiety from their temperature. An electrocardiogram revealed their arteries were blocked by loneliness, requiring "love bypasses". They could not walk with or hug friends due to fractured envy. They also had shortsightedness from not seeing beyond others' shortcomings. Deafness was diagnosed from stopping listening to Jesus daily. Jesus provided a free consultation and natural remedies including daily gratitude, peace, patience, brotherhood, humility and love.
The document discusses the "Thinking Outside the Box" series which aims to help people think unconventionally. It describes the SCAMPER method, created by Bob Eberle, which provides a checklist for refining existing products and services by substituting, combining, adapting, modifying, putting to other uses, eliminating, or reversing elements. SCAMPER stands for these techniques and the document provides examples of applying each letter of the acronym to different products or services.
The document discusses various promotional techniques used in marketing, including the traditional promotional mix of personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and advertising. It provides details on the objectives of integrated marketing campaigns, common advertising media and top advertising jingles. Data is presented on advertising expenditures and effectiveness of different types of ads. The roles of public relations, sales promotion, and personal selling in the selling process are outlined.
The operational & liquidity implications of CCPsJohn Wilson
This document discusses the operational and liquidity impacts of central clearing counterparties (CCPs) on banks and other financial institutions. It notes that CCPs will require large amounts of high-quality collateral from participants to back trades, posing liquidity challenges. Variation margin requirements being cash-only could also force asset sales during stressed markets. While banks may benefit from netting, buy-side firms face larger costs due to one-sided exposures. The document examines issues around trade processing, collateral management, and the different regulatory approaches between the US and EU. It emphasizes the need for participants to assess liquidity requirements under stress and diversify sources of funding.
Risk Based Approach Bachir El Nakib July 2009 [Compatibility Mode]bashirnakib
The document discusses building a risk profile and outlines a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance. It covers developing risk-based know-your-customer procedures, identifying different types of risks, and enhancing due diligence for high-risk customers. The document also discusses regulatory concerns, compliance requirements and recent enforcement actions to emphasize the importance of a robust risk-based approach.
This document is a thesis on liquidity management at Bank Al-Sharq in Syria. It begins with an introduction and acknowledgments. It then provides an abstract that outlines studying liquidity management procedures at Bank Al-Sharq when liquidity ratios fall below authorized limits, and the impact on bank profitability. The document also contains chapters on liquidity management in traditional banks, liquidity risks, the role of Syria's Central Bank in regulating liquidity ratios, and a specific analysis of liquidity management at Bank Al-Sharq. It concludes with recommendations for improving liquidity management and increasing profitability.
Nacha payments 2013 -Transparency in Cross-Border Payments & Impact of Dodd-F...Earthport
Dodd-Frank Section 1073 is arguably one of the biggest changes to cross-border payments globally in recent years. It requires banks providing cross-border payments services to U.S. based consumers to commit to all fees, funds delivery date and more before initiating the transaction. This session describes the pros and cons of open loop, closed loop and hybrid approaches. Speakers also discuss whether the new requirement is likely to be adopted by corporates and internationally.
High regulatory costs for small and mid sized banksHEXANIKA
Anecdotal evidence from bankers suggests that the cost of complying usually increases with new rules and regulations when large statutory changes are made to financial laws and rules of any country or region[1]. This burden increases significantly when such changes are made especially after a financial crisis. New regulations stemming from the financial crisis has cost the six largest U.S. banks $70.2 billion as of the end of last year[2]. Between the end of 2007 and the end of 2015, regulatory fines rose by more than 100% – or $35.5 billion- according to data from policy-analysis firm Federal Financial Analytics Inc. As per Federal Financial Analytics, the reporting costs come from a mix of requirements that are specific to these banks, e.g. particular capital surcharges that apply to banks with assets over $50 billion but impose the largest cost on the six biggest banks due to their size or risk
The document summarizes a presentation about the impact of Dodd-Frank regulations on international payments and how credit unions can address these changes. It discusses:
- New disclosure requirements for international payments under Dodd-Frank that will take effect in October 2013.
- How the Federal Reserve's FedGlobal international ACH system can help credit unions provide lower cost international payments to members while meeting regulatory requirements.
- Benefits of using FedGlobal ACH payments include no beneficiary deductions, lower costs, consistent delivery times, and accessibility for institutions of all sizes.
- Resources available to help credit unions understand and comply with new international payment rules.
Asset liability management-in_the_indian_banks_issues_and_implicationsVikas Patro
This document discusses asset-liability management (ALM) in Indian banks. It provides background on the evolution of risk management practices in Indian banks over time in response to deregulation and other changes. It describes various types of risks banks face, such as interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and credit risk. Effective ALM is important for banks to manage these risks and balance risks with profits. The document outlines objectives to study the current status and impact of ALM practices in Indian banks.
Practical implementation of the BCBS Monitoring indicators for intraday liqui...Kimmo Soramaki
(1) The document discusses calculating the BCBS monitoring indicators for intraday liquidity management using data from interbank payment systems. (2) It argues that payment system operators like central banks are best placed to calculate most of the indicators efficiently using their existing payment data. (3) Combining the indicators with network and flow data from payment systems allows for more meaningful stress testing and identification of systemically important banks.
This document discusses systemically important banks and the need for additional policy measures to regulate them. It defines systemically important banks as those whose failure could trigger a financial crisis due to their size, interconnectedness with other financial institutions, and the critical banking services they provide. The document outlines indicators like size, interconnectedness, complexity, and substitutability used to identify globally systemically important banks. It proposes assigning systemically important banks to buckets based on a score, with higher buckets requiring additional capital buffers to reduce risks from these banks.
SWIFT is a secure network that allows multi-banked corporates to efficiently connect and communicate with multiple banks globally through a single channel. It addresses challenges of multi-banking like lack of visibility, manual processes, and high costs. SWIFT provides services for cash management, treasury, trade, and more. It offers benefits like global visibility, lower costs, and improved security compared to connecting with each bank individually. SWIFT is used by both large and small corporations internationally and domestically.
Current Trends in Selected Industries: BankingEren Ocakverdi
This document provides an overview of banking and financial systems. It discusses:
1) The role of banks and other financial institutions as intermediaries that borrow funds from savers and lend to borrowers. This indirect finance is more important than direct finance through securities markets.
2) How financial intermediaries help address information asymmetry and manage risk. They also allow for economies of scale and risk sharing.
3) Sources of external financing for businesses, with bank loans being the most important in many countries.
4) Dynamics of financial crises, particularly in emerging markets, which often start with a lending boom and bust followed by a currency crisis and broader financial crisis. Weak regulation and supervision can exacerbate these
Global Payables, Best Practices For Ecommerce Merchants By Dana Ninodananino
Global e-commerce merchants face challenges with cross-border payments including high costs, lack of transparency, and complex compliance requirements. There is a need for payment providers to offer more efficient, cost-effective methods in local currencies with real-time rates and reporting. Merchants should evaluate providers based on accuracy, bundling of payment types, online functionality, and auditing controls to streamline the payment process and reduce errors.
Alternative Finance Briefing Paper - Simon Deane-Johns 27 01 12Simon Deane-Johns
Submitted on 27 January 2012 to the UK Government's Red Tape Challenge on Disruptive Business Models (http://www.redtapechallenge.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/themehome/disruptive-business-model/) and the Taskforce on Non-bank Finance (http://www.bis.gov.uk/businessfinance). Related posts are here: http://sdj-thefineprint.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/submission-on-new-model-for-retail.html
Risk Based Approach to Anti Money Laundering and Counter Terrorist Financing IIR Middle East
Join our Risk Based Approach to Anti Money Laundering and Counter Terrorist Financing in the finance capital Geneva...contact me directly to book a place at howard.fernandes@iirme.com
This document discusses risk management in the banking sector. It identifies four main types of risks that banks face: operational risk, credit risk, market risk, and regulatory risk. For each risk, it provides examples of the specific risks involved. It also discusses how risk management in banks has evolved from a focus on risk reduction to treating risk as an inherent part of the business that must be monitored. Regulatory responses aimed at improving risk management in the financial industry are also summarized.
Shoes By # 139 is a small shoe store located in downtown Chicago. They specialize in men's dress shoes and boots for work. Their selection focuses on comfort and durability for professionals at affordable prices.
The narrator went for a routine checkup at the Lord's Clinic where various issues were found. Jesus saw that they were low in tenderness from their blood pressure reading and registered anxiety from their temperature. An electrocardiogram revealed their arteries were blocked by loneliness, requiring "love bypasses". They could not walk with or hug friends due to fractured envy. They also had shortsightedness from not seeing beyond others' shortcomings. Deafness was diagnosed from stopping listening to Jesus daily. Jesus provided a free consultation and natural remedies including daily gratitude, peace, patience, brotherhood, humility and love.
The document discusses the "Thinking Outside the Box" series which aims to help people think unconventionally. It describes the SCAMPER method, created by Bob Eberle, which provides a checklist for refining existing products and services by substituting, combining, adapting, modifying, putting to other uses, eliminating, or reversing elements. SCAMPER stands for these techniques and the document provides examples of applying each letter of the acronym to different products or services.
The document discusses various promotional techniques used in marketing, including the traditional promotional mix of personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and advertising. It provides details on the objectives of integrated marketing campaigns, common advertising media and top advertising jingles. Data is presented on advertising expenditures and effectiveness of different types of ads. The roles of public relations, sales promotion, and personal selling in the selling process are outlined.
This text is a birthday message for Neil celebrating his 26th birthday. It discusses always listening to the radio loudly or softly and describes different types of programming heard on the radio like songs, preachers, and politicians. It reflects on the value of silence and bonding with others in quiet places as a gift of time that cannot be erased. The message concludes by saying "I love you, brudder! Happy 26th Birthday!"
A informação constante da presente lista diz respeito ao critério de seleção – GRADUAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL – tendo os dados agora publicitados sido exportados diretamente da plataforma digital da DGAE;
Grupo de Recrutamento: 510 - Física e Química Nº Horas:13 Data final da candidatura: 2016-01-29 Nº Horário: 29 Ficheiro gerado em: 01/02/2016 Ficheiro publicitado em: 01/02/2016
Beaches are enjoyable places to visit. The author is glad that multiple beaches exist so people have options to enjoy the ocean and sand. Having different beaches allows more opportunities for fun in the sun by the sea.
King Anurag of Mohenjo-Daro has been struggling to find a wife for three years since taking the throne at age 16. One day, his friend Nandan introduces him to a new village woman, Rupali, at the public bath. Anurag and Rupali hit it off and begin spending more and more time together. After several weeks of dining together frequently, Anurag decides to propose. He asks Rupali at the bath and she joyfully accepts. They have a traditional Mohenjo-Daro wedding attended by the whole village. The once hopeless King Anurag has finally found his match in Rupali.
Throughout history, bands have played a variety of musical styles to entertain audiences. Early bands often performed folk music and accompanied dances. Modern bands continue to build on traditions, blending genres like rock, pop, and jazz to create new sounds that appeal to contemporary listeners.
This document is a one sentence description of "C.P.R. "LAS ATALAYAS" Puerto Lope 2010". It appears to be the name and location of an organization but provides no other context or details about its purpose or activities.
Disrupting Complacency - It Only Works Until It Doesn'tEvo Terra
Slides (and audio, if I can make it work) of my keynote presentation at UnGagged London, 2015.
It's all about my story of disruption, and being disrupted, and dealing with it. You can, too!
King Hemraj of Mohenjo-Daro noticed signs of aging in the mirror and had servants build a pool to relax in. After swimming, he wanted to feel young again and sacrificed his youngest son Prakul by letting his blood spill in the pool. When servants discovered the body, the people of the city banned King Hemraj and made his eldest son Dushyant the new king to honor the royal family and bring peace to the city once more.
This document discusses multilingual solutions in Plone and other content management systems. It provides an overview of how Drupal, WordPress and Liferay handle multilingual sites, comparing features like content translation, language independent fields, and translation workflows. The document then outlines Plone's multilingual solutions over time, from early add-ons to the current plone.app.multilingual package. It highlights features like shared content across languages, side-by-side translation, and language fallback handling. The presentation concludes by thanking the audience.
Contratação escola aviso nº 7 grupo 510Pedro França
CONTRATAÇÃO DE ESCOLA
AVISO Nº 7– 2015/2016
GRUPOS DE RECRUTAMENTO
Nos termos do ponto 4 do artigo 39º do Decreto-lei nº 132/2012,de 27 de junho, republicado pelo Decreto-Lei nº 83-A/2014,de 23 de maio e demais legislação aplicável torna-se público que para suprir necessidades temporárias de serviço se encontra aberto, pelo prazo de três dias úteis, o procedimento concursal para a seleção e recrutamento de um docente do grupo de código 510, tendo como suporte a aplicação informática disponibilizada na página da Direção Geral da Administração Escolar (DGAE)
1) Once there was a great kingdom in Mohenjo-Daro ruled by King Ekanga who had everything until a man named Rajendra arrived with a warning.
2) Rajendra warned the king that the aquarium he loved would lead to his downfall and that enemies would use it against him, though the king had no known enemies.
3) Despite Rajendra's further warnings, the king eliminated all those he saw as threats to his kingdom, ultimately poisoning the water and destroying the entire kingdom, with Rajendra revealing he was the true enemy who manipulated the king's paranoia.
Flowers are beautiful plants that come in many colors like red, yellow, pink and more. They have petals, stems and leaves. People enjoy receiving or giving flowers to show appreciation or for holidays.
This document outlines a project for a Spiritualist Center involving a lesson on obedience for children. The lesson will include watching a video about a bunny, dramatizing the story "Snowflake the White Bunny" using figurines, and discussing obedience. Children will then make bunny masks. The story is about a white bunny named Snowflake who doesn't listen to his mother and sneaks out at night with his friend, ending up in danger in a lake before being saved by a dog.
The document summarizes a proposed new global financial transaction network called G.A.T.E. that aims to provide real-time, secure transactions as an alternative to current antiquated systems. Key points are that G.A.T.E. would create a single global standard, exchange rates in real-time, and immediately disperse funds. It would be led by a team with experience in banking, security, and business/politics to target the large market of over $10 billion in fees.
The document provides an introduction to the financial system, outlining its six main parts: money, financial instruments, financial markets, financial institutions, regulatory agencies, and central banks. It describes how each part functions within the system. It also outlines five core principles that underlie the financial system: time has value, risk requires compensation, information is the basis for decisions, markets determine prices and allocate resources, and stability improves welfare. Finally, it lists some key functions performed by the global financial system, including providing savings mechanisms, storing wealth, providing liquidity, enabling credit, facilitating payments, managing risks, and allowing governments to influence the economy.
Crypto Payment with Stablecoins - Navigating the Recent Runkmhenneking
When PayPal launched its stablecoin PYUSD in August this year, all eyes were on stablecoins and their payment-related use cases. And the whole crypto payment space is truly in motion.
We have seen a series of announcements, new launches, and substantial moves in the crypto payment space in the last couple of months.
Next to PayPal, the payment giants Visa and Mastercard advanced their stablecoin integrations, SAP piloted B2B payments with USDC, whereas Shopify started accepting USDC payments with Solana.
The following presentation provides an overview of:
👉🏼 Key trends in the crypto payment space
👉🏼 B2C and B2B use cases
👉🏼 Player landscape by type of stablecoin
👉🏼 An in-depth comparison of PYUSD with the leading stablecoins Tether and USDC
👉🏼 How stablecoin projects monetize
👉🏼 Challenges with crypto payments and …
👉🏼 Solutions.
If you want to dive deeper into the topic of crypto payments and stablecoins, check out the last two episodes of the Untitled Investment Talk on:
Spotify
https://open.spotify.com/show/2dJQSIm6dMKEcVknuah9Xt?si=9a248c56629a4b38
Apple Podcast
https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/all-things-digital-assets/id1527241518
Follow Untitled Investment Expertise and Dr. Karl-Michael Henneking on LinkedIN.
1) A California pension fund manager urged other investment managers to support policies aimed at reforming Wall Street in response to concerns over issues like excessive risk-taking.
2) When asked about priorities for the stock market, a US Bank investment officer listed issues like interest rates, economic growth, corporate earnings, and trade wars rather than stock market volatility.
3) A former full-time trader turned hobbyist investor completed over 1,000 trades in their personal portfolio between 2001-2018, with a total of over 2,400 individual buys and sells.
The world has changed in the last six months with COVID-19! There have been a shakeup in business models and funding. As companies and customers change their behaviors, we are seeing changes on how companies are addressing new challenges.
Join Fintech experts, D.Shahrawat and Sarah Biller for a not to be missed conversation on Fintech in the Post-Covid age
World First Cryptocurrency with Decentralized Multiple Platformsikramrahhali
We would like to give an overview between the Daatty Coin and Bitcoin. Bitcoin was launched about 11 years ago.It went through enormous amount of skepticism.
And as early as two to three years ago, the entire financial markets were very questionable about Bitcoin. A lot of people reputed it as a fraud,but the situation now has changed,especially when the billionaire hedge fund investor invested between one and two percent of his worth net in Bitcoin assets.
Daatty Coin was launched three months ago and within a short amount of time it reached impressive results.
One of the most important reason why you should invest in Daatty Coin is because we are the first multi platform having decentralized projects for all needs. Our decentralized projects are:
-Payment system
-Digital shopping
-Internet
-Search Engine
-Cloud Storage
-Freelance Platform
-Learning App
-Messenger
-Video Conferencing App
-On demand multiple services
-Social media networking
-Booking and Rental
-Software solution
-Professional Services
We also have a strong networking behind the brand and believe time will come when more people will start using our cryptocurrency and multi decentralized platform. Once we become popular our price and volume will grow exponentially.
For all our coin holders we will be offering a free access to our decentralized multi platform based on the quantity of the coin possessed. We guarantee a safe ROI for all our investors willing to join the Daatty Coin community. Exchanges between DTC and other major cryptocurrencies will be available,but as soon as you sell the DTC token all your benefits are lost and transferred to the new owner.
The rewards are huge.If you invest 100 thousand dollars, you would be lucky if you are going to make eight to 10 percent on an annual return basis unless that amount is invested in Daatty Coin and the returns could be exponentially higher in a less amount of time.
The risk is proportional because the price can go down but can also grow its value far more than it was before and this is a phenomenon that is going to continue.Digital currency is the way the whole world is evolving. We want you to take part of this evolution with us before it is too late,because from our side there will be hard work to achieve our goals.For more info about our projects you can visit us at https://daattycoin.com/
The credit card networks industry represents an attractive investment opportunity. It is a profitable oligopoly with strong brand recognition and high barriers to entry. While cash usage is declining, digital payments are on the rise and often rely on the networks. Technological advances like EMV chips and tokenization are strengthening the networks' position rather than disrupting it. The shift from cash to digital payments will allow the networks to capture more of the large commercial spending market. Risks such as economic slowdowns or new payment methods emerging are possible but unlikely to materialize soon. Overall the trends favor continued growth for the credit card networks.
Central securities depositories (CSDs) provide custody and recordkeeping services that allow for the electronic transfer of securities ownership when investors trade. CSDs settle the huge volumes of daily global trading quickly, cost-effectively, and securely. While CSDs primarily serve their domestic markets, they also facilitate cross-border settlement by holding some foreign securities and maintaining accounts with each other to electronically transfer securities between depositories.
Custody Banking and Emerging KYC NeedsTodd Breeden
Presentation prepared for one of the world's largest custodian banking service providers summarizing macro trends affecting the landscape and how to focus on emerging technology vendors in RegTech as a potential strategic solution to expand their business footprint
How to get Governments to Like Bitcoin (Without Ruining Bitcoin in the Process) MecklerMedia
This document discusses how governments view Bitcoin and digital currencies, and provides suggestions for how the Bitcoin industry can improve its perception by governments. It notes that governments care about financial stability, consumer protection, and financial crime. It suggests the industry focus on demonstrating progress on anti-money laundering compliance, cybersecurity risk management, and improving consumer usability. Specifically, the industry needs solutions to issues like knowing customers' counterparties for transactions and managing private keys. The document also provides tips for constructive engagement with governments.
1. Financial markets channel funds from savers to investors, affecting both personal wealth and business decisions. They include bond, stock, and foreign exchange markets.
2. Financial intermediaries such as banks borrow from savers and lend to borrowers, helping overcome problems of asymmetric information and transaction costs.
3. Regulation of financial systems aims to increase information to investors and ensure soundness of intermediaries, helping prevent panics through measures like disclosure requirements and deposit insurance.
Contagion, Cascades and Disruptions to the Interbank Payment SystemKimmo Soramaki
1) The document discusses a conference on understanding systemic risk in financial systems, focusing on disruptions to interbank payment systems.
2) It presents research analyzing the network topology of the Fedwire payment system and building models to evaluate how payment systems respond to liquidity shocks and the potential for cascading failures.
3) The research finds that payment system participants have learned to coordinate activities after disruption and liquidity limits can lead to congestion, but behavior also influences resilience.
The document discusses building lending solutions using cryptocurrency and blockchain technology to close the $2 trillion microfinancing gap. It proposes the Digital Reserve network, which would use a cryptocurrency called Denarii for cost-based payments and lending. Key features include decentralized lending protocols, low transaction fees, fast confirmations, and credit reputation building. The network aims to provide financial access and services in a secure, scalable way with responsive monetary policies. Proceeds would fund startup expenses like legal costs and marketing, with assets including cash, inventory, and long-term assets totaling $880,931. The total funding requirement is $1,401,848.
This document discusses markers of success for FinTech attackers and imperatives for banks in response to the FinTech threat. It finds that while banks still have advantages like regulation and credit issuance, FinTech attackers have opportunities due to new technologies, data availability, and demographic shifts. Successful FinTech attackers will have advantaged customer acquisition, lower costs, innovative data use, focused propositions, leveraging existing infrastructure, and managing risks and regulators. Banks must adopt six digital imperatives to defend against FinTech attackers taking up to 40% of some banking revenues by 2025, including becoming more customer-centric, improving cost structures, leveraging data, developing platforms, partnering strategically, and transforming culture.
Talal Tabbaa - Smart Regulations and Crypto-systemic riskTimetogrowup
The document discusses systemic risk in cryptocurrencies and decentralized systems. It notes that over 60% of mining power is concentrated in the top 5 pools, and cryptocurrencies serve multiple interconnected roles as stores of value, means of exchange, and speculative investments. This level of concentration and interconnectivity could lead to the risk of financial contagion if one of the major players fails, similar to what occurred during financial crises like the Asian banking crisis and global financial crisis. The document proposes some remedies like stronger governance, oversight, and separating cryptocurrencies by function in order to reduce systemic risk in the crypto economy.
Here are the key responsibilities of a treasury department based on the passage:
- Ensuring the company has sufficient cash available at all times to meet operational needs through cash forecasting, working capital management, and cash management.
- Investing excess funds while avoiding risk and matching investment maturities to cash needs.
- Managing interest rate and foreign exchange risk through hedging strategies.
- Advising management on market conditions, interest rates, and terms for debt and equity offerings.
- Maintaining relationships with credit rating agencies, banks, and the investment community.
- Raising funds through debt and equity offerings.
The treasury department is responsible for liquidity management, risk management, and advis
SVB was founded in 1983 to serve technology startups and grew successfully by focusing on their unique needs. However, heavy losses in its bond portfolio due to interest rate hikes and a bank run led to its collapse in 2022. SVB invested most deposits into securities that lost value as rates rose. Venture capital firms then withdrew funds, forcing more losses as SVB sold positions. A failed capital raise and bank run depleted its reserves. The collapse impacted confidence in the banking system and showed the importance of effective risk management.
The document discusses international banking and finance in the context of the current Covid-19 pandemic. It describes the Bretton Woods institutions of the World Bank and IMF which were established in 1944 to help rebuild postwar economies and promote international economic cooperation. It then outlines some key functions of international banking including facilitating funds across borders, financing imports and exports, foreign exchange rates, and international capital markets. Finally, it notes that international trade continues despite the pandemic and international banks can support businesses through every stage of their international operations.
The document provides an introduction to the Indian financial system, which includes both formal/organized and informal/unorganized components. It describes the various subsystems that make up the formal financial system, including financial institutions, markets, instruments, and services. It also discusses the roles and interactions of different elements like banks, non-banking institutions, money markets, capital markets, primary markets, and secondary markets.
Similar to Business Continuity & Payment Systems (20)
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy VisaAmit Kakkar
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
The Impact of Generative AI and 4th Industrial RevolutionPaolo Maresca
This infographic explores the transformative power of Generative AI, a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Discover how Generative AI is revolutionizing industries, accelerating innovation, and shaping the future of work.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
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Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
2. Citadel Advantage
Who am I?
Stanley Epstein
Company Director & Principal Associate
Masters degree in Economics
Bachelors degree in Accounting
42 years of banking and IT experience, 33 of which were with a major South
African Bank
Extensive exposure to banking practice and banking operations in Africa,
North America, Europe & Australasia
Advised a number of central banks on payment system, payments policy and
payments risk issues and as a payment systems consultant to a global
payments software developer.
In 1990s held severs industry level roles in South Africa which included
Chairman: Risk Committee – Payments Association of South Africa
Vice Chairman – ERAG (Electronic Risk Assessment) Group – Clearing
Bankers Association
Board Member of the Bankserv Electronic Funds Clearing Services
(Johannesburg, South Africa)
Member of Strategy Team of the South African Reserve Bank’s “National
Payments System Steering Group”
3. Citadel Advantage
A word about Citadel Advantage
Citadel Advantage provides
back office system specialist
services to banks, financial
institutions & vendors
Our area of focus
Operations Risk Mitigation
Payments, Liquidity & Treasury
Systems
Training in the Operations Risk
and Payments Systems areas
Our website
www.citadeladvanatge.com
Some Clients & Partners
4. Citadel Advantage
Business Continuity & Payment Systems
"A payment system consists of a set of instruments, banking
procedures and, typically, interbank funds transfer systems that
ensure the circulation of money" *
Two basic problems
Narrow focus
Wrong focus
* "A glossary of terms used in payments and settlement systems“
Committee on Payment & Settlement Systems. BIS, Basel. March 2003
5. Citadel Advantage
The “System”
lives within
the IT
environment
What Constitutes a Payment System?
“System” Other Factors
• Rules
• Procedures
• Internal Procedures
• Best practice
• Law (Domestic)
• Law (International)
• Legal agreements
• Service Level Agreements
External – Interfaces
• Other banks
• Clients
• Merchants
Internal – Other
systems
Internal - Human
External Interfaces
• RTGS
• SWIFT
• ACH
• Paper Clearing
6. Citadel Advantage
Simple Payment System Model
Payment System
Initiation FinalityClearing Settlement
Real
Economy
Real
Economy
Match Information
Trading
System
Trading
System
Trading
System
Stock
Market
Market
Market
Trading
System
Trading
System
Trading
System
Stock
Market
Market
Market
Verify/ Funds/
Route
Pmt. Inst.
Credit
Pmt. Inst.
Debit
Paying
Bank
Coll.
Bank
Verify/ Funds/
Route
Settlement
Instruction
Single
Clearing
ACH
Clear
ACH
Clear
ACH
Clearing
Irrevocable
Settlement
DVP Settlement
Confirmation
Delivery
Instruction
Payment
Confirmation
Beneficiary
Originator
Confirmation
Irrevocable
Payment
Verify/ Funds/
ACH
Details
Delivery
Confirmation
Reserve
Securities
Ownership
Transfer
Transaction
Details
Match DvP
Even
a
Sim
ple
M
odel is
Com
plex
Even
a
Sim
ple
M
odel is
Com
plex
7. Citadel Advantage
9/11 – The Event
September 11, 2001
8:46 am – Hijacked airliner plowed into the North Tower of the World
Trade Center
9:03 am - Second airliner hit the South Tower
The Twin Towers, where up to 50,000 people worked each day,
collapsed less than 90 minutes later
9:37 am - A third airliner slammed into the western face of the
Pentagon
10:03 am - A fourth airliner crashed in a field in southern
Pennsylvania
More than 3,000 lives were lost as well as a sizable loss of property
and infrastructure
8. Citadel Advantage
The Impact
The magnitude of the incident was unforeseen
Effective decision-making in New York City was hampered by
problems in command and control and in internal communications
All commercial airline traffic was halted
Severe disruption to the workings of the financial system
9. Citadel Advantage
Loss of Infrastructure
Property damage was extensive
Major power outages
Most of the telecommunications infrastructure of lower Manhattan
was unavailable for several days
Over 40 percent of lower Manhattan’s phone lines and 20 percent of
the lines serving the New York Stock Exchange were lost
Service was lost on voice, data, PBX and internet lines affecting
about 34,000 business and residential customers
200,000 voice access lines went out
100,000 PBX/Centrex lines went out
3.6 million data circuits went out
10 cellular towers were lost or damaged
10. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Severe damage on banking and financial institutions in Lower
Manhattan
Markets closed
Participants relocated to backup sites
Backup communications links failed or were unreliable
Severe disruption of interbank payments
Settlement instructions were lost
Interbank payments were delayed
11. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Government securities settlement was especially hurt by the attacks
Cantor Fitzgerald, a key inter-dealer broker, lost 658 employees
Fatalities in the financial industry represented over 74 percent of the
total civilian casualties in the World Trade Center attacks
Many market participants had to relocate to backup sites, where
internal systems and communications were not reliable
Several banks had difficulty processing payment instructions
The resulting accumulation of large balances drove net balances in
the remainder of the banking system negative, requiring the Fed’s
intervention
At one point the Fed injected more than $100 billion in additional
liquidity
12. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Timing of the attacks – around 9 a.m. Eastern Time – meant that many
markets had not yet begun trading
Many key market participants had substantial operations in or around
the World Trade Center that were destroyed or damaged in the
attacks, and had to relocate to backup facilities
The New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq Stock Market never
opened for trading the day of the attacks
The facilities of the New York Board of Trade in Four World Trade
Center were destroyed
Regional stock exchanges, the Chicago Board of Trade, and the
Chicago Mercantile Exchange all closed as well
Equity markets reopened on Monday morning, September 17th
13. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Government securities market was hit particularly hard by the World
Trade Center attacks basically because it opens earlier
Trading in U.S. government securities starts at 8 a.m. in New York,
and repo trading starts as early as 7 a.m. The bulk of government
securities cash and repo trading takes place before 9:00 a.m.
On September 11th
it was close to a full trading day
$500 billion in repo transactions and about $80 billion in government
securities trades had already been executed when the planes hit
Reconciling these trades would occupy back-office personnel for
weeks
14. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
The two main clearing banks for the government securities market,
Bank of New York (BoNY) and J.P. Morgan Chase (JPMC), operated
just a few blocks from the World Trade Center
JPMC was in the middle of migrating certain business operations to
Tampa, Florida, and were able to resume operations from there
BoNY had more difficulty. Their headquarters, One Wall Street, was
untouched a half a mile from the WTC, but had to be evacuated
BoNY’s main operations center at 101 Barclay Street, one block north
of the World Trade Center, housed the bank’s funds transfer and
broker/dealer systems, including the bond clearing and settlement
systems
Both facilities were evacuated on September 11th
, and operations were
established at contingency sites outside the city in New Jersey and
New York
15. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Third major entity clearing government securities trades was the
(then) Government Securities Clearing Corporation
Instructions from counterparty government securities dealers are
compared and confirmed by GSCC, who establishes a net position for
each dealer in each security issue, along with a net cash position, and
interposes itself as counterparty to guarantee settlement
Positions are settled using the Fedwire Securities Service or the clearing
banks
GSCC remained operational after September 11th
, but many
members were unable to deliver trade instructions for the 11th
, and
thus GSCC had information from only one side of the trade
GSCC’s connection to BoNY was lost for part of the week of the 11th
and as a result they did not know what securities and cash they had
received, and were at times unable to transmit settlement
instructions to BoNY
16. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Because the offices of so many key market participants were
destroyed, and because of connectivity problems there was a
dramatic increase in the volume of settlement “fails”
from $1.7 billion per day in the week of September 5th
to $190 billion the week ending Wednesday, September 19th
BoNY’s role in clearing and settling government securities
transactions placed it at a critical node in interbank payment flows
The communications and operations difficulties plaguing BoNY
meant that not all funds payment instructions were getting sent as
intended
17. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
A bank’s inability to send funds transfer payment instructions
through Fedwire resulted in funds accumulating in that bank’s
account at the Fed
Balances in the rest of the banking system would be
correspondingly lower
At one point during the week after September 11th
, BoNY publicly
reported to be overdue on $100 billion in payments
18. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Other markets were affected by the World Trade Center attacks
Although Fedwire and the Clearing House Interbank Payments
System (CHIPS), continued to function, payment processing was
delayed at many banks and closing times were pushed back
The majority of the commercial paper that was scheduled for
presentment on September 11th
and 12th
was not paid, but rolled over
and settled on Thursday
19. Citadel Advantage
Financial System Impact
Retail payment card networks – credit, debit, ATM cards, and the
automated clearinghouse networks – remained operational, except
for scattered problems at bank ATMs in New York City, and at
BoNY’s ATM network, which crashed entirely on the 11th
and wasn’t
restored until the evening of September 19th
The grounding of airline flights seriously hampered inter-regional
check clearing, as banks and the Federal Reserve rushed to
arrange for substitute truck transport
On Thursday, September 13th
, the Federal Aviation Administration
began reopening U.S. airspace and gave cheque air couriers
approval to resume its chartered flights
20. Citadel Advantage
9/11 and Business Continuity Planning
The losses
2,800 workers DIED
320 companies FAILED to return to business
135,000 workers lost their jobs
Organizations that did recover and continued operations
Cantor Fitzgerald who lost 658 staff and resumed operations two days
later
Marsh & McLennan who had 3,200 staff over 8 floors
Morgan Stanley who had 3,500 staff over 17 floors
NY Port Authority who had 2,000 staff over 23 floors
21. Citadel Advantage
The Lessons of 9/11
Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Planning had been too
focused on single localized events
Automatically assumed that all the other system components
would remain intact and would function as normal
22. Citadel Advantage
The Lessons of 9/11
Business continuity planning failed to take into account the
possibility of wide-area disasters and for the major loss of or
inaccessibility of critical staff
Planning focused on single building or system
Backup site often in same building
Inability to transport staff to backup site
Loss of substantial staff numbers
Ability of surviving staff to continue to work
23. Citadel Advantage
Communications
Transportation
Trauma
Health &
safety concerns
Payroll
Succession &
training
Employee
tracking
Abilitytoattendwork
Ability
to
deliver critical
internal services
Ability to maintain
business operations
Only Human
Primary risks related to human capital resiliency that could arise in any
crisis
Human
capital
risks
24. Citadel Advantage
The Lessons of 9/11
The market and geographical focus intensified the effect of
operational disruptions
High concentration in NYC
Staff concentrated in one or two locations
Using multiple telcom providers does not equal full redundancy
25. Citadel Advantage
The Lessons of 9/11
There was a strong interdependence among financial system
participants irrespective of where they were located
Failure to connect
Suspension of commercial flights
26. Citadel Advantage
Dependencies, Concentrations & Vulnerabilities
Have we really learned anything?
Jury still out on this …
In London on 7th July 2005 terrorists struck …..and despite the
almost 4 years (at that time) since 9/11 ….
Geographical concentration
Heavy concentration of primary and recovery sites in London
Nearly 400 critical sites (i.e. primary and recovery sites) of which around
half are located in London within a 10km radius of Bank Junction
Of these, three quarters are within a 5km radius of Bank Junction
27. Citadel Advantage
To Sum Up
Bank – Internal EnvironmentBank – Internal Environment External Industry EnvironmentExternal Industry Environment
Internal
Systems &
Processes
Industry
Connectivity
Clearinghouses
Instrument
transportation
BCP Principles apply equally to
Internal Bank Environment
External Industry Level Environment
28. Citadel Advantage
Guidance
Federal Reserve
Interagency Paper on Sound Practices to Strengthen the Resilience of
the U.S. Financial System
European Central Bank
Business Continuity Oversight Expectations for Systemically Important
Payment Systems
Bank of Italy
Guidelines for the Business Continuity of Payment System Significant
Infrastructures
The losses were tragic & irreplaceable. But the effect on the overall national US banking system and specifically payment systems was even more profound. We have already looked at the effect on Fedwire. Now lets briefly cover some of the retail payments issues.
In New York and Washington, bank branch closings were widespread on September 11th, but many banks outside those cities closed branches briefly as well.
Some state banking agencies and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued statements allowing banks to close at their discretion. The Banking Commissioner for the State of Connecticut as one example ordered all banks and credit unions to close.
Bank of America and Wachovia closed their headquarters, which are housed in several tall towers that dominate the Charlotte, North Carolina skyline. Wachovia and Chicago-based Bank One closed branches nationwide early in the afternoon on Tuesday, but were open as usual the next day. The Chicago Tribune reported that “a handful of bank branches in or around major landmarks such as the Sears Tower” were closed.
Some banks discouraged cash withdrawals by customers. The Municipal Credit Union, whose back offices were near the WTC, limited customers to $500 withdrawals when their 11 branches reopened on Thursday. For a day after the attack Citibank recommended that customers limit cash withdrawals to $5,000. Wells Fargo, a San Francisco based bank, placed limits on per-person cash withdrawals that reportedly varied across locations from $1,000 to $5,000, and Washington Mutual, based in Seattle, imposed a limit of $2,500.
Some armored carriers suspended operations in New York City, and transportation difficulties impeded some deliveries of currency elsewhere in the country. Deliveries of newly printed notes from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to some Federal Reserve Banks were delayed by the airline grounding, as were currency shipments to Alaska and Hawaii. Reports of increased cash withdrawals by bank depositors were common, especially on the East Coast. Concord EFS, an ATM payment processor, reported a surge in ATM card usage on their network on Tuesday afternoon and Wednesday morning. At 8 p.m. volume was 31 percent higher than the previous week.
The biggest surge was at point-of-sale terminals, especially at gasoline retailers, perhaps reflecting the substitution of automotive for airline travel. Concord’s network traffic was down in the hours immediately following the attacks, however. Credit card networks reported lower volume for several days after the attacks, which was consistent with the sharp drop in retail sales.
Currency in circulation increased by $4.4 billion from Monday to Wednesday. In comparison, total currency in circulation was $614 billion on September 5, of which more than half was estimated to be overseas. Nearly $3 billion of the $4.4billion reflected an increase in banks’ vault cash holdings, consistent with heightened cash shipments from the Federal Reserve banks.
There was a strong interdependence among financial system participants irrespective of where they were located. While financial institutions situated outside the New York City area were affected to a much lesser degree than were those inside it, many felt the effects of the disaster. Most financial factors lost the ability to connect to banks, brokers and other organizations in lower Manhattan. This blocked their ability to conduct business and establish whether transactions had been completed as anticipated. Some customers were affected by actions of institutions with which they did not even do business, when funds or securities could not be delivered due to operational problems at other institutions. The suspension of all commercial flights had serious implications for the clearing of cheques.
In the post-9/11 world there is a clear understanding that the financial system has many components, and they all have to work. It is the big picture, not the narrow "own" view that has to be planned for.
Business continuity planning needs to be made far more robust. Revised plans should include the ability for a rapid resumption of critical operations following the loss or inaccessibility of staff in at least one major operating site; or following a wide-scale, regional disruption. It is vital that all critical internal and external continuity arrangements are effective and compatible.
Subsequently to the events of 9/11 the UK's tripartite financial authorities - HM Treasury, The Bank of England and Financial Services Authority (FSA). Financial Services Authority in the United Kingdom undertook a detailed survey of how the financial system would cope with major operational disruption. More than 60 major banks, exchanges and settlement firms volunteered to take part.
The research found that core firms and financial infrastructure providers have highly resilient IT systems and can recover critical functions rapidly following major operational disruption. But the regulator identified the heavy concentration of primary and recovery sites in London as a potential weakness.
There is a heavy concentration of primary and recovery sites in London. Participants reported nearly 400 critical sites (i.e. primary and recovery sites) of which around half are located in London within a 10km radius of Bank Junction (i.e. across a maximum distance of 20km). Of these, three quarters are within a 5km radius of Bank Junction. While this was to be expected it nevertheless represents a significant level of concentration. Observed sound practice is to have recovery facilities close by (to handle day-to-day interruptions) and alternative recovery facilities further away which are not exposed to the same risks as the recovery site.
While the FSA recognized that there are cost implications but also noted that relatively few firms have alternative recovery facilities for all critical functions. While the FSA did not propose at that stage to suggest minimum distance criteria for the location of recovery sites they were extremely concerned about the issue.
As an example, some firms mitigate geographical concentration risk by being able to switch their business to other offices with minimal disruption.
We intend to follow up geographical concentration as part of our follow-up project, for example by exploring the extent to which core firms and financial infrastructure providers are able to switch their business overseas or to offices that are unlikely to be concurrently affected. We can then form a view on whether minimum distance criteria might be a helpful yardstick.
Broadly speaking, the FSA supported the principle that, ideally, firms should have a recovery facility “close by” (i.e. that they could get to quickly in the event of a localized incident) and something “further away” (i.e. subject to a different risk profile that would remain unaffected by a wider area event).
Nonetheless particularly in London geographical concentration remains a real issue, and that for most firms is something that can only be resolved in the medium to long term. To quote the FSA findings; “So whilst it might not be possible to eliminate these risks in the short term, we would encourage firms to think creatively about how they might diversify their arrangements in order to mitigate those risks. This might include identifying alternative recovery space “further away”, or having the facility to switch their critical business functions to regional offices or overseas.”
At the start I spoke of two basic problems. Firstly there is the narrow focus and secondly the wrong focus. There needs to be a view of the whole picture.