2. TIMBER
TIMBER IS A TYPE OF WOOD WHICH HAS BEEN PROCESSED
INTO BEAMS AND PLANKS. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS “LUMBER”
IN US AND CANADA. BASICALLY, TIMBER OR LUMBER IS A
WOOD OR FIREWOOD OF GROWING TREES. ANY WOOD
CAPABLE OF YIELDING A MINIMUM DIMENSIONAL SIZE CAN
BE TERMED AS A TIMBER OR LUMBER.
3. MOISTURE CONTENT OF TIMBER
• In a tree the moisture content may be as low as 40% but
can be as high as 180%. Green off saw timber could
therefore have moisture contents of 180%, which means
the timber contains 1.8 kg of water for every 1.0 kg of dry
timber that is present.
4. TREATMENT FOR TIMBER BEFORE INSTALLATION
1.Brushing of Timber Preservatives.
2.Spraying of Timber Preservatives.
3.Preservative Injecting Under Pressure.
4.Dipping and Stepping Method of Timber Preservation.
5.Charring Method of Timber Preservation.
6.Hot and Cold Open Tank Treatment of Timber.
5. FACTORS REDUCING STRENGTH OF TIMBER
• In hardwoods, tension wood is weak in compression
parallel to the grain. On the other hand, strength of wood
is also affected by temperature. When the temperature is
low, the strength of wood is high, and when the
temperature is high, the strength is low.
6. APPROACH TO REPAIR AND TIMBER ROOFING SYSTEM
• TIMBER ROOF ■ A timber roof truss is a structural framework of
timbers designed to bridge the space above a room and to
provide support for a roof. ■ Trusses usually occur at regular
intervals, linked by longitudinal timbers such as purlins. The space
between each truss is known as a bay.
7. STRENGTH REDUCING FACTORS IN BRICK WORK
• The strength of bricks depends on the soil used to make the
bricks, method and making process, burning of bricks. Since
the nature of the soil varies from region to region, the average
strength of bricks also varies from region to region.
8. EFFECTS OF AGEING WEATHERING
• The weathering hypothesis was proposed to account for early
health deterioration as a result of cumulative exposure to
experiences of social, economic and political adversity. It is
well documented that minority groups and marginalized
communities suffer from poorer health outcomes.
9.
10. TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS OF BRICK WORK,
JOINTS AND CRACKS
• Thermal cracking in the same brick wall will generate stair-step
cracks or vertical cracks near the wall ends (or building
corners) and will be independent of high-on-wall horizontal cracks
that map the surface of the roof itself.
Cracks occur when the brick work is exposed to
summer heat and there is a lack of sufficient control
joints or expansion joints. Leaks – over time leaks can
cause water to get into the render and for walls to
crack.
11.
12. CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS
• What are Construction Defects? Deficiencies or flaws in
construction projects are called defects. It can be in the design,
material, or other aspects of the construction project. They cause
damage to the project in a number of ways.
•Arithmetic Defects.
•Logical Defects.
•Syntax Defects.
•Multithreading Defects.
•Interface Defects.
•Performance Defects.
14. REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF BRICK WORK
• Repair brick wall cracks by epoxy resin injection, grout, and mortar.
The list of all method is given below.
1.Sealing of cracks by epoxy resin injection.
2.Repairing brickwork with epoxy mortar.
3.Installing ferrocement plate at the corner.
4.Rebuilding portion of a wall.
5.Stitching method of repairing cracks.
