Es uno de los arquitectos contemporáneos con mayor renombre y reconocimiento internacional. Foster desarrolló el concepto de “arquitectura sustentable”, de edificios autosuficientes en materia de iluminación y calefacción. Eso implica materiales de alta tecnología y una vinculación especial entre el interior y el exterior.
Una aproximación a las características generales de la arquitectura barroca, desde el análisis de algunas de las obras más significativas del barroco italiano y europeo.
Chicago’s architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago school.
In the history of architecture the first Chicago school was a school of architects . active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century .
They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial Buildings.
A “second Chicago school” with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940’s through 1970’s.
Which pioneered new buildings technologies and structural system such as the tube-frame structure.
Es uno de los arquitectos contemporáneos con mayor renombre y reconocimiento internacional. Foster desarrolló el concepto de “arquitectura sustentable”, de edificios autosuficientes en materia de iluminación y calefacción. Eso implica materiales de alta tecnología y una vinculación especial entre el interior y el exterior.
Una aproximación a las características generales de la arquitectura barroca, desde el análisis de algunas de las obras más significativas del barroco italiano y europeo.
Chicago’s architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago school.
In the history of architecture the first Chicago school was a school of architects . active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century .
They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial Buildings.
A “second Chicago school” with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940’s through 1970’s.
Which pioneered new buildings technologies and structural system such as the tube-frame structure.
The work of three historians — Mary MacKenzie, Lee Manchester and Janet Null — has been combined in this survey of the historic architecture of Main Street, Lake Placid, in the heart of New York's Adirondacks. Rich in both current and archival photographs, the book includes a section of comparative streetscape images, placing full-page archival shots side-by-side with current views of the Olympic Village. TO PURCHASE A BOUND, PRINTED EDITION, GO TO http://stores.lulu.com/marymackenzie
Running Head WHITE HOUSE ARCHITECTURE PAGE 6WHITE HOUSE ARCHI.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: WHITE HOUSE ARCHITECTURE
PAGE 6
WHITE HOUSE ARCHITECTURE
White House Architecture: Washington DC
Dr. Moreno/Modern Art III
November 13, 2014
White House: Washington, D.C
Introduction
White House acts as the official residence of U.S. president. It is found in Pennsylvania Avenue Washington D.C. White House was designed using Neoclassical style by James Hoban from Ireland, and building started from 1792 to 1800. However, the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe started planning for the outward expansion of the building to create two colonnades after Thomas Jefferson moved-in in 1801. The construction of the executive mansion was approved when Congress established the District of Columbia the capital of the United States in 1790. The architect was chosen through a competition of proposals which was won by James Hoban. Since then, the building has undergone the series of renovations (History of White House, 2012).
Architectural description
George Washington laid the first cornerstone of the building in a cornerstone ceremony in 1792. It is a grand mansion in the Neo-Classical Federal style , with details that echo classical Greek ionic architecture. Scottish masons were brought to DC to do the stone work. . The mansion would be covered in sandstone which created a slight problem. The masons were able to troubleshoot the issue by sealing the porous sandstone with a thick whitewash, this is where the white house first adopted it’s name. This would remain the largest residence in the United states until the 1860’s. The major White House façade which is at the north front consists of eleven bays and three floors. Ground floor is obstructed by parapet and raised carriage. This makes the façade be perceived to have two floors (Timelines-Architecture, 2007).
Figure 1.0: Floor Plan
Behind the prostyle portico are the three central bays added in 1830 circa and it serves as a Porte cochere. The four bays have windows that flank the portico. The first floor consists of alternating segmented and pointed pediments. The second floor has flat pediments. A lunette fanlight surmounts the center of the portico at the principal entrance. The sculpted floral festoon is found above the entrance. A balustrade parapet obstructs the roofline (William, 2008).
The façade at the southern comprises of both the neoclassical and Palladian architectural styles. The Palladian fashion has been used to rusticate the ground floor, while the center façade is designed in neoclassical style that projects a three-bay bow. Five bays flank the bow, with the windows at the north façade consisting of alternating pointed and segmented pediments at the first floor. The bow is made up of the double staircase at the ground floor that leads to the Ionic Colonnaded Logia referred to as the south portico. The second floor of the bow is made up of Truman Balcony. The modernized third floor obstructed by the balustrade parapet and is insignificant a.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
2137ad - Characters that live in Merindol and are at the center of main storiesluforfor
Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
2137ad Merindol Colony Interiors where refugee try to build a seemengly norm...luforfor
This are the interiors of the Merindol Colony in 2137ad after the Climate Change Collapse and the Apocalipse Wars. Merindol is a small Colony in the Italian Alps where there are around 4000 humans. The Colony values mainly around meritocracy and selection by effort.
1. PRELIMINARY STAFF SUMMARY OF INFORMATION
Brooks Building
223 W. jackson Blvd.
Submitted to the Commission on Chicago Landmarks in September 1980
Recommended to the City Council on February 10, 1983
CITY OF CHICAGO
Richard M. Daley, Mayor
Department of Planning and Development
J.F. Boyle, Jr., Commissioner
2. Abot.e: The Brooks Builcfmg is located at the southeast comer ofF~ and jackson streets.
This photograph dates fi-om the I930s, when an •L•Iine still ran behind the building along
Quincy Street.
eo~ This photograph ofthe Brooks Building's upper stories highfJghts its unique wrtical
piers, which are composed ofdusters oflong narrowcolumns. "The piers are capped, at the
cornice, by "bursts• ofornament set against a background ofgreen terra cotta.
The (ammissionon Chkato undmarks, whoseninemembersareappointedDftheHafor, wasesUhlisheJin 1969Dfcit;'orrlinaf1(e.lt
isresponsible for fe(Ommendintto the Cit)'Councilthatindiridua/bui/dinp, sites, objects, orentiredistrictsbedesijnatedas Chicap
Landmarks, whichprotectsthemOflaw. Recommendationsconcemintspecifickndmarksaresentto the Cit;'{qiJII(i/ followintan
extensiremffstut!r, SIJ(hastheonesummarileJin thisreport The "siplifJCanthistoricalandarchiteduralleatures"ofaproposed
landmarkareit!entilieJinthe finaldesignation ordinanceapproret!Dfthe Cit)'Council.
3. BROOKS BUILDING
223 W. Jackson Blvd.
(1909-10; Holabird & Roche, architect)
The BROOKS BUILDING is a remarkably intact
example of a Chicago School-style structure, an
architectural movement of international importance that
developed here between the 1880s and the early 1900s.
Notable for its finely detailed terra cotta ornament,
large windows, and minimal walls, it epitomizes the early
steel-framed skyscraper - a type of building for which
Chicago is world renown for creating. It was
commissioned by Boston developers Peter and Shepard
Brooks, who built many of Chicago's most innovative
structures. It was designed by Holabird & Roche, who
were instrumental in the Chicago School of architecture.
4. An aerial view of the Loop, c.l920, which appeared in a marketing brochure for the Brooks Building.
The map touts the building's proximity to such attractions as: Union Station (6), the Quincy Street
"L" line (7), the Insurance Exchange (IS), the Federal Building (16), and LaSalle Street Station (19).
5. Brooks Building
223 West Jackson Boulevard
Architects: Holabird and Roche
Dates of construction: 1909-1910
A note about the Brooks Building in a 1910 issue of The Economist, during construc-
tion of the building, mentioned that most of its interior space was already rented. Pro-
moted by its managers as being "in the heart of Chicago's wholesale district," the Brooks
served both retail and wholesale tenants by providing wide, open floors where walls could
be easily erected or moved in response to tenant needs. Although the Brooks Building was
apparently popular with potential occupants in the year of its creation for its functional
interior, the exterior form of the building was the last of a kind. The vivid clarity of its
structural frame, encased in orange-brown terra cotta, is a hallmark of the Chicago school
of architecture which developed during the 1880s and 1890s, and which subsided in
popularity as architectural fashions changed during the first decade of the twentieth
century. Designed by Holabird and Roche, one of the pre-eminent and most prolific firms
whose designs for tall commercial buildings created the Chicago school, the Brooks
Building is an excellent example of the characteristics of the movement. Holabird and
Roche, among others, sought to realize the potential of a new building technology and
concurrently sought an appropriate aesthetic expression for its novel forms. The Brooks
Building can be seen not only as the final statement by Holabird and Roche of the
Chicago school idiom in its purest form, but also the final work of the Chicago school in
general, at least until the reassertion, beginning in the late 1940s, of certain principles
first elucidated by the original architects of the Chicago school.
The Developer
The Brooks Building was the final project in Chicago of a Boston developer, Peter
Brooks, whose commissions in Chicago included some of the most significant structures
6. •
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The Brooks Building was designed to serve both retail and wholesale tenants,
providing wide-open floors where walls could be easily erected or moved in
response to tenant needs. AboYe: Afloor plan of the ground floor, which was
divided into retail storefronts, with the main lobby at the lower-left corner (off
Jackson Boulevard). Below: Atypical floor plan for the building's upper eleven
stories, showing how the elevators were located at one end of the building (left-
center) in order to create large spaces with windows fadttg three streets•
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7. of the Chicago school. Brooks, initially in conjunction with his brother Shepard, began
his ventures in Chicago in 1872, working through an attorney in Chicago, Owen Aldis,
who soon became exclusively Brooks' agent. This first building, the Portland Block, was
designed by William Le Baron Jenney. Holabird and Roche recieved their first Brooks
commission in 1886 for the Tacoma Building. Neither of these two structures still stands,
but the Rookery Building, the Monadnock Block, and the Marquette Building survive as
examples of this important collaboration between an Eastern developer, his agent, and
local architects (all three buildings have been designated Chicago Landmarks). Holabird
and Roche designed the south half of the Monadnock Block in 1893 and the Marquette
Building in 1894.
Brooks was very particular about the type of building on which he would spend
his money, and he was concerned about every detail of construction. He wanted
utilitarian structures that cost as little as possible. How much his desire to save
money on his projects influenced the design of the buildings and contributed to the
development of those features which are now found noteworthy as the achievements of
the Chicago school of architecture cannot be determined precisely. The
major achievement of the Chicago school was in creating straightforward, utilitarian
commercial buildings, and Peter Brooks provided the means for some of the most signif-
icant expressions of that ideal. He was seventy-eight years old when the Brooks Building
was commissioned, and he had been investing in Chicago for thirty-seven years. Appro-
priately, this final project was given his name.
The Brooks Building
The twelve-story Brooks Building is located on the southeast corner of Jackson
Boulevard and Franklin Street. The wider Jackson Boulevard facade is divided into
seven bays, and the narrower Franklin Street facade has five bays. The steel piers that
separate the bays are faced with rounded terra-cotta molding, with the corner piers
emphasized by a heavier cluster of molding. Recessed spandrels below windows, window
frames, and mullions are also faced with terra cotta. On the two lowest floors, however,
distinguished from the upper ten by a projecting stringcourse, limestone rather than terra
cotta is used to cover the structural frame. The window frames of the ground-floor
storefronts are metal.
Inside the building, the elevators are arranged along the east side, abutting an alley, so
that each floor can be open across the width and depth of the building with windows on
three sides. This type of flexible space was made possible by the use of steel framing as a
means of supporting the weight of the building with the least amount of interior obstruc-
tions. Because the skeleton frame distributed the floor loads evenly across the site, the
outer walls could be as open as the interior, thus providing large windows for light and
air. In the Brooks, a variation of the typical Chicago windows is used: here the wider
central pane as well as the two outer panes within each bay are double-hung and can be
opened. All the Chicago school buildings were marked by a system of construction and a
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Original drawings of the Brooks Building, showing details of the cornice and of a typical, three-
window-wide bay on the building's lower three floors. The cornice's distinctive, orange-brown,
terra-cotta ornament is set against a background of green terra-cotta panels.
9. design orientation that recognized and provided for the possibility of change to meet
shifting needs. In its completely adaptable interior, the Brooks Building pointed towards
the commercial architecture that was to follow it forty and fifty years later.
In the exterior appearance of the Brooks, the supporting steel framework is clearly
delineated. The cage-like integration of horizontal and vertical members is enhanced by
the unusual color of its terra-cotta cladding and highlighted by the sparing use of decora-
tive elements. Most of the ornament is confined to the top of the structure, in a heavy
cornice and in the details that mark the intersection of the piers with the cornice. Set
against a background of flat green terra-cotta panels, the termination of the strongly
vertical piers is a cluster of curving floral forms set into squares. These same squares
appear in a smaller size below the end of each pier, on the underside of the stringcourse
between the second and third floors.
The uncommon placement and shape of the cornice ornament seems to derive from
the 1898 collaboration of Holabird and Roche with Louis Sullivan. Holabird and Roche
were designing the third of three buildings at 18, 24, and 30 South Michigan Avenue.
Sullivan augmented this small building, only three bays wide, with his particular and
unique ornament above the first floor (now gone) and at the top of the two central piers
in two dense bursts of ornament. On the Brooks Building, the ornament was handled
more lightly; it does not compete with the bold lines of the piers but rather serves to con-
tain those lines visually.
The Architects
William Holabird, born in New York state in 1854, and Martin Roche, born in Cleve-
land in 1855, began their architectural training in Chicago in the office of William Le
Baron Jenny. In 1881, they formed their own office with O.C. Simonds. Two years
later, Simonds left the new firm which then changed its name to Holabird and Roche.
William Holabird was the more outgoing of the two men, serving as business partner for
the firm as well as engineer. Martin Roche was the chief designer although the two often
shared this responsibility until the number of their commissions required the creation of
a larger staff. With such buildings as the Tacoma, the Marquette, and others, Holabird and
Roche introduced a broad range of practical as well as structural innovations in their de-
signs while they continued to clarify their conception of an appropriate aesthetic for the
unprecedented form of the highrise building. Their buildings of the period from 1900 to
1910 are not as well known as their earlier work, but these designs form a transition
between the innovation of their early buildings and the increasingly traditional appear-
ance of their work from 1910 through the early 1920s.
The Brooks Building is perhaps the least well-known of these transitional buildings.
Already in 1905, in their design for the Chicago City Hall and County Building, con-
structed in two stages between 1905 and 1911, historical forms were taking precedence
over the innovative style of the Chicago school. The McCormick Building, also con-
10. structed in two stages between 1907 and 1912 at Michigan Avenue and Van Buren Street,
was designed in a restrained classical style, much simpler than the City Hall and County
Building with its monumental six-story columns. During the same period, Holabird and
Roche designed the Chicago Building in 1905 and the Oliver Building in 1908, both of
which use the steel frame as the primary design feature but have historical details applied
to the facade. The Brooks Building was a return to the idiom of the 1880s and 1890s,
perhaps reflecting Peter Brooks' history as a Chicago developer who wanted what had
served him well in the past. The Brooks Building may have looked old-fashioned in 1910.
Its location in a part of the downtown business district that has not been prominent until
recently may also have contributed to the lack of attention given it.
The Brooks Building was once advertised as being in the heart of a manufacturing
district. The manufacturing district moved elsewhere, and the composition of the Brooks
Building's tenants has changed. A list of tenants in the 1941 Chicago Central Business and
Office Building Directory shows that most were in the clothing and related businesses.
Today's tenants are in banking, insurance, and other service fields. The remodeling of its
entrance and lobby, and the replacement of the storefront window frames with a contem-
porary material has not detracted from the original design. Its integrity has been preserved
through the years. The significance of the Brooks in the architectural history of Chicago
is found in both its typicality and its originality. The exterior expression of the internal
steel frame, the wide three-part windows, and the open floor plan are features that char-
acterize the Chicago school's creation of the modem office and commercial building.
The use of terra cotta as a covering material is also common in the work of the Chicago
school. However, Chicago architects favored the natural red or reddish brown unglazed
terra cotta or, more often, white glazed terra cotta. The Brooks is a rare example of a
color other than white, and the use of green terra cotta to set off the top of the building
is unique. The ornament placed against the green surface is in the same way a unique de-
corative scheme, borrowing from Sullivan's example but simplfying it. In its internal a-
daptability and its exterior appearance, the Brooks Building exemplifies the achievements
of the Chicago school and demonstrates the continuing interest and viability of many
older structures in the city.
11. APPENDICES
Criteria for Designation
When the Brooks Building was first recommended for
landmark designation in February 1983, the Commission on
Chicago Historical and Architectural Landmarks noted that the
building met "designation criteria" I, 3, 4, 6, and 7 of the
Municipal Code of Chicago.
Since that time, a new landmarks ordinance has been
approved by the City Council. Based on a review of the revised
criteria, as set forth in Section 2-210-620 of the Municipal Code,
the Brooks Building is seen as meeting the following criteria:
CRITERION 1
Its value as an example ofthe architectural, cultural, economic,
historic, social, or other aspect ofthe heritage ofthe City of
Chicago, State ofIllinois, or the United States.
The Brooks Building is an excellent example of the
Chicago School, an architectural movement of national and
international importance that developed here between the 1880s
and the early 1900s. The Brooks Building is a remarkably intact
illustration of the technological and aesthetic innovations in
architecture that resulted, forming a significant and valuable part
of the city's heritage and culture.
Although many of the city's most important Chicago
School buildings have lost their distinctive cornices or been
drastically altered at the ground level, the Brooks Building's
unusual cornice is still intact, and its storefronts and entrance are
only slightly altered.
CRITERION3
Its identification with aperson orpersons who significantly
contributed to the architectural, cultural, economic, historic,
social, or other aspect ofthe development ofthe City ofChicago,
State ofIllinois, or the United States.
The Brooks Building was the final commission in
Chicago by Boston real estate developers Peter and Shepard
Brooks, who were responsible for the creation of many of
Chicago's most important and innovative buildings. Through their
local agent, Owen Aldis, the Brooks brothers began building in
Chicago in the 1880s.
12. Three designated Chicago Landmarks owe their existence
to the Brooks brothers-the Marquette, Rookery, and
Monadnock-but this is the only building that carries their name.
Furthermore, as the last of the Brooks' projects in Chicago, it is a
dramatic example of the principles which they promoted in all
their commissions.
CRITERION4
Its exemplification ofan architectural type or style distinguished
by innovation, rarity, uniqueness, or overall quality ofdesign,
detail, materials, or craftsmanship.
The Brooks Building is an excellent example of the steel-
framed skyscraper, a form of construction that was developed in
Chicago in the late-19th century. Moreover, the distinctive design
of the Brooks Building embodies the Chicago School, an
architectural a style that influenced the development of modem
architecture-not only in the United States but around the world.
The Chicago School is described in every textbook on the history
of architecture, and the Brooks Building is one of the last
buildings to have been designed in this style.
Particularly notable, in addition to the building's clearly
expressed steel-framed construction, is its orange-brown terra-
cotta cladding, distinctive vertical piers comprised of clusters of
tall narrow columns, and exceptionally intact and finely-
ornamented green and orange-brown terra cotta cornice. The
building's significance has been well documented, dating back to
1972 when it was first recommended for landmark designation by
the Advisory Committee to the Commission on Chicago
Historical and Architectural Landmarks.
The Brooks Building, according to architectural historian
Carl Condit, who has written several notable books on the
Chicago School, "is architecture that has a real visual drama
about it, an architecture that enhances, intensifies, and dramatizes
the ruling geometery that is given to the architects by the
underlying iron or steel frame."
CRITERION 5
Its identification as the work ofan architect, designer, engineer,
or builder whose work is significant in the history or development
ofthe City ofChicago, State ofIllinois, or the United States.
Holabird and Roche, the architects of the Brooks
Building, played a major role in the development of the Chicago
School, a movement that influenced architecture worldwide in the
late-19th and early-20th centuries. The firm's founders, William
Holabird and Martin Roche, began their architectural training in
the office of William le Baron Jenney, before forming their own
office in 1881 and developing a long list of important buildings,
including: the City Hall-County Building and Marquette Building.
13. The Brooks Building is one of the last and most important
buildings of the firm's first important period of architecture,
according to architectural historian Martin Tangora, who says it
is "certainly among the five most important" remaining buildings
designed by the firm.
Significant Historical
or Architectural Features
Whenever a building is under consideration for landmark
designation, the Commission on Chicago Landmarks identifies
which features are most important to the significance of the
proposed landmark. In addition to informing the owner and the
public, this identification helps the Commission carry out its
permit review responsibilities: to evaluate the effect of proposed
alterations to "any significant historical or architectural feature" of
the landmark or landmark district (as required by Section 2-120-
770, 780 of the Municipal Code).
The recommended significant historical and architectural
features of this building are the Jackson Boulevard and Franklin
Street exterior elevations and their rooflines.
The Jackson Boulevard (main) entrance to the Brooks Building,
c.l930. The "electrolier-style" streedight, shown here, formerly
lined many of the city's boulevards, including Michigan Avenue.
They were removed in the 1
950s.
14. Acknowledgments
CITY OF CIDCAGO
Richard M. Daley, Mayor
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
J. F. Boyle, Jr., Commmissioner
Charles Thurow, Deputy Commissioner
Publication Starr:
Joan Pomaranc, research and writing
Cedric Jones, production
James Peters, layout
lllustrations:
Cover: Bob Thall
Inside back cover: Richard Nickel
Aerial photo and building drawings: from Holabird & Roche,
Holabird & Root: An Illustrated Catalog ofWorks (1991)
Other photos and floor plans: courtesy of Brooks Building
This report was written in 1980;
it was reprinted in August 1996
15. This Richard Nickel photograph of the Brooks Building dates from the 1960s. The building is little
changed from its original appearance (see photo on inside front cover), retaining both its original
cornice and much of the character of its lower two floors, which are clad in marble.
16. COMMISSION ON CHICAGO LANDMARKS
Peter t B. Bynoe, Chairman
joseph A. Gonzalez, Vice Chairman
Albert M. Friedman, Secretary
john W. Baird
j.F. Boyle,Jr.
Kein LBurton
Marian Despres
larry Parkman
Seymour Persky
Chicago Department of Planning and Development
320 N. Clark St., Room 516, Chicago, ll 60610
312-744-3200; 744-2958 (TDD)