This document is the first edition of a Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Barometer published by the humanitarian NGO Solidarités International. It aims to assess access to safe drinking water and raise awareness of the issue among international actors. It finds that while progress has been made, billions still lack access to clean water and sanitation. It highlights the links between water and health, food security, education, and conflicts. It calls on decision makers to uphold their commitments to ensure universal access to water and sanitation by 2030.
Sustainable Water (Safe Water and Improved Sanitation): Engaging the YouthsCharles Anukwonke
The slide presented the sustainable development goal number 6. and its concerns; Safe water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Financial innovation strategy is presented on how it will help achieve the said goal of sate water and sustainability.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francis’s respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Water’s rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
This document discusses clean water and sanitation. It notes that access to clean water is essential for survival and a foundation for thriving communities. While infrastructure improvements require government assistance, individuals can help by donating aid and raising awareness through social media. Social media has helped give attention to cities with unclean water and fundraising efforts, though it took Flint, Michigan five years of protesting and $400 million to receive clean water after their crisis received widespread coverage.
The document discusses the growing problem of water pollution worldwide and proposes a multi-pronged solution. It suggests creating a fund to educate young professionals in developing countries about water treatment techniques. It also proposes establishing community water centers to oversee local sanitation projects and offering incentives for waste water treatment programs and good water management practices among communities and industries. The goal is to increase technical knowledge, encourage local initiatives, raise awareness from an early age, and incentivize sustainable practices to address water pollution issues.
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality, waterborne diseases, and water quality monitoring. It discusses that while access to water has improved globally, water quality remains a major public health crisis as many improved water sources remain contaminated. Contaminated water can transmit deadly diseases and around 1 billion people lack access to clean water. The document outlines factors contributing to water contamination and corrective actions needed to improve water quality monitoring and ensure access to safe drinking water for all as targeted by UN Sustainable Development Goal 6.
This document discusses India's challenges in ensuring access to clean water and sanitation for all citizens. Key points include:
- Over 63 crore Indians lack access to sanitation facilities and drink contaminated water.
- Inadequate water and sanitation costs India 6.4% of GDP in health costs and lost productivity.
- Rural women walk long distances each day to collect water.
- Government schemes aim to improve rural water supply and sanitation but challenges remain.
- Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation is important for human dignity.
The document discusses the importance of achieving the Millennium Development Goal of providing access to clean water and sanitation for all people by 2015. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to clean water and 2.6 billion lack proper sanitation. This has devastating health and social consequences. The document then focuses on the situation in the state of Rajasthan, India, where water scarcity is a major problem due to low rainfall and overuse of resources. It argues that achieving the water and sanitation goal is critical for making progress on other MDGs relating to poverty, health, education, and gender equality. Strong government policies and community involvement are needed to overcome water challenges.
Teaching Sustainability and Social Justice: A Resource for High School Teache...John W. Eppensteiner III
Water is a limited global resource that is essential to life but is increasingly under threat. Over 2 billion people currently lack access to clean drinking water and sanitation, resulting in water-related disease that causes over 1 million deaths annually. As the global population and economies continue to grow, demand for water is projected to increase 55% by 2050. Many industries and businesses rely heavily on water but face increasing physical, regulatory, and reputational risks associated with water scarcity and quality issues. Innovations in water sustainability, such as water footprinting and green infrastructure, are helping to address these global water challenges.
Sustainable Water (Safe Water and Improved Sanitation): Engaging the YouthsCharles Anukwonke
The slide presented the sustainable development goal number 6. and its concerns; Safe water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Financial innovation strategy is presented on how it will help achieve the said goal of sate water and sustainability.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francis’s respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Water’s rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
This document discusses clean water and sanitation. It notes that access to clean water is essential for survival and a foundation for thriving communities. While infrastructure improvements require government assistance, individuals can help by donating aid and raising awareness through social media. Social media has helped give attention to cities with unclean water and fundraising efforts, though it took Flint, Michigan five years of protesting and $400 million to receive clean water after their crisis received widespread coverage.
The document discusses the growing problem of water pollution worldwide and proposes a multi-pronged solution. It suggests creating a fund to educate young professionals in developing countries about water treatment techniques. It also proposes establishing community water centers to oversee local sanitation projects and offering incentives for waste water treatment programs and good water management practices among communities and industries. The goal is to increase technical knowledge, encourage local initiatives, raise awareness from an early age, and incentivize sustainable practices to address water pollution issues.
This document provides an introduction to drinking water quality, waterborne diseases, and water quality monitoring. It discusses that while access to water has improved globally, water quality remains a major public health crisis as many improved water sources remain contaminated. Contaminated water can transmit deadly diseases and around 1 billion people lack access to clean water. The document outlines factors contributing to water contamination and corrective actions needed to improve water quality monitoring and ensure access to safe drinking water for all as targeted by UN Sustainable Development Goal 6.
This document discusses India's challenges in ensuring access to clean water and sanitation for all citizens. Key points include:
- Over 63 crore Indians lack access to sanitation facilities and drink contaminated water.
- Inadequate water and sanitation costs India 6.4% of GDP in health costs and lost productivity.
- Rural women walk long distances each day to collect water.
- Government schemes aim to improve rural water supply and sanitation but challenges remain.
- Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation is important for human dignity.
The document discusses the importance of achieving the Millennium Development Goal of providing access to clean water and sanitation for all people by 2015. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to clean water and 2.6 billion lack proper sanitation. This has devastating health and social consequences. The document then focuses on the situation in the state of Rajasthan, India, where water scarcity is a major problem due to low rainfall and overuse of resources. It argues that achieving the water and sanitation goal is critical for making progress on other MDGs relating to poverty, health, education, and gender equality. Strong government policies and community involvement are needed to overcome water challenges.
Teaching Sustainability and Social Justice: A Resource for High School Teache...John W. Eppensteiner III
Water is a limited global resource that is essential to life but is increasingly under threat. Over 2 billion people currently lack access to clean drinking water and sanitation, resulting in water-related disease that causes over 1 million deaths annually. As the global population and economies continue to grow, demand for water is projected to increase 55% by 2050. Many industries and businesses rely heavily on water but face increasing physical, regulatory, and reputational risks associated with water scarcity and quality issues. Innovations in water sustainability, such as water footprinting and green infrastructure, are helping to address these global water challenges.
Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and over 3 billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities. This number could rise to 5.5 billion within 20 years. Forty percent of people in developing countries do not have improved sanitation. There is a need to prioritize safe containment and disposal of human waste to reduce health risks from diseases caused by unsafe water and sanitation such as diarrhea. Providing access to adequate sanitation allows people to live with dignity and have their basic needs met. Efforts are needed to generate awareness of good hygiene and sanitation practices and ensure sustainability of related infrastructure.
Water is known to be elixir of life. No life can exist on this planet devoid of water. Water remains the creator, supporter and sustainer of all living beings .However, despite 71% of the area of earth is under oceans, potable water remains valuable for the simple reason that Ninety-seven percent (97%) of total water available on this planet is, primarily and essentially, salt water which is not suitable and appropriate for drinking. Only three percent (3%) of total water on earth is freshwater, out of which only 0.5% is suitable for drinking, while remaining 2.5% of freshwater is found locked in glaciers, ice caps, atmosphere, soil or under the Earth’s surface. Accordingly, water needs to be valued, preserved, protected and used with utmost care and caution. Involving communities and making them active partners in understanding and appreciating the criticality of water in human living. Involving educational institutions; making water integral part of study curricula; Evolving appropriate technologies for restoring waste water for human consumption; making water integral part of settlement planning; Adopting regional approach ; Reinventing sanitation system and shifting it from water base to non- water base; Promoting multiple use of water and adopting circular economy approach; Reinventing and restoring the traditional systems of water sourcing and storage ; Optimization of rain water harvesting, improving water resources management ; Putting in place good governance , adopting a multi-pronged strategy, involving individuals, communities, stakeholders and bringing them on a common platform besides mapping , preserving, protecting, promoting, integrating all the available sources of water ; adoption of a holistic and integrated approach to water management will not only help in eradicating poverty, building peaceful and prosperous societies and achieving the agenda mandated in Goal 6 of SDG 2030, but will also ensure that ‘no one is left behind’ on the road towards sustainable development.
The Asia Women's Conference on Environment
-by Irene Dankelman
Recommendations:
(a) Recognize and protect the human right to water.
(b) Ensure women’s access to and control of safe water and land.
(c) Ensure gender mainstreaming in all water and sanitation policies and institutions.
(d) Promote women’s participation and empowerment.
(e) Ensure corporate social and environmental accountability in water and sanitation.
Water Family Meeting and Symposium on Water Equity in South-East Europe and the Mediterranean
28-29 March 2019 Palazzo Zorzi, Venice (Italy) -
Stefan Uhlenbrook, WWAP Coordinator
This document summarizes the monitoring of global progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal targets for access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. It outlines the definitions used by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme to classify water sources and sanitation facilities as "improved" or "unimproved". Significant progress has been made since 1990, but accelerated efforts will be needed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, to meet the 2015 target of halving the proportion of people without access. Meeting the target would yield major health and economic benefits.
The document discusses gender issues in international water laws and governance. It notes that women disproportionately bear the burden of water scarcity as they are primarily responsible for household water collection. While women play an important role in water management, they are often absent from water policy and decision-making. Several international conferences and agreements, including the Dublin Principles, Beijing Platform for Action, and Millennium Development Goals, have recognized the need to involve women in water governance and ensure their access to water. However, more work is still needed to fully integrate a gender perspective into water policies and programs.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
The document's aim is to provide Tdh staff, partners and donors with information on the types of activities established or supported by Tdh in the areas of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. It also presents the main guidelines for its interventions, models of action; a work option supported, and refers to the analytical tools for establishing, monitoring and evaluating actions.
This strategic document defines Tdh's main operating framework for its emergency and long-term interventions. It aims to help the Tdh teams and their local partners to design projects for water, sanitation and hygiene or to insert these types of element into another project.
The document summarizes statements from various UN agencies and organizations about World Water Day 2007 and the growing global water crisis. It notes that water scarcity affects 700 million people currently and may rise to over 3 billion by 2025. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and other leaders call for greater international cooperation and investments to strengthen water management, promote technology, and scale up solutions to ensure access to clean water.
1. The document discusses the importance of sanitation and how to bring about change, noting that inadequate sanitation leads to many health and social issues.
2. It recommends emphasizing the link between sanitation and disease, demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of improved sanitation, and providing locally appropriate solutions targeted at slums.
3. Recruiting high-profile champions is also suggested as a way to promote change.
Malteser International promotes an integrated approach to sustainability, disaster risk reduction, and community health. Their programs in remote villages in Myanmar have strengthened health systems and made communities more resilient by training local health workers, building rural health centers, rehabilitating mangrove forests, protecting water sources, and constructing rainwater collection tanks. This integrated work empowers communities to respond to disasters and improves livelihoods. Lessons learned include considering all development work as contributing to resilience, advocating holistic programming with local authorities, and promoting community ownership through participation and organized village committees.
Water, sanitation, & hygiene (WASH) and NTDsJordan Teague
An overview of the synergies between water, sanitation, and hygiene, and neglected tropical diseases for the END7 Student Advocacy Day in April 2015. This presentation reviews the linkages between WASH and NTDs and highlights current collaborations between the sectors.
This presentation covers water and sanitation as predictors of good health and wellbeing. Poor water and sanitary conditions permits the outbreaks of epidemics as well as infectious and communicable diseases. It is an important goal in the sustainable development goals and all efforts must be made to protect our water bodies and uphold the highest standards of sanitation
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
India has made progress in increasing access to water and sanitation but still faces challenges. Strengths include policies promoting access, financing from central and state governments, and programs like Swachh Bharat Mission and Jal Jeevan Mission. Interventions in various states led to outcomes like increased school enrollment and ended open defecation. However, issues remain around sustainability, governance, and fully achieving targets. A SWOT analysis can help identify how to strengthen programs and address weaknesses.
Determinants of Households Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Natural Koo...AI Publications
Most natural resources or environmental goods and services are exposed to degradation, society over utilize them for only their current benefits without thinking the future life span of these resources. The study analyzed determinants of households’ willingness to pay for conservation of natural Kool water (Burie Kool Wuha, W/Gojjam, Ethiopia). The contingent valuation method and Heckman two step model was employed. The results indicates that sex of the household head, education of the household, value attached to the resource by households as source of income, value attached to the resource by households reserving for future generation and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with households WTP, and family size of households, education of the household and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with the households payment levels. On the other hand, initial bid value has a negative correlation with the level of payments. Therefore, by taking the importance of the resource for the society and the households WTP, the policy makers need to focus on identified factors in designing strategies for the conservation of the resource.
In 2015, The Rockefeller Foundation collaborated with several partners to begin developing incentive-based mechanisms to address competition for freshwater, and to bring human water use back in balance with the water needs of freshwater ecosystems in order to build long-term resilience. The early solutions that emerged, and the wider lessons from the group’s work, are captured in this report.
Assessing human activities and their effects on water quality the case of bul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of human activities on water quality, using Bulpeila Dam in Ghana as a case study. It notes that while water is essential for life, pollution from activities like agriculture, settlements, and industry have reached crisis levels in many areas and threaten water quality. The document aims to examine current land uses in Bulpeila Dam's catchment area and monitor selected water quality parameters to understand how human activities may be influencing water quality. Agriculture is identified as a major cause of water pollution through erosion, runoff and discharge of pollutants into surface and groundwater. Improper sanitation and waste disposal from human settlements can also contaminate water sources and spread disease. Understanding these impacts is important for sustainably managing
Samples information of cycling pad of customer caseHank Hsu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document is a PhD thesis written in Chinese that discusses research on using thin film metallic glass as an underlayer to suppress tin whisker growth in electronic packaging. Key points:
- The author investigated two metallic glass thin films, Zr46Ti26Ni28 and Zr51.7Cu32.3Al9Ni7, as underlayers in copper-tin couples.
- Samples with and without the metallic glass underlayers underwent various heat treatments and aging to study their effects on tin whisker formation.
- Preliminary results found that a 25nm thick metallic glass underlayer was able to effectively block the copper-tin interaction and prevent tin whisker growth, even after acceleration tests. In contrast
Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water and over 3 billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities. This number could rise to 5.5 billion within 20 years. Forty percent of people in developing countries do not have improved sanitation. There is a need to prioritize safe containment and disposal of human waste to reduce health risks from diseases caused by unsafe water and sanitation such as diarrhea. Providing access to adequate sanitation allows people to live with dignity and have their basic needs met. Efforts are needed to generate awareness of good hygiene and sanitation practices and ensure sustainability of related infrastructure.
Water is known to be elixir of life. No life can exist on this planet devoid of water. Water remains the creator, supporter and sustainer of all living beings .However, despite 71% of the area of earth is under oceans, potable water remains valuable for the simple reason that Ninety-seven percent (97%) of total water available on this planet is, primarily and essentially, salt water which is not suitable and appropriate for drinking. Only three percent (3%) of total water on earth is freshwater, out of which only 0.5% is suitable for drinking, while remaining 2.5% of freshwater is found locked in glaciers, ice caps, atmosphere, soil or under the Earth’s surface. Accordingly, water needs to be valued, preserved, protected and used with utmost care and caution. Involving communities and making them active partners in understanding and appreciating the criticality of water in human living. Involving educational institutions; making water integral part of study curricula; Evolving appropriate technologies for restoring waste water for human consumption; making water integral part of settlement planning; Adopting regional approach ; Reinventing sanitation system and shifting it from water base to non- water base; Promoting multiple use of water and adopting circular economy approach; Reinventing and restoring the traditional systems of water sourcing and storage ; Optimization of rain water harvesting, improving water resources management ; Putting in place good governance , adopting a multi-pronged strategy, involving individuals, communities, stakeholders and bringing them on a common platform besides mapping , preserving, protecting, promoting, integrating all the available sources of water ; adoption of a holistic and integrated approach to water management will not only help in eradicating poverty, building peaceful and prosperous societies and achieving the agenda mandated in Goal 6 of SDG 2030, but will also ensure that ‘no one is left behind’ on the road towards sustainable development.
The Asia Women's Conference on Environment
-by Irene Dankelman
Recommendations:
(a) Recognize and protect the human right to water.
(b) Ensure women’s access to and control of safe water and land.
(c) Ensure gender mainstreaming in all water and sanitation policies and institutions.
(d) Promote women’s participation and empowerment.
(e) Ensure corporate social and environmental accountability in water and sanitation.
Water Family Meeting and Symposium on Water Equity in South-East Europe and the Mediterranean
28-29 March 2019 Palazzo Zorzi, Venice (Italy) -
Stefan Uhlenbrook, WWAP Coordinator
This document summarizes the monitoring of global progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal targets for access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. It outlines the definitions used by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme to classify water sources and sanitation facilities as "improved" or "unimproved". Significant progress has been made since 1990, but accelerated efforts will be needed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, to meet the 2015 target of halving the proportion of people without access. Meeting the target would yield major health and economic benefits.
The document discusses gender issues in international water laws and governance. It notes that women disproportionately bear the burden of water scarcity as they are primarily responsible for household water collection. While women play an important role in water management, they are often absent from water policy and decision-making. Several international conferences and agreements, including the Dublin Principles, Beijing Platform for Action, and Millennium Development Goals, have recognized the need to involve women in water governance and ensure their access to water. However, more work is still needed to fully integrate a gender perspective into water policies and programs.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
The document's aim is to provide Tdh staff, partners and donors with information on the types of activities established or supported by Tdh in the areas of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. It also presents the main guidelines for its interventions, models of action; a work option supported, and refers to the analytical tools for establishing, monitoring and evaluating actions.
This strategic document defines Tdh's main operating framework for its emergency and long-term interventions. It aims to help the Tdh teams and their local partners to design projects for water, sanitation and hygiene or to insert these types of element into another project.
The document summarizes statements from various UN agencies and organizations about World Water Day 2007 and the growing global water crisis. It notes that water scarcity affects 700 million people currently and may rise to over 3 billion by 2025. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and other leaders call for greater international cooperation and investments to strengthen water management, promote technology, and scale up solutions to ensure access to clean water.
1. The document discusses the importance of sanitation and how to bring about change, noting that inadequate sanitation leads to many health and social issues.
2. It recommends emphasizing the link between sanitation and disease, demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of improved sanitation, and providing locally appropriate solutions targeted at slums.
3. Recruiting high-profile champions is also suggested as a way to promote change.
Malteser International promotes an integrated approach to sustainability, disaster risk reduction, and community health. Their programs in remote villages in Myanmar have strengthened health systems and made communities more resilient by training local health workers, building rural health centers, rehabilitating mangrove forests, protecting water sources, and constructing rainwater collection tanks. This integrated work empowers communities to respond to disasters and improves livelihoods. Lessons learned include considering all development work as contributing to resilience, advocating holistic programming with local authorities, and promoting community ownership through participation and organized village committees.
Water, sanitation, & hygiene (WASH) and NTDsJordan Teague
An overview of the synergies between water, sanitation, and hygiene, and neglected tropical diseases for the END7 Student Advocacy Day in April 2015. This presentation reviews the linkages between WASH and NTDs and highlights current collaborations between the sectors.
This presentation covers water and sanitation as predictors of good health and wellbeing. Poor water and sanitary conditions permits the outbreaks of epidemics as well as infectious and communicable diseases. It is an important goal in the sustainable development goals and all efforts must be made to protect our water bodies and uphold the highest standards of sanitation
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
India has made progress in increasing access to water and sanitation but still faces challenges. Strengths include policies promoting access, financing from central and state governments, and programs like Swachh Bharat Mission and Jal Jeevan Mission. Interventions in various states led to outcomes like increased school enrollment and ended open defecation. However, issues remain around sustainability, governance, and fully achieving targets. A SWOT analysis can help identify how to strengthen programs and address weaknesses.
Determinants of Households Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Natural Koo...AI Publications
Most natural resources or environmental goods and services are exposed to degradation, society over utilize them for only their current benefits without thinking the future life span of these resources. The study analyzed determinants of households’ willingness to pay for conservation of natural Kool water (Burie Kool Wuha, W/Gojjam, Ethiopia). The contingent valuation method and Heckman two step model was employed. The results indicates that sex of the household head, education of the household, value attached to the resource by households as source of income, value attached to the resource by households reserving for future generation and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with households WTP, and family size of households, education of the household and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with the households payment levels. On the other hand, initial bid value has a negative correlation with the level of payments. Therefore, by taking the importance of the resource for the society and the households WTP, the policy makers need to focus on identified factors in designing strategies for the conservation of the resource.
In 2015, The Rockefeller Foundation collaborated with several partners to begin developing incentive-based mechanisms to address competition for freshwater, and to bring human water use back in balance with the water needs of freshwater ecosystems in order to build long-term resilience. The early solutions that emerged, and the wider lessons from the group’s work, are captured in this report.
Assessing human activities and their effects on water quality the case of bul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of human activities on water quality, using Bulpeila Dam in Ghana as a case study. It notes that while water is essential for life, pollution from activities like agriculture, settlements, and industry have reached crisis levels in many areas and threaten water quality. The document aims to examine current land uses in Bulpeila Dam's catchment area and monitor selected water quality parameters to understand how human activities may be influencing water quality. Agriculture is identified as a major cause of water pollution through erosion, runoff and discharge of pollutants into surface and groundwater. Improper sanitation and waste disposal from human settlements can also contaminate water sources and spread disease. Understanding these impacts is important for sustainably managing
Samples information of cycling pad of customer caseHank Hsu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document is a PhD thesis written in Chinese that discusses research on using thin film metallic glass as an underlayer to suppress tin whisker growth in electronic packaging. Key points:
- The author investigated two metallic glass thin films, Zr46Ti26Ni28 and Zr51.7Cu32.3Al9Ni7, as underlayers in copper-tin couples.
- Samples with and without the metallic glass underlayers underwent various heat treatments and aging to study their effects on tin whisker formation.
- Preliminary results found that a 25nm thick metallic glass underlayer was able to effectively block the copper-tin interaction and prevent tin whisker growth, even after acceleration tests. In contrast
This document discusses instructional objectives and different frameworks for writing them. It begins by explaining that teachers must be guided by instructional objectives to start teaching. It then describes Mager's format, which suggests objectives must be observable and measurable. It provides examples of precise versus imprecise verbs to use. The document also discusses Bloom's Taxonomy, which classifies objectives into cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains to help systematically write objectives at different levels of complexity. Criticisms of Bloom's Taxonomy are noted at the end.
This document is a cover letter and resume for Kevin E. Moore Sr. applying for a teaching position. He has over 20 years of experience in technology fields including cyber security, forensics, and information technology. He currently works as the Senior Information Cyber Security Operations Engineer for the Arkansas Department of Human Services. He is pursuing a Doctorate in Information Technology and has extensive education and certifications in cyber security and information technology fields.
The document is a collection of random English words with no clear meaning or narrative. It mentions various people, places, and things like Mateo Vargas Garcia, English, independence, lawyer, photographer, college, clothes, talent, waiter, and homeless but does not form a coherent story or provide any essential information in more than 3 sentences.
Rudi Liebenberg, Executive Chef of Mount Nelson Hotel and Planet Restaurant, focuses his menus around only using seasonal ingredients that are picked and delivered fresh daily from local farms. Over the past five years he has shortened his menu and changed it every few days based on the farmers' harvests. He has developed close relationships with farmers who provide organic and free-range meat and produce. Using ingredients strictly in season presents challenges but also allows for creativity based on what the land provides.
The Universal American School of Dubai held its Elementary Back to School Night 2015. The event included opening sessions, prayer breaks, refreshments, and presentations by homeroom teachers. The schedule outlined arrival procedures, homework expectations, communication methods, and after-school activities. The library services and Parent Teacher Student Organization were also introduced.
Norma Padgett has over 24 years of experience in administrative support roles in higher education. She currently works as an Executive Development Assistant at the University of Florida College of Pharmacy, where her responsibilities include managing donor relations, fundraising activities, and the daily operations of the Development Office. Previously, she held roles as Executive Secretary at the UF College of Fine Arts and Program Assistant at the UF College of Journalism and Communications, providing administrative support to deans and overseeing processes related to students. She has strong organizational, communication, and customer service skills and is proficient in Microsoft Office programs.
This document contains captions from 12 different stock photography accounts on Unsplash.com. The captions provide attribution for the photographers and do not contain any additional context or descriptions. The document serves to credit multiple photographers for their stock photography but does not convey any other substantive information.
El documento habla sobre los residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos (RAEE). Explica que los RAEE son aquellos aparatos que necesitan corriente eléctrica o campos electromagnéticos y que se convierten en residuos cuando son desechados por su poseedor. Además, clasifica los RAEE en línea blanca, línea marrón y línea gris; e indica que Colombia cuenta con iniciativas como la "Iniciativa RAEE Colombia" para mejorar la gestión de estos residuos de forma ambientalmente sostenible
La ciudad de Burgos cuenta con importantes monumentos religiosos como su catedral gótica, el museo de la evolución humana y la cartuja de Miraflores, además del monasterio cisterciense de Las Huelgas.
This job description is for a Marketing Manager position. The key responsibilities include managing the marketing department, providing input into the annual marketing plan including sales forecasts and expense allocations, developing disease management analyses and strategic assessments of products in the Australian market, forming networks with senior management, developing relationships with key opinion leaders and patient groups, assisting with regulatory submissions, ensuring effective team communication, and coaching other marketing staff. The role requires financial management skills including budget planning and quarterly reporting.
The document is the March 2015 newsletter of the Graduate Information Technology Association (GITA). It includes the following:
- Leadership team and guest speaker for the upcoming meeting on internet of things.
- Summary of the previous meeting presentation on skills for career success.
- Updates on current IT projects including security, databases, Facebook, and the homeroom.
- Articles on cyber security job demand, using drones for archaeology, and wireless charging technology.
- Announcements about mentoring interns, community outreach projects, and help wanted positions.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document is a letter from the year 2093 to the generation of 2015 regarding water and sustainable development. It summarizes the challenges facing water management and urges action to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It warns that past inaction on environmental issues has led to problems like water stress, pollution, and exclusion of the poor from water access. The letter calls for public ownership and management of water as a universal human right. It encourages the 2015 generation to participate in building sustainable water policies at local, national, and global levels through a transdisciplinary global citizenship movement.
Introduction to Drinking Water Quality: A Layperson’s Guide to Water Quality,...lhirsh
Poor water quality is a global health crisis. Not everyone who must help remedy this monumental problem is a scientist, or policy maker, or water, sanitation and hygiene expert, or public health professional. However, everyone at every level must have some understanding of the subject and science behind it.
Our booklet provides basic information to help people make intelligent decisions about safe drinking water.
This document discusses water issues that should be addressed in the post-2015 development agenda. It argues that universal access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is crucial to reduce poverty and support social, economic, and environmental development. However, over 780 million people lack access to clean drinking water and 2.4 billion lack adequate sanitation. Ensuring access to WASH could significantly improve health outcomes by reducing disease, improve education and gender equality by allowing children, especially girls, to attend school regularly, and boost economic development for countries. The post-2015 framework needs to prioritize WASH and water resources management in a holistic way to achieve sustainable development goals.
World Water Day 2023 aims to accelerate progress on solving the global water and sanitation crisis. Currently, billions lack access to safely managed water and sanitation. The document outlines specific actions individuals and organizations can take to raise awareness and commitments around water issues through learning, sharing, and taking action around World Water Day on March 22nd. It also summarizes key facts about the scope of the crisis, such as billions lacking access to safe water and sanitation and related health impacts.
Day 1 - Statement by Mr Francois Muenger SWA partnership meeting Geneva novem...sanitationandwater4all
Mr. Francois Muenger, Head of the Global Program Water Initiatives at SDC and FDFA, welcomed attendees to the SWA Partnership Meeting in Geneva. He highlighted three key issues facing the global water crisis: 1) 780 million people still lack access to water and 2.5 billion lack access to sanitation, even higher when considering the human right to water; 2) most of the world's wastewater is discharged without treatment, worsening pollution; and 3) water stress from inefficient use and losses, exacerbated by climate change, already affects 1 billion people. Switzerland supports a "blue scenario" ensuring equitable access and efficient management to realize water's benefits. Key steps include supporting monitoring systems,
Sanitation issues in developing countries negatively impact public health and economic development. 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation services and diseases from unsafe water kill millions annually. The key causes are lack of access to proper waste disposal facilities and water pollution from human and industrial waste. Solutions require improved infrastructure, but also addressing population growth, which increases demand on limited resources. While more progress is still needed, organizations like WaterAid have helped by providing access to clean water for many communities in developing areas.
Water is essential for life but access to drinkable water is limited for many. Over 90% of African women collect water for their basic needs. By 2050, half the world's population may lack sufficient water. Water scarcity is exacerbated by climate change, population growth, and mismanagement. Ensuring access to water is an ethical issue and human right. States must regulate water use, allocate resources fairly, and incorporate community participation to achieve sustainable and equitable water management for all.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francis’s respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Water’s rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
SDG 6 aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030. It has various targets including access to clean water, reducing pollution, improving water quality by reducing dumping of hazardous chemicals. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of clean water and sanitation as hand washing is critical to prevent spread but billions lack access. Progress on SDG 6 positively impacts other goals and challenges include financing, data, capacity and innovation.
Water is at the core of sustainable development. Over 1.7 billion people live in river basins where water use exceeds natural recharge. By 2025, two-thirds of the world's population will live in water-stressed countries if current consumption patterns continue. Sustainable development recognizes that growth must be environmentally sound and reduce poverty while meeting needs of future generations. Water is critical for socio-economic development, healthy ecosystems, and human survival, but must be managed efficiently and equitably to strengthen resilience to changes.
Water Sustainability Summit What will it take Get in the gr.docxjessiehampson
Water Sustainability Summit
What will it take?
Get in the groups
that you were in last time
The Process We Have Been Modeling Is Happening All Around the World…
https://www.pwi.org/
https://www.pwi.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewPage&pageID=509&nodeID=1
Water Sustainability Summit
What will it take?
Lake Oroville, California - Before Summer 2015
“the use of water that supports the ability of human society to endure and flourish into the indefinite future without undermining the integrity of the hydrological cycle or the ecological systems that depend on it.”
Sounds good.
What’s Gleick’s own critique of this?
“By itself, however, it is too general to offer guidance for water managers, planners, and scientists.
To make decisions about how to allocate and use water resources, other goals and criteria need to be identified.”
We Start with Peter Gleick’s Take on Water Sustainability
Gleick, P (1998). Water in Crisis: Paths to Sustainability. Ecological Applications, 8(3): 571-579
4
Peter Gleick’s Take on Water Sustainability
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Gleick, P (1998). Water in Crisis: Paths to Sustainability. Ecological Applications, 8(3): 571-579
5
His seven criteria sound pretty good too. Are we done?
Is this all it takes?
How prioritize these recommendations?
Is this the best way to frame it?
How do his recommendations compare to those found in the other readings?
Peter Gleick’s Take on Water Sustainability
Why do you think this particular article was assigned for everyone to read instead of one of the other 5?
What does water “consciousness” mean?
How do the recommendations in this article compare to Gleick’s?
What ideology is represented in this article?
Discuss…
Clarke - On Developing “Water Consciousness”: Eight Movement Building Principles
On Developing “Water Consciousness”: Eight Movement Building Principles
Clarke, T (2008). On Developing “Water Consciousness”: Eight Movement Building Principles, in Lohan, T, ed., Water Consciousness. AlterNet Books. Pp. 161-167
8
Eight Movement Building Principles
Water Integrity
Treat water with reverence and respect
Water Commons
Water must be available to all people and nature
Resist commodification of water
Water Sovereignty
Local communities must be able to control their watersheds
Water Equity
Justice and equity favor public water supply systems
Water Conservation
Use only what we need
Water Quality
Protect ecosystems and human health
Water Security
Prevent water conflicts
Water Democracy
The people become the guardians of water via grassroots, bottom-up activities
Clarke - On Developing “Water Consciousness”: Eight Movement Building Principles
Do you subscribe to this conclusion?
Clarke, T (2008). On Developing “Water Consciousness”: Eight Movement Building Principles, in Lohan, T, ed., Water Consciousness. AlterNet Books. Pp. 161-167.
10
The Global Dimension of Water Governance: Why the ...
Water is vital for life and development. However, water scarcity is a growing problem in Asia due to increasing populations and changing consumption patterns. Effective water diplomacy and cooperation between countries will be essential to ensure adequate access to water for all. The major rivers of South and East Asia, such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus and Yellow River, flow through multiple countries, so collaborative management and sharing of water resources will be needed to mitigate conflicts and allow sustainable development.
The document discusses sustainable water management and outlines several key points:
1) Water pollution has devastating consequences and a global effort is needed to keep water clean and prevent misuse.
2) Simple individual actions like turning off taps when not in use, being careful what is poured down drains, and limiting pesticide and fertilizer use can help.
3) Cooperation across borders is essential for sustainable water management since water flows irrespective of political boundaries.
4) Several international organizations are working on initiatives to organize and promote sustainable water management.
Water is a necessary element for sustainable development.
It serves a crucial link between the environment and society and the heart the heart of adaptation to climate change.
Water is critical for human survival, healthy ecosystem, food production, energy production, and socio-economic development. Increasing population, limited water resources, and our dependence on water has given rise to global water quality challenges.
Presentación de Pedro Arrojo en el taller de debate “Nuevas Visiones y Buenas Prácticas para abordar los impactos del cambio climático en los conflictos del agua” de la 60º Conferencia Anual de ONG de Naciones Unidas “Climate Change: How it Impact Us All” (Nueva York, del 5 al 7 de septiembre de 2007).
This document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) as an approach to address the global water crisis. IWRM promotes the coordinated development and management of water resources to maximize economic and social benefits in an equitable and sustainable manner. It recognizes that water is a limited resource threatened by population growth, pollution, and other factors. The document outlines challenges like water scarcity, conflicts over use, and environmental impacts. It argues that IWRM provides a framework to incorporate different stakeholder needs, policy reforms, and project experiences to move toward more sustainable water management.
This document discusses the need for clean drinking water and proper sanitation facilities in India. It notes that 128 million people in India lack access to safe drinking water and over 840 million do not have hygienic sanitation. Lack of access to clean water and sanitation causes 1.8 million deaths in India annually, mostly among children under 5. It also outlines various diseases caused by unsafe water and sanitation. The document then discusses current access levels and investments in water and sanitation infrastructure in India and defines improved sanitation facilities. It proposes actions individuals can take and lists agencies working in this area.
This document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and proper sanitation in India. It notes that over one third of India's population lacks access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water. Some of the key issues discussed include depleting groundwater resources, inadequate water supply even where infrastructure exists, and health impacts of unsafe water and lack of sanitation. Proposed solutions focus on innovative technologies for water supply and sanitation, including systems for emptying and treating waste from non-sewered areas. Community-led approaches, public-private partnerships, and generating demand for sanitation services are also recommended. The document advocates for institutional and policy reforms to support expanded access to clean water and sanitation.
The document provides an overview of the World Water Council's strategy from 2016-2018. It discusses the Council's mission to mobilize action on water security, adaptation, and sustainability by engaging stakeholders and challenging conventional thinking. It highlights initiatives from 2013-2015 and sets the strategic context, covering topics like demography, sustainability, climate change, and urbanization that will shape the water agenda. The strategy aims to shape agendas, bring influencers together for debate, and challenge thinking through communications and events.
1. An inventory of access to a vital resource #01 March 2015
WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF FRANCK GALLAND | PHILIPPE GUETTIER | JACQUES OUDIN | GÉRARD PAYEN | RENAUD PIARROUX | CLAUS SORENSEN
2015 WATER, HYGIENE AND
SANITATION BAROMETER
Taking aid further
YEARS
2. A Water Barometer:
safe drinking water
for everyone
We are pleased to present this first Water Barometer on the eve of World
Water Day (March 22nd) and in the run-up to the 7th World Water Forum,
which will take place in South Korea from 12th to 17th April, and which
we will attend.
Initiated by the humanitarian NGO SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL, the
purpose of this Barometer is to bring together various actors and water
experts with a common goal: universal access to safe drinking water,
hygiene and sanitation, by 2030.
This Barometer includes in-depth features, stimulating presentations
and analyses of humanitarian projects, as well as interviews with Gérard
Payen (UNSGAB); Philippe Guettier of the French Water Partnership;
Renaud Piarroux, professor of medicine and a specialist in cholera; and
Jacques Oudin, whose famous Law is celebrating its 10th anniversary.
Although the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000
- 2015) have enabled genuine and commendable progress to be made,
between 3.5 and 4 billion human beings still do not have access to genuinely
safe drinking water and 2.6 billion people do not have access to toilets.
Unsafe water is responsible for the death of around 2.6 million people, 1.8
million of whom are children, every year. We cannot let this happen.
We also know that safe drinking water is vital for development, due to its
close links with health, food, education and energy.
This is why a Water and Sanitation Objective must be included in the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, 2015-2030) which will be voted on at
the UN in September 2015. However, this is not enough. This objective must
include precise indicators, concrete objectives, reliable statistics and the
necessary financial resources. Lastly, water must be integrated into policies
governing adaptation to global warming and the reduction of its impact.
Together, let’s meet these challenges: they are as vital for humanity as
they are for the planet..
ALAIN BOINET
Founder of SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
WATER AS A SOURCE
OF LIFE
WATER AS A SOURCE
OF CONFLICTS
AND DISASTERS
WATER AS A SOURCE
OF MOBILISATION
WATER AS A SOURCE
OF COOPERATION
2015,
A CRUCIAL YEAR
FOR WATER
WATER IN FIGURES
WATER AS A SOURCE
OF DISEASE
WATER AS A SOURCE
OF FOOD INSECURITY
ACCESS
TO WATER
AND SANITATION
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
2015 WATER, HYGIENE & SANITATION BAROMETER FIRST EDITION,
THE STATE OF ACCESS TO A VITAL RESOURCE
A SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL publication
Managing editor Jean-Yves Troy | Editor-in-chief Renaud Douci | Editorial coordination
Tugdual de Dieuleveult with Alain Boinet | Editorial staff Alain Boinet, Tugdual de
Dieuleveult, Renaud Douci, Erwann Lacoste, Jean-Marc Leblanc, Julie Mayans, Camille
Niel, Jean-Yves Troy | Contributors Arnaud Courtecuisse, Franck Galland, Philippe
Guettier, Jacques Oudin, Gérard Payen, Renaud Piarroux, Claus Sorensen | English
translation Dana Amarascu, Christopher Carver, Jenny Duthie, Delphine Hope, Fleur
Pettie, Shelagh Rothero | Photos SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL, Tugdual de Dieuleveult,
EU ECHO, Phovoir, Vincent Tremeau | Graphic design and illustration F. Javelaud
| Printing Le Réveil de la Marne | Thank you to Éditions Autrement and to David
Blanchon for the map of water-related tensions, taken from his Atlas Mondial de l’eau
(World Water Atlas).
Providing emergency assistance to those affected by armed
conflicts, natural disasters and epidemics, followed by
early recovery assistance, has been the raison d’être of the
humanitarian NGO SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL for 35 years
now. Access to water, sanitation and hygiene is the focus of our
teams' expertise and the projects they implement in the field.
Currently present in almost twenty countries, they provide
vital humanitarian aid to over five million people on the basis
of their needs, respecting their dignity, and without judging or
taking sides, in accordance with the fundamental principles of
humanitarian action.
solidarites.org
THE 7TH
WORLD WATER FORUM
This year the 7th
World Water Forum will take place from 12th - 17th April in Daegu and Gyongbuk, South Korea. 35,000 participants are
expected. Organised by the World Water Council and the host country, the forum has been held every 3 years since 1997. On this year’s
agenda are more than 500 meetings and high-level committees. A ministerial statement is also expected.
As a member of the French Water Partnership, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL will lead a session on ‘‘ Water and disasters: from the
humanitarian response to the protection of livelihoods and economies ’’, in collaboration with Action Against Hunger and Islamic Relief
France, and with the participation of Aquassure, ECHO, Water Agencies and the Société des Eaux de Marseille.
FIND OUT MORE eng.worldwaterforum7.org
A humanitarian cause
OUR COMMITMENT Access to water, hygiene
and sanitation is at the centre of all the
challenges that humanity must take on in order
to ensure its own survival and development.
2015 is set to be a defining moment: the 7th
World Water Forum and the vote on the new United
Nations Sustainable Development Goals make this year
a unique opportunity to raise awareness of these vital
issues among the international community.
BY JEAN-YVES TROY, MANAGING DIRECTOR OF SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
E
ven today, 3.5 billion human
beings drink water that is hazar-
dous to their health. There are
still 2.6 billion people who lack
adequate sanitation and 2.6 million who die
every year of diseases linked to dirty water
and poor sanitation.
As humanitarian actors, we take on this
scourge every day through our actions in
the field. But we have also chosen to take
the fight to national and international bo-
dies in order to give a voice to those we
seek to help.
With this in mind, SOLIDARITÉS INTER-
NATIONAL - an emergency humanitarian
NGO that has been working to assist those
affected by conflict, natural disasters and
epidemics for 35 years now - has decided
to make a yearly assessment of this vital
resource in order to better monitor its de-
velopment, along with the successes and
obstacles encountered along the way: but
also to check that the commitments made
by the international community are well
and truly honoured.
Although it doesn’t claim to be exhaus-
tive, this first edition aims to list and review
key figures, along with the major challenges
posed by water and sanitation, as well as
their direct links to health, development,
education, conflicts, and natural disasters.
In the name of the hundreds
of million men, women
and children whose
human rights are
not respected
To make this project a reality, SOLIDARITÉS
INTERNATIONAL has called on its experts
in Water, Hygiene and Sanitation, as well
as those in Food Security and Livelihoods.
We also appealed to leading experts on the
issue, including doctors, geopolitical spe-
cialists, legislators, and water stakeholders.
Many of them play an active part in the
struggle for universal access to water and
sanitation, including the European Commis-
sion's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection
department (ECHO). ECHO’s Director-Ge-
neral, Claus Sorensen, confirms that water
and sanitation is indeed a priority for the
world’s leading humanitarian aid donor.
Water and sanitation
are directly linked to health,
development, education,
and war
Finally, this first edition is the opportunity
to thank those who contribute to the cause
and pay tribute to our teams in the field,
who take on this challenge on a daily basis,
providing assistance to men, women and
children whose human rights - in particular
the right of access to water and sanitation -
are far from being respected.
ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION |3
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4
5
6
8
10
12
14
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EDITORIAL CONTENTS
Chlorination point, Democratic
Republic of the Congo
Taking aid further
YEARS
3. Water
for the environment
WASH programmes also have a
positive effect on the protection of the
environment: solid waste management,
the treatment of waste water, and
rainwater drainage all play an important
part. SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
supports the establishment of community
water management committees which
facilitate the sustainable management
of water reserves, thereby enabling their
preservation in the long term. In addition,
by creating infrastructures that take
into account the risk of natural disasters
(floods, drought) as well as potential
social conflicts linked to the management
of water resources, SOLIDARITÉS
INTERNATIONAL helps reduce these risks
for the communities.
INSIGHT Water is vital: not only to survival in an emergency, but also for medium- and
long-term economic development through the education of the youngest members of
society. Whether it’s intended for drinking or for agricultural use, water is an essential
resource that’s at the centre of everything.
TECHNICAL AND PROGRAMME QUALITY DEPARTMENT, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
A resource at the centre of everything
Water for health
It has been proven time and time again that access to a
sufficient quantity of drinking water, supplemented by
the use of hygienic toilets and good hygiene practises,
is still the most effective way of preventing epidemics.
Diseases spread by faecal-oral transmission (acute
diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid fever, etc.) and those linked
to unsafe water (malaria, bilharzia, etc.) remain one of
the primary causes of death in the world, responsible
for 2.6 million deaths every year.
Water for food security
A regular supply of fresh water, whether
or not it is drinkable, is the cornerstone for
maintaining, or indeed developing, economic
activity in rural areas. Environmentally-
friendly irrigation enables harvests to be
salvaged during times of drought, and can
help farmers obtain two or three harvests
per year rather than one.
Water is equally essential for livestock
farmers: for watering cattle, optimising
pastureland and producing fodder. It is also
vital for urban economies. Finally, there is
a direct link between drinking water and
access to revenue, when workers in good
health are able to work. According to the
WHO, every 1$ invested in sanitation in
developing countries represents 9$ in
economic benefits.
Water to combat malnutrition
It has long been accepted that the implementation of WASH (water,
sanitation and hygiene) programmes in communities affected by
malnutrition is an essential element in the battle against severe and
chronic malnutrition. It’s important to remember that malnutrition and
diarrhoea combined create a vicious circle, and that child malnutrition is
responsible for 35% of deaths in children under five. It is estimated that
50% of these cases are directly linked to chronic diarrhoea or intestinal
worms (source: UN Water 2008).
Water for learning
The impact of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
programmes extends to schools. A healthy pupil is more
alert, more likely to succeed - and on a very basic level,
able to attend school more regularly. According to UNICEF,
272 million schooldays are lost each year due to diarrhoeal
diseases. It is also an established fact that the existence
of clean toilets, equipped with facilities for dealing with
personal hygiene during menstruation, is an important
factor in preventing teenage girls from dropping out of
school.
FIND OUT MORE wssinfo.org
WATER
HYGIENE
SANITATION
school
»» EVERY YEAR, 2.6 MILLION PEOPLE
die from water-related diseases or as a result of an
unhygienic living environment.
»» 600,000 OF THEM are under the age of 5, and die
mostly from diarrhoeal diseases.
»» EVERY DAY, 7,000 PEOPLE - 5,000
OF WHOM ARE CHILDREN under 5 - die from
water-related diseases.
»» 60% OF DEATHS due to diarrhoea can be
attributed to the consumption of water or food
contaminated by pathogens resulting from poor
sanitation conditions or inadequate hygiene practices.
»» 2.6 BILLION PEOPLE are still without
access to adequate sanitation facilities.
»» ONE BILLION OF THEM still practise open
defecation.
»» IN CITIES, THERE ARE MORE PEOPLE
who lack access to drinking water on tap and decent
toilet facilities than there were 10 years ago.
»» The lack of toilets is responsible for
272 MILLION MISSED SCHOOLDAYS.
»» 10% OF IMPROVED
WATER SOURCES are
a significant health risk.
»» 23% OF
DIARRHOEAL
DISEASES could be
avoided through hand-
washing with soap.
»» 88% OF
DIARRHOEA
cases can be attributed to
unsafe water, inadequate
sanitation facilities or poor
hygiene conditions.
»» 90% OF ALL NATURAL
RISKS are linked to water.
Their rate and intensity are on the
increase.
»» Since 1992, water-related natural
disasters have caused 1300
BILLION DOLLARS’ worth of
damage.
»» Since 1992, 4.2 BILLION
PEOPLE have been affected
by floods, droughts and storms.
In 2010 alone, around 297,000
people lost their lives in 373
natural disasters.
»» 4 BILLION INDIVIDUALS will be
subject to water stress by 2025, compared to
400 million in 1995.
»» When the amount of water available per person
per year falls BELOW 500 M³, economic
and social development is jeopardised.
»» In Sub-Saharan Africa, the average amount
of water consumed per person per day is 15
LITRES. In the United States, Australia and
Japan it is 250 LITRES.
Source OMS/UNICEF (2014)
»» EVERY DAY, 3.5
BILLION PEOPLE
drink water that’s dangerous or
of questionable quality.
»» 2 BILLION PEOPLE
use water that has been
contaminated by faecal matter.
»» EVERY DAY, 76%
OF WOMEN AND
CHILDREN in developing
countries spend 140 million
hours fetching water.
»» MORE THAN A
BILLION PEOPLE have
had access to improved water
sources since 2000.
»» NEARLY A BILLION
PEOPLE acquired access to
decent toilet facilities between
2000 and 2012.
WATER AS A SOURCE OF LIFE |54 |WATER IN FIGURES
4. FOCUS For Jean-Marc Leblanc,
Water, Hygiene and Sanitation
Advisor at SOLIDARITÉS
INTERNATIONAL, we shouldn’t
avoid talking about the world’s
lack of toilets, awkward as the subject may
be - especially when we’re aware of the
consequences.
INTERVIEW Diseases caused by dirty water and unsanitary conditions are one of the
leading causes of death. There are, however, a number of ways to contain epidemics and
prevent certain diseases. Professor Piarroux, a specialist in infectious diseases and tropical
medicine, answers SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL’s questions.
INTERVIEW CONDUCTED BY JEAN-MARC LEBLANC,
WATER, HYGIENE AND SANITATION ADVISOR, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
Almost half the planet does not have access
to basic sanitation
One billion people in the world simply do not have toilets. In other words,
they must walk, hide and wait for nightfall in order to defecate outdoors.
One can hardly imagine how much of an ordeal it is for them to relieve
themselves, not to mention the effect this has on their health. I am thinking
particularly of the hundreds of thousands of women who skip meals so as
to avoid going to the toilet, since the lack of latrines means they have to
share facilities with men.
272 million school days are lost due to lack
of toilet facilities
The absence of sanitation infrastructures is also one of the main reasons
that millions of young girls the world over drop out of school, as they no
longer dare to go to school when they start menstruating.
Cholera, typhus, polio...
Almost 375,000 tonnes of faecal matter are deposited in nature. A single
gram can contain up to 10,000 viruses, including poliomyelitis, and one mil-
lion bacteria that are responsible for dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera,
diseases that it is unthinkable to die from nowadays. Yet this is the case for
2.6 million people, 600,000 of whom are under the age of five.
Protect yourself from the risk of contamination
It is crucial to improve sanitary and hygiene conditions in order to reduce
the risk of diarrhoeal disease. The presence of appropriate toilet facilities
prevents water source and ground-water contamination. If people are to
effectively protect themselves from diseases, it’s essential that they res-
pect basic hygiene rules (e.g. hand-washing, the use of soap, and knowing
how to treat severe diarrhoea through rehydration).
CHOLERA THE ‘‘ DIRTY-HANDS DISEASE ’’
Over the past few centuries, cholera has spread from its original breeding
ground in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bengal, to the rest of the
world. Highly contagious and often fatal if left untreated, cholera is
transmitted orally though water, food and dirty hands. It results from a
lack of hygiene as well as a lack of knowledge about the disease. Cholera
causes the body to lose water and electrolytes (e.g. the ions contained in
salt) through diarrhoea and vomiting. A person can lose up to 10% of his or
her body weight in 24 hours. It is therefore necessary to replace the water
and electrolytes lost through rehydration. Fresh contamination can be
prevented by the adoption of good hygiene practises, by both individuals
(e.g. hand-washing, treatment of drinking water, defecation in latrines) and
communities (e.g. provision of drinking water, management of excrement).
‘‘ To put an end to cholera, we must eradicate it in the places where it
already exists, ’’ explains Professor Piarroux. ‘‘ It is the human carriers of
Vibrio Cholerae, the bacteria responsible for the disease, who spread it in
unaffected regions. ’’
“ Diseases linked to water consumption
are the deadliest ”
Toilets:
the shameful figures
Which of the diseases related to water and
unsanitary conditions are the most lethal?
The deadliest diseases are those which are
linked to water consumption (e.g. diarrhoeal
diseases, typhoid fever, and hepatitis).
These are followed closely by vector-borne
diseases (e.g. malaria) for which water is
the breeding ground, especially in the case
of the mosquito. There are also illnesses
caused by a lack of water, such as cholera,
where the high concentration of people
at residual water points facilitates trans-
mission. Then there is trachoma, a disease
caught by rubbing the eyes with dirty hands,
causing the eyelids to become infected and
the eyelashes to damage the cornea, causing
blindness. Lastly, there are diseases contrac-
ted through contact with water, such as bil-
harzia, which have a lower mortality rate.
A number of these diseases are easy to
treat and prevent. Why are there still mil-
lions of victims?
Water-borne diseases are easy to treat
when there is a doctor close by and an effi-
cient healthcare system. When people are
unaware, for example, that oral rehydration
is effective in combating diarrhoeal disease,
it’s more complicated. And even when
people know that water should be chlori-
nated and that they should seek treatment
if they experience diarrhoea, they don’t
always have the financial means to do so.
Why are water and sanitation so vital in
disease prevention?
It is very important to act pre-emptively.
Activities including awareness-raising,
information dissemination and improving
access to drinking water are essential. The
distribution of chlorine tablets is extremely
beneficial when water resources are conta-
minated by germs. Finally, efforts to raise
awareness among decision-makers, like
those of SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL, are
equally important.
How can we improve the situation even
further?
Raising awareness of the importance of hand-
washing,information sessions,and improving
access to water and ways to make it drinkable
(through chlorination), all have an important
role to play: but these don’t always prevent
epidemics. To be truly effective, actors must
have the ability to analyse, especially through
epidemiological investigation. Action on the
ground should always be guided by epide-
miology. These two battles are less effective
if carried out separately.
Could pressure on certain ecosystems pro-
mote the transmission and outbreak of
certain diseases, especially those linked
to water?
The pressure placed on forest ecosystems is
blamed for the emergence of diseases such
as Ebola, but it can’t be held responsible for
the spread of water-borne diseases such as
cholera. On the other hand, when our rela-
tionship with water changes, it encourages
the emergence of bacteria and parasites
which take advantage of one system to the
detriment of another.
RENAUD PIARROUX is a
professor at the University
of Aix-Marseille and
Departmental Head of
Parasitology and Mycology
for the Marseille Hospitals
Authority. A paediatrician
and specialist in infectious
diseases and tropical
medicine, he is also an
expert on cholera.
WATER AS A SOURCE OF DISEASE |76 |WATER AS A SOURCE OF DISEASE
5. Malnutrition: a water-related disease
BREAKDOWN Even now, in the
twenty-first century, under-nutrition
remains a scourge in many countries.
Each year, it is responsible for the
death of 3.1 million children under the
age of 5, or about 35% of the cases of
infant mortality. It seriously affects the
physical and mental development of
millions of other children1
.
BY ERWANN LACOSTE, WATER, HYGIENE AND SANITATION (WASH)
ADVISOR AT SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
A
lthough under-nutrition cannot be considered
a waterborne disease in the strictest sense of
the term, it is estimated to be linked to 50% of
cases of diarrhoea or other intestinal infections,
which themselves are largely caused by the consumption of
unsafe water, the absence of hygienic toilets and by inade-
quate hygiene practices (particularly when hands are not
washed with soap).
The lack of access to water, hygiene and sanitation
(WaSH) in thus undeniably one of the underlying causes
of malnutrition, as has been shown in countless scientific
studies2
.
1. WHO report from 2014 based on data from 2012 (malnutrition fatality rates) /
Impact of chronic and severe malnutrition: The Lancet, Maternal and Child nutrition,
June 2013).
2. WaSH and Nutrition studies : washnutrition.worldpress.com
THE SAHEL THE ‘‘ WASH IN NUT ’’ STRATEGY
In Mali, in the regions surrounding Kolokani, Dire and Kidal, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIO-
NAL has implemented 3 WaSH programmes under the banner of the "WaSH in Nut"
strategy. Since 2012, this strategy has aimed to systematically include WaSH (Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene) in programmes designed to fight malnutrition. Previously the
fight against malnutrition was often limited to a medical response, whereby children
suffering from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) were treated in the Nutritional Rehabi-
litation Centres (NRC).
These programmes aim to equip NRCs, hospitals and health centres with sanitation in-
frastructures -drinking water points, latrines, showers, and waste incinerators - while
training the medical staff to maintain them. They also provide malnourished children
and their families with a hygiene kit (including containers for the hygienic storage of
water, soap, and chlorine tablets), allowing them to follow up on the treatment at home,
thereby limiting the risk of relapse.
Finally, these WaSH programmes facilitate the improvement of access to clean drinking wa-
ter in regions with a high incidence of SAM through community infrastructures (wells, bore-
holes, and water mains), domestic sanitation (toilets) and hygiene promotion campaigns.
Water for nourishment and growth
EXPERTISE Water helps to improve the availability of, access to and use of food - the
three factors essential to food security*.
BY JULIEMAYANS, FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS ADVISOR AT SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
F
ood security is ensured when food
(horticultural and animal products)
is available, accessible (physical
access to the market, economic ac-
cess to food items) and correctly used (ade-
quate sustenance and conditions favourable
to its assimilation). These three pillars are
inseparable from water, which is essential to
human beings’ food security, their survival,
and the development of economic activity.
Availability: of water to
produce foodstuffs
Water is at the heart of all agricultural acti-
vity. Some 70% of the earth's fresh water
supplies are used in agriculture. Without
water, farmers and breeders cannot pro-
duce, feed themselves or earn an income.
This has dramatic consequences, as they
represent a third of the world’s population
- and given that three quarters of them suf-
fer from hunger.
The world’s population is estimated to
grow by 2 or even 3 billion over the next
40 years. Combined with the evolution of
diets, this will cause the demand for food
to increase by 70% by 2050 (in comparison
with 2009 levels), requiring more water for
agricultural purposes. At the same time, it is
water, used for agricultural purposes, that
ensures the availability of food both in the
home and on local markets.
Access: to water
helps foster employment
Water is just as necessary for the industrial
sector. The use of this vital resource as a
means of production facilitates the deve-
lopment of economic activity, which in turn
generates employment and hence income
for a large section of the population, thereby
contributing to their food security.
Continuing with this line of thought, the
link between drinking water and access to in-
come can be directly established. Countless
working days are lost when ill-health leaves
workers unable to work. Economic losses
resulting from a lack of access to water and
sanitation are estimated at 260 billion dol-
lars a year. Yet according to the WHO, for
every dollar invested in improving access to
water in 2012, 2 dollars were generated. For
every dollar invested in improving access to
sanitation, 5.5 dollars were generated.
Usage: water for the
assimilation of food
Clean drinking water for domestic use is es-
sential for good health. A healthy individual
digests food efficiently, while a person suffe-
ring from diarrhoeal diseases will only par-
tially absorb nourishment. This only makes it
more difficult for him or her to recover.
The health of human beings, 805 million
of whom faced chronic undernourishment
in 2012-2014, relies on a healthy diet, which
requires that food be washed with clean
water and clean water alone. Indeed, 60%
of deaths due to diarrhoea are linked to the
consumption of water or foodstuffs conta-
minated by the pathogens present in an
unsanitary environment, or to inadequate
hygiene practices. Finally, food security is
also ensured through the regular use of
clean water for healthcare and sanitation.
With all this in mind, SOLIDARITÉS INTER-
NATIONALseekstolinkthesetwoinseparable
issues - water and food security - in its pro-
jects, from conception to implementation.
AFGHANISTAN MAKING WATER MANAGEMENT
MORE EFFICIENT
Yakawlang, central Afghanistan: the management of water for agricultural and domestic
use is one of the most serious problems faced by the inhabitants of this mountainous and
arid region. In winter, when the region is covered in snow, water is a rare commodity. In
spring, the snow melts, creating a massive inflow of water that must be managed in order
to avoid flooding. The other challenge is preserving this water so it can be used to irrigate
crops and water livestock during the summer.
To this end, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL works alongside rural communities to faci-
litate the effective management of water all year-round, building water management
infrastructures including reservoirs, irrigation channels and drainage. In order to ensure
the proper management and maintenance of these infrastructures over time, water
management committees, officially recognised by the State of Afghanistan, have been
created and trained.
Thanks to irrigation, the Hazâra people of
Afghanistan’s central highlands can cultivate
their plains and ensure their food security,
despite one of the most arid climates on earth.
UNFAVORABLE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT
insufficient
access to food
(quantity and quality)
inadequate
food
intake
inadequate
sanitation and water
supply services
and low hygiene
knowledge
disease
MALNUTRITION
* Food security exists when all human beings enjoy, all the
time, the physical, social and economic possibility of getting
enough to eat that is healthy and nutritious and allows them
to satisfy their needs and food preferences and to lead a
healthy and active life.
WATER AS A SOURCE OF FOOD INSECURITY | 98 |WATER AS A SOURCE OF FOOD INSECURITY
6. FEW OR NO SHORTAGES
THE MEKONG RIVER
China, Laos, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Thailand
THE RIVER GANGES
India, Bangladesh
THE INDUS RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
India, Pakistan
THE SYR DARYA RIVER
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, Kazakhstan
THE DANUBE RIVER
Slovakia, Hungary
THE NILE
Egypt, Ethiopia,
Sudan, Uganda
SAHARAN
AQUIFERS
Libya, Chad,
Sudan
THE SENEGAL RIVER
Senegal, Mauritania
THE COLUMBIA RIVER
Canada, United States of America
THE COLORADO RIVER
United States of America, Mexico
THE CENEPA RIVER
Ecuador, Peru
THE PARANÁ RIVER
Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
THE ZAMBEZI RIVER
Zambia, Zimbabwe
THE DOURO RIVER,
THE TAGUS RIVER,
THE GUADIANA RIVER
Spain, Portugal
LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE
LACK OF RESOURCES
HIGH TENSION,
RISK OF WAR OVER WATER
DISPUTE OVER THE SHARING
OF RESOURCES OR INFRASTRUCTURE
CLAUS SORENSEN DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF ECHO
“ Water is a priority for humanitarian aid ”
A CATALYST FOR CONFLICT
As the map demonstrates, there is a diago-
nal ‘‘ thirst lin ’’ stretching from Gibraltar to
North-East China, which suffers from tre-
mendous water stress as well as tensions
caused by a lack of surface water. A person
living along this axis has at his or her disposal
an average yearly reserve of less than 500m³
of water. Below this threshold, the econo-
mic and social development of the country
in question is seriously jeopardised. In these
regions, water is a catalyst for conflict,
alongside other causes: ethnic, religious,
political or economic.
TENSIONS LINKED
TO WATER RESOURCES
Water wells are often at the source of clan
wars, particularly in Yemen. Its capital, Sa-
naa, has limited water reserves: only 120m³
per person, per year. None of the wars cur-
rently being fought in the world can be attri-
buted to water alone. However, there is a
risk of violent frontier conflicts, particularly
between Egypt and Ethiopia. The construc-
tion of the Renaissance dam in Ethiopia,
scheduled for completion in 2017, will create
the greatest reserve of fresh water in Afri-
ca. It will also reduce the flow of the Egyp-
tian Nile, which provides 98% of the water
consumed in the country. The Egyptian go-
vernment is unlikely to accept this. Jordan is
another example of a situation which must
be carefully monitored. For the moment, it is
among the most stable zones in the Middle
East. The city of Amman hosts the most
refugees of any city in the world. To supply
it with water, fossil water is extracted from
the underground aquifer at Disi, which lies
400km away. Transporting this water incurs
significant energy costs in a country which is
cruelly lacking in fossil fuels.
TENSIONS LINKED
TO POLLUTION
The contamination of water by industrial
pollutants is also a cause of regional ten-
sions. In 2005, the explosion of a chemical
plant in China resulted in the pollution of
the river Songhua which flows into the river
Heilongjiang (called the river Amur in Rus-
sia). The accident obliged the riverine towns
to temporarily suspend the supply of water
to 3.8 million people and caused signifi-
cant diplomatic tensions between the two
countries.
CLIMATE REFUGEES
The term ‘‘ climate refugees ’’ does not only
refer to coastal populations forced to flee
rising waters: it includes those who lack
access to water. By 2025, 4 billion people
will suffer water stress, compared with 400
million in 1995. In Yemen or in Somalia, for
example, scarcity of water will likely create
climate refugees. A similar situation may
arise in Syria and Libya, where water supply
was already a sensitive issue before civil war
broke out.
INVESTMENT
AS A SURVIVAL STRATEGY
Despite all these problems, there is hope.
Those countries which invest in water sup-
ply infrastructure manage to cope. Algeria
is a good example: it set out with a serious
handicap, due to the civil war of the 1990s
and years of under-investment. China is also
among those states which manage to find
solutions (such as water diversion and desa-
lination), despite rapid demographic growth
and a scarcity of water resources in some
regions.
Water-related tensions
ANALYSIS Author of several works on the geopolitics of water, Franck Galland comments
on the map of water-related tensions taken from David Blanchon’s Atlas Mondial de l’eau
(World Water Atlas), published by Autrement.
FRANCK GALLAND
has a degree in
international affairs from
the Ecole Supérieure de
Commerce de Marseille.
A recognised expert on
water-related security
issues, he is the author of two noted works:
L’eau: géopolitique, enjeux, stratégies
(CNRS Editions, September 2008) and
Eau & conflictualités (Editions Choiseul,
January 2012).
According to ECHO, how important are the issues of drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene to populations affected by humanitarian
crises, and why?
Every year, nearly 300 million people are affected by disasters (na-
tural or man-made). They then find themselves without access to
drinking water or sanitation. More than 3000 children die every
day form diarrhoeal diseases, and thousands of others suffer from
malnutrition, aggravated by a lack of access to water, sanitation
and hygiene (WaSH). More than 700 million people face chronic
water shortages. By 2050, three quarters of the world’s popula-
tion could be in a similar situation. This water stress exacerbates
conflicts surrounding the control of natural resources and intensi-
fies the phenomenon of population displacement. In Syria, when
water supplies are cut off, population movement is almost syste-
matic. This issue is a priority for the humanitarian work that ECHO
finances to the tune of 15% of its annual budget.
What is the European Commission doing in those countries emer-
ging from crises to help those affected move from the emergency
phase to reconstruction and then development, particularly with
regard to WaSH infrastructures? What are the future goals in this
field?
The aid supplied by ECHO is impartial, and delivered in response to
basic needs. We endeavour to work more effectively with actors
from the development sector. With regard to other donors, co-or-
dination, consistency and complementarity are our guiding prin-
ciples, with a view to avoiding the duplication of work, ensuring
sustainability and maximising the impact of available resources.
We collaborate particularly closely with the other departments of
the Commission, and those of the Member States, on the imple-
mentation of a European policy which aims to strengthen the resi-
lience of those populations affected by humanitarian crises. Some
of these projects contribute to the construction and sustainable
management of WaSH systems, highlighting innovative approaches
and underlining the potential for replicating these methods on a
larger scale.
Should a ‘‘ water and sanitation ’’ objective be included in the Sus-
tainable Development Goals to be defined by the United Nations?
Do you think that emergency situations should figure on that agen-
da?
Of course. The two activities are interlinked; one follows on from
the other. It would thus be opportune to create a link between
emergency action (humanitarian aid and civil protection) and sus-
tainable development in 2015 and beyond (including at Sendai).
Given the increase in humanitarian needs, which humanitarian
agencies are struggling to meet, it is equally vital to strengthen
development work in the WaSH sector. A specific WaSH objective
would help ensure the visibility that the sector deserves, and the-
reby go some way to ensuring that future actions receive funding.
RISKS 90% OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ARE LINKED TO WATER
Floods, droughts, earthquakes... the number of people affected by natural disasters, 90%
of which are linked to water, has exceeded 250 million in the last decade. With this in mind,
SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL integrates Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into its activities,
both during emergencies and throughout the reconstruction phase, working with affected
populations and taking future risks into account.
At the institutional level, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL relies on the Hyogo Framework for
Action 2005 - 2015*, the aim of which is to bolster the resilience of countries faced with
disasters. SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL will do everything it can to make its voice heard
with regard to the importance of water in DRR policies at the Sendai Conference, which
will take place in Japan from 14 - 18 March.
1. This policy framework was developed by UNISDR, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, set up in 1999.
CLAUS SORENSEN is DG of the European
Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil
Protection department (ECHO), whose mandate is
to provide emergency assistance to the victims of
natural disasters or conflicts outside the European
Union. This aid is delivered straight to populations in need,
regardless of race, religion or political persuasion.
EUROPEAN UNION As the world’s leading humanitarian aid donor, the European
Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) dedicates
nearly 15% of its one billion-euro budget to programmes seeking to improve access to
water and sanitation.
FIND OUT MORE water-security-consulting.com FIND OUT MORE ec.europa.eu/echo/fr
WATER AS A SOURCE OF CONFLICTS AND DISASTERS | 1110 |WATER AS A SOURCE OF CONFLICTS AND DISASTERS
Building a dyke in Bangladesh.
7. 1 % solidarity
“ People's dignity
cannot be reduced
to mere figures ”BY ARNAUD COURTECUISSE, DIRECTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT AT THE ARTOIS-
PICARDIE WATER AGENCY, WHICH SUPPORTS SOLITARITÉS INTERNATIONAL’S EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS AND ITS RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAMMES, IN THE PHILIPPINES AND IN HAITI.
JACQUES OUDIN
“ Local stakeholders
along with NGOs can play
a crucial role in improving
access to water ”
ASSESSMENT Jacques Oudin, who initiated the law on
water that bears his name, known as ‘‘ 1% solidarity ’’,
revisits the objectives of this programme and assesses its
impact, 10 years after its inception.
INTERVIEW CONDUCTED BY CAMILLE NIEL, PARTNERSHIPS MANAGER
AT SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL
At the time, I tabled the bill simply because
it was necessary. Water and sanitation
projects conceived by public stakeholders
were already in place, but they were mis-
sing a legal, secure framework. The main
objective of this law was therefore to
secure a commitment from these stake-
holders. Inspired by the spirit of Kyoto,
I wanted us to be ambitious, and I hoped
that the law would also increase the level of
cooperation with regard to water and sani-
tation. We therefore set up a mechanism,
founded on the principles of cooperation
and volunteer work, that allows consumers
from rich countries to help non-consumers
in poor countries.
‘‘ How do I feel about it,
10 years later? ’’
The mechanism quickly caught on, which
was very satisfying to see. But the political
and financial context has evolved - and not
in a positive way. Overall, Official Develop-
ment Assistance has decreased, and local
authorities are experiencing such financial
difficulties that they have to limit the com-
mitments they make.
‘‘ To breathe new life into
the law, we need to focus on
well-informed structures with
sufficient funding ’’
One way of breathing new life into the law
would be to focus on well-informed, orga-
nised and internationally-oriented struc-
tures with sufficient funding. By this I mean
regions, urban areas, and big syndicates,
especially departmental ones. By coopera-
ting with the major NGOs specialised in wa-
ter and sanitation, these structures could
play a crucial role in facilitating access to
water and sanitation for the most deprived
populations.
10 YEARS
THE OUDIN-SANTINI
LAW
Adopted on February
9th 2005, the Oudin-
Santini Law enables local
authorities, water or
sanitation syndicates, and
water agencies to devote
up to 1% of their water
and sanitation budget to
charitable actions designed
to improve access to
water and sanitation on
an international scale. In
the ten years since it was
passed, it has enabled
local authorities and water
agencies in France to
allocate 200 million euros
to 1000 projects benefiting
more than 50 different
countries. The unwavering
commitment of NGOs,
charitable foundations
and local stakeholders in
countries in the Northern
and Southern hemispheres
served to intensify this
cooperation.
The law has also made a
significant contribution
to the progress made
towards meeting the
Millennium Development
Goals*. Continuing
the work begun by the
Oudin-Santini Law makes
it more likely that access
to water and sanitation
will become available to
everyone. It also facilitates
development in both the
Southern and Northern
hemispheres, as well as
in the poorer European
countries, through new
partnerships on innovative
projects. All this represents
a tangible contribution
made by our country
towards achieving the new
Development Goals of
the next 15 years, which
will be adopted by the
international community at
the United Nations General
Assembly in September
2015.
* to reduce by half the number of
people in the world without access
to clean drinking water and basic
sanitation.
Close-knit partnerships
for sustainable public services
Partnerships between local governments and NGOs
ensure the continuity that is needed to provide solutions
that reflect communities' preferences.
BY PIERRE-MARIE GRONDIN, DIRECTOR OF THE WATER SOLIDARITY
PROGRAM (PS-EAU), A NETWORK OF PARTNERS COMMITTED TO PROVIDING
ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
T
he Artois-Picardie Water Agency,
along with the other five French
water agencies, is part of the col-
lective effort to facilitate access
to water and sanitation in fragile countries
via the "1% solidarity" mechanism esta-
blished by the Oudin-Santini Law. We pro-
vide financial support which can represent
up to 50% of the cost of the projects pre-
sented to us by NGOs or local governments.
A special commission selected from among
the members of our River Basin Committee
evaluates the sustainability of the project,
how it provides support to the government,
and how it complies with national policy.
Efforts to enable disaster-affected popula-
tions to recover their dignity and to regain
decent living conditions cannot be reduced
to mere figures. This is why we travel to the
project sites to evaluate and then commu-
nicate the results. SOLIDARITÉS INTERNA-
TIONAL’s expertise, internal procedures
and projects dovetail perfectly with water
agencies’ knowledge of such issues as the
protection of water resources. We also
organise meetings between NGOs and our
river basin authorities, which can lead to
the formation of efficient and long-lasting
partnerships.
F
aced with the major challenge of
enabling universal access to water
and sanitation, local governments
and the French river basin agencies
- along with their Southern counterparts and
in partnership with numerous NGOs, asso-
ciations and foundations - have committed
themselves to supporting or spearheading
initiatives of solidarity in this field. Over the
past 10 years, 200 million euros have been
allocated to these efforts, 150 million of
them via the mechanism put in place by the
Oudin-Santini Law.
Every year, almost 250 local authorities
and water syndicates share their expertise,
thereby contributing to the struggle for sus-
tainable access to basic services for 500,000
people around the world. By committing
themselves in the long-term and in forming
partnerships between regions - partnerships
at the heart of which are human rela-
tionships - these cooperative movements
ensure the continuity that is needed to pro-
vide solutions that reflect communities' de-
mands and preferences. This contribution is
only the beginning of the tremendous effort
that must be made if we are to ensure uni-
versal access to water and sanitation.
2015 will see the definition of the Sustai-
nable Development Goals (SDGs), in which
access to water and sanitation absolutely
must be one of the top priorities. Local and
national French stakeholders are contribu-
ting and will continue to contribute their
expertise through a logical, multi-partner
approach bolstered by capitalising on expe-
rience and by ambitious research-to-action
programmes, with the ultimate aim of buil-
ding skills and capacities at a local level.
Source : pS-Eau (2014), Decentralized cooperation in the field
of water and sanitation, Report 2013
EN CHIFFRES
200
million euros allocated
1,000
projects in
50 countries
500,000
people with
sustainable access
to basic services
250
local authorities
and water syndicates
involved each year
Senator for
the Vendée
between
1986 and
2004 and
Chief
Counsellor at the Court of
Auditors, JACQUES OUDIN
was the founder of the
‘‘ Cercle français de l'eau ’’
(French Water Circle) and
its president until 2004.
Together with André
Santini, he initiated the
‘‘ 1% solidarity ’’ law, which
enables local authorities
and water agencies to
devote 1% of their budget to
charitable actions designed
to improve access to water
on an international scale.
FIND OUT MORE legifrance.gouv.fr
FIND OUT MORE eau-artois-picardie.fr
FIND OUT MORE pseau.org
WATER AS A SOURCE OF COOPERATION | 1312 | WATER AS A SOURCE OF COOPERATION
8. Drinking water and sanitation for all by 2030:
a dream or a reality?
DEBATE In honour of the publication of this first Water Barometer, Alain Boinet,
founder of SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL, met with Gérard Payen, a member of the
United Nations Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation (UNSGAB). The result was a
lively debate between a humanitarian actor and an international expert for both of
whom access to water and sanitation is a top priority.
ALAIN BOINET For this co-
ming September, UN Mem-
ber States are preparing to
define new development
goals for the period 2015-
2030. But have we really
achieved the Millennium Development Goals
(MDG) set for 2000-2015? At SOLIDARITÉS
INTERNATIONAL we have our doubts.
GÉRARD PAYEN Since 2000,
close to one and a half
billion more people have
gained access to improved
water sources. As far as
sanitation is concerned, it
is estimated that close to 1.3 billion people
gained access to decent toilets between
2000 and 2014. These figures may seem
impressive, but we have to bear in mind
that the world’s population is growing rapi-
dly. It’s therefore important that we look at
the number of people who still don’t have
access to drinking water and decent toilets.
They remain in the billions.
Exactly. And I recall that together we challen-
gedtheUnitedNationsontheaccuracyofthe
figurespublishedandtheprogressthatissaid
to have been made over a number of years.
And yet in July 2010 the UN voted a resolu-
tion stipulating that access to drinking water
is a human right. We are a long way away!
As far as drinking water goes, the situation
clearly improved while the MDG were in
place. The number of people who share
their sources of water with animals (known
as ‘‘ unimproved ’’ sources) has decreased
since 1990, from 1.2 billion to fewer than
800 million. This is significant progress.
With regard to sanitation, the progress
made has been equally substantial. Never-
theless, 2.5 billion people still lack decent
toilet facilities and, thanks to a methodolo-
gy developed by UNICEF and the WHO, we
are now aware that at least 2 billion people
are using water contaminated by faeces,
which is dangerous to their health. Finally
- even though it’s a rough estimate - there
are between 3 and 4 billion people whose
human rights related to access to drinking
water are not being respected.
For us, access to drinking water and sanita-
tion represents a humanitarian emergency,
chiefly because water-related diseases
causedbyunsafewaterkillmillionsofhuman
beings each year, most of them children. I am
surprised that we’ve stopped talking about
it. Are there figures out there indicating a
decline in this silent slaughter?
Progress made with regard to drinking
water and sanitation has a major impact
on mortality rates, particularly on infant
mortality. It is estimated that, despite a
15% in the world’s population, the annual
number of deaths due to diarrhoea and re-
lated diseases such as cholera fell by a third
between 2000 and 2012. The result is a si-
gnificant reduction in the annual number of
deaths related to water, hygiene and sani-
tation, which today is down to 2.6 million.
The progress you highlight is not equally dis-
tributed throughout the world, nor between
rural and urban areas. We see these imba-
lances for ourselves when we’re in the field.
You’re right, needs are greater in rural
areas. However, significant progress has
been made there too. The difficult part is
the race to improve water and sanitation
services in cities, to keep up with the pace
of urban growth. For the moment, public
authorities are losing this race: the number
of urban dwellers without access to a drin-
king water tap or decent toilets is higher
today than it was 10 years ago.
In September 2015, the UN will vote on the
newSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).
So far, seventeen objectives have been
selected, one of which relates to water: it
specifically targets universal access to drin-
king water and sanitation, a goal which we
have fought hard to obtain, with the French
Water Partnership (FWP). Is there not a risk
that it may be forgotten in the final version?
I am fairly confident. The target proposed
by the majority of governments today is
to achieve universal access to absolutely
safe drinking water under satisfactory
conditions by 2030. Another target that’s
envisaged is universal access to decent toi-
lets. These are two very ambitious targets.
However, I hope that they will make the cut,
as billions of people depend on them.
Isn’t there a risk that this goal will go unhee-
ded, as happened with the UN resolution of
July 2010, which stipulated that access to
drinking water is a human right? We have to
move beyond the declaration of intention to
implementation.
The progress made towards achieving the
Water SDG will be measured. This SDG will
thus become an operational tool which will
help us move towards greater fulfilment of
this human right. To achieve the goals that
will be adopted in September 2015, we will
have to speed up the development of natio-
nal policies. We can’t afford to continue at
the current pace. Ensuring universal access
to drinking water means changing the fate
of 2 billion people in the space of 15 years.
As regards access to toilets, we have until
2030 to achieve that which until now was
deemed impossible before the second half
of the century.
But the devil is often in the detail... Objec-
tions will no doubt be raised on the grounds
of conditions and constraints, such as bench-
mark indicators and the financial resources
required.Howcanwemakesurewehavethe
resources to reach these goals?
As far as drinking water and sanitation go,
they clearly need to be made a priority in
national budgets. Governments that prio-
ritise access to drinking water and sani-
tation achieve their objectives. For most
countries, the cost of providing access to
water is not prohibitive. As for the poorest
countries, they receive significant inter-
national assistance. It’s therefore not an
unrealistic goal. However, it’s essential that
genuine political will is demonstrated at all
levels.
I have noticed that humanitarian crises rela-
ted to war and disaster are generally not in-
cluded in development policies, even though
they directly affect dozens of countries and
hundreds of millions of human beings who
find themselves in unimaginable situations.
Thismustchange.Whatareyourthoughtson
this subject?
Concerning disasters, it is likely that there
will be a SDG target aiming to decrease the
human and economic loss that they cause.
We estimate that more than 80% of catas-
trophes taking place today are related to
water. The SDGs should thus enable us to
provide a more effective response to wa-
ter-related catastrophes. However, conflict
zones are a different issue. They should
be considered within the SDG referring to
peace.
GÉRARD PAYEN, member of the United
Nations Advisory Board on Water and
Sanitation (UNSGAB), has been working for
more than 30 years on finding solutions to
water problems. President of AquaFed, The
International Federation of Private Water
Operators, he is also a member of (RE)
SOURCES, a think tank dedicated to water
and energy that brings together water
and energy professionals, academics,
politicians and officials from NGOs and
international organisations.
re-sources-network.com
“ Between 3 and 4 billion
people whose human
rights are not being
respected ”
“ There are more urban
dwellers without access
to a drinking water tap
or decent toilets than
there were 10 years ago. ”
VOTREGOUTTEDEAU.ORG
A PETITION FOR ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER
AND SANITATION FOR ALL
LIKE BERNARD KOUCHNER, FLORENCE AUBENAS, THIERRY ARDISSON,
TIKKEN JAH FAKOLY, GÉRARD PAYEN, CAMILLE LACOURT, PHILIPPE CROIZON,
BERNARD DE LA VILLARDIÈRE, PATRICE FRANCESCHI, ANDRÉ SANTINI,
KRISTALINA GEORGIEVA, YOU CAN SIGN SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL'S PETITION:
»» to fight the leading cause of death in the world: unsafe water
»» to provide access to drinking water and sanitation to every human being
»» to urge the United Nations to finally make the robust commitments required to defeat
this scourge
»» to consolidate SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL's presence at the 7th
World Water Forum
in South Korea, from 12th to 17th April 2015, and the causes we will defend
FIND OUT MORE unsgab.org
WATER AS A SOURCE OF MOBILISATION | 1514 | WATER AS A SOURCE OF MOBILISATION
9. 2015: a crucial year for water,
often neglected in international forums
A MOMENTOUS YEAR The 120 French stakeholders that make up
the internationally-active French Water Partnership (FWP) wholeheartedly endorse
Ban Ki Moon’s statement. For several months now, they have been preparing
to participate in five key events due to take place in the coming months, along with
their international partners.
BY PHILIPPE GUETTIER, GENERAL DIRECTOR OF THE FRENCH WATER PARTNERSHIP
14-18 MARCH
Conference on the post-2015 framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction, Sendai
(Japan)
As water is a factor in most of the disasters
that take place on our planet, it is impera-
tive that it is given its rightful place in the
framework for action that the international
community will adopt post-2015.
12-17 APRIL
7th World Water Forum, Daegu &
Gyeongbuk (South Korea)
The international water community must
take this opportunity to speak out in order
to facilitate the implementation of the de-
cisions made at Sendai. It can also use its
knowledge and experience to contribute to
the resolutions that will be adopted by the
UN by the end of 2015.
13-26 JULY
Third International Conference on
Funding for Development, Addis Ababa
(Ethiopia)
Water must be recognised as a genuine
priority in international and especially na-
tional funding.
END OF SEPTEMBER
General Assembly of the United Nations
(New York) and adoption of the post-2015
agenda
It is here that the priorities of the interna-
tional community for the next 15 years will
be determined. The following goals must be
set: an ambitious Water Objective allowing
for universal access to clean drinking water
and sanitation; the reduction of pollution;
integrated resources management; the effi-
cient use and protection of aquatic biodiver-
sity; and a system that monitors progress
based on simple and reliable indicators.
30 NOVEMBER - 12 DECEMBER
Conference of the Parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (COP21, Le Bourget)
Because the risks related to climate change
are ever greater, water must take priority
in the chapter of the binding agreement
that governs adaptation to climate change.
International climate funding must also re-
flect the importance of the issue.
THIS IS A UNIQUE OCCASION
Together, let’s mobilise the
international community and the
donors who fund its actions. Let’s
use our years of experience, both
in France and on an international
scale, to ensure water receives
the attention it deserves.
THE STAKES ARE HIGH
Integrated water resources
management is yet to be widely
adopted. 7500 people, 5000 of
whom are children, die every day
due to a lack of sanitation (C. de
Albuquerque, United Nations
Special Rapporteur in 2012). 1.8
billion people use water that has
been contaminated by faecal
matter (WHO - UNICEF 2014).
2.5 billion do not have access to
adequate sanitation (JMP 2014).
In developing countries, 90% of
pollution is discarded without
treatment (UN Water 2012).
“ Never before has the world had to respond
to such a complex challenge in the space
of just one year, 2015. And this unique opportunity
will not present itself again in our lifetime. ”
BAN KI MOON,
Secretary-General of the United Nations, December 2014
FIND OUT MORE partenariat-francais-eau.fr
16 | AGENDA