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- 1. Bridge Engineering: Lessons from Rometo Tacoma Clear Lake MS Engineering 03-27-2006
- 2. 700 A.D. Asia 700A.D. Asia 1,304 years 1,304 years ago ago 100 B.C. Romans 100 B.C. Romans 2,104 years ago 2,104 years ago Clapper Bridge Tree trunk Stone Arch design evenly distributes stresses Natural concrete made from mud and straw Roman Arch Bridge History of Bridge Development History of Bridge Development Great Stone Bridge in China Low bridge Shallow arch Allows boats and water to pass through
- 3. History of BridgeDevelopment History of Bridge Development Truss Bridges Mechanics of Design Wood Suspension Bridges Use of steel in suspending cables 1900 1900 1920 1920 Prestressed Concrete Steel 2000 2000
- 4. Compression Tension Basic Concepts BasicConcepts Span - the distance between two bridge supports, whether they are columns, towers or the wall of a canyon. Compression – Tension - Force - Concrete has good compressive strength, but extremely weak tensile strength. What about steel cables?
- 5. Basic Concepts Basic Concepts Beam- a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element Pier - a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar Cantilever - a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a diving board Beam Pier Load - weight on a structure
- 6. The type ofbridge used depends on the obstacle. The main feature that controls the bridge type is the size of the obstacle. Types of Bridges Types of Bridges Basic Types: •Truss Bridge •Beam Bridge •Arch Bridge •Suspension Bridge •Floating Bridge Truss Beam Arch Suspension Floating
- 7. Truss Bridge All beamsin a truss bridge are straight. Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances.
- 8. Types of Bridges Typesof Bridges Beam Bridge Beam Bridge Consists of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers. The farther apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is why beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet.
- 9. Forces When something pushesdown on the beam, the beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom edge is pulled apart. Types of Bridges Types of Bridges Beam Bridge Beam Bridge
- 10. Arch Bridges Arch Bridges Thearch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago, Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800 feet. Types of Bridges Types of Bridges
- 11. Forces The arch issqueezed together, and this squeezing force is carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart. Types of Bridges Types of Bridges Arch Bridges Arch Bridges
- 12. Suspension Bridges Suspension Bridges Thiskind of bridges can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way farther than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting. Types of Bridges Types of Bridges
- 13. Forces In all suspensionbridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's weight. Types of Bridges Types of Bridges Suspension Bridges Suspension Bridges
- 14. •Pontoon bridges aresupported by floating pontoons with sufficient buoyancy to support the bridge and dynamic loads. •While pontoon bridges are usually temporary structures, some are used for long periods of time. •Permanent floating bridges are useful for traversing features lacking strong bedrock for traditional piers. •Such bridges can require a section that is elevated, or can be raised or removed, to allow ships to pass. Types of Bridges Types of Bridges Floating Bridge Floating Bridge
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- 16. How do thefollowing affect your structure? Ground below bridge Loads Materials Shapes Bridge Bridge Engineering Engineering
- 17. To design abridge like you need to take into account all the forces acting on it: •The friction of the earth on every part •The strength of the ground pushing up the supports •The resistance of the ground to the pull of the cables •The dead weight and all vehicle loads Then there is the drag and lift produced by wind and water •The turbulence as fluids pass the towers Summary Summary Bridge Engineering Bridge Engineering Need to use appropriate materials and structural shapes in the cheapest way, yet maintaining a certain degree of safety. To account for natural disasters, engineers design bridges with a factor of safety: usually around 3 or 4.
- 18. Case Study: Case Study: TacomaNarrows Tacoma Narrows Failure Failure The first Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge collapsed due to wind-induced vibrations on Nov. 7, 1940. The bridge over engineered it to withstand hurricane winds, but the wind that day was only 40 mph… what happened!?
Editor's Notes
- #1 Modified by Matthew Silbernagel
- #2 Clapper Bridges employed all over the world, most notably in England. Originally, tree logs used, but they tended to rot. Stones were better, but difficult to maneuver. The Romans developed highways that connected the empire. Bridges helped them do this.
- #7 Typical 40m to 500m