This document provides an overview of breast cancer for nursing students. It defines breast cancer, describes the types and risk factors. Signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, staging, treatments and their side effects are outlined. Surgery for breast cancer and post-operative care are discussed. The document also covers nursing care for breast cancer patients, including education on managing treatment side effects and providing psychosocial support. Prevention of breast cancer is also mentioned.
Breast cancer forms in the tissues of the breast and can spread to other parts of the body. The document discusses the various types, stages, symptoms, and risk factors of breast cancer. It also outlines several treatment methods for breast cancer including nutritional/natural methods, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Each treatment method is described along with its goals and potential side effects. Improving lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and avoiding smoking can help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
1) The document discusses benign and malignant breast tumors. Benign tumors include fibrocystic changes, galactocele, and fibroadenoma. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.
2) Risk factors for breast cancer include genetic, hormonal, environmental factors as well as increasing age. Clinical manifestations may include breast lumps, nipple discharge, and enlarged lymph nodes.
3) Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, biopsy and laboratory tests to detect metastasis. Treatment involves surgery such as lumpectomy or mastectomy followed by radiation, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy.
Breast cancer is a disease that primarily affects women and can develop in the lobules or ducts of the breast. The presentation discussed types of breast cancer, including ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive lobular carcinoma, as well as risk factors like family history, menstrual history, radiation exposure, and lifestyle. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery to remove cancerous tissue, which may be lumpectomy or mastectomy, as well as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Nursing care focuses on pre-operative teaching, postoperative wound care, managing side effects and providing psychosocial support.
Breast disorder & Mastectomy -a7med mo7ameda7med mo7amed
The document discusses breast disorders and mastectomy. It defines mastectomy as the surgical removal of all or part of the breast tissue. There are different types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Risk factors for breast cancer are discussed, as well as signs and symptoms. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and adjuvant therapies. Nursing care involves managing pain, promoting positive body image, and providing education and support before and after surgery.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Indian women, accounting for over 25% of female cancers in major cities. Early detection and diagnosis is low in India, with over 50% of cases presenting at late stages with poor survival rates. Physiotherapy can help breast cancer patients with common issues like pain, shoulder dysfunction, breathing problems, fatigue, osteoporosis, lymphedema, and axillary web syndrome. Treatments include exercises, manual therapy, electrotherapy, and education on lifstyle changes to improve quality of life during and after cancer treatment.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It arises from breast tissue which contains lobules, ducts, fat and connective tissue. Risk factors include genetic mutations, family history, age and lifestyle factors. Clinical presentation includes lumps, nipple discharge or changes. Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography, biopsy and assessing tumor markers. Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy based on cancer type and stage. Prevention emphasizes early detection through screening and modifying risk factors.
medical and surgical treatment of uterine fibroidsHabibaIsah
This document discusses the medical and surgical treatment options for uterine fibroids. It begins with an introduction to fibroids and their prevalence. Expectant management is recommended for small, asymptomatic fibroids. Medical treatment includes GnRH analogues, antiprogestins, androgens, and LNG-IUS to reduce fibroid size and symptoms. Surgical options are hysterectomy, which eliminates symptoms but removes the uterus, and myomectomy, which removes only the fibroids to preserve fertility. Other minimally invasive treatments discussed are myolysis, uterine artery embolization (UAE), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
Breast cancer forms in the tissues of the breast and can spread to other parts of the body. The document discusses the various types, stages, symptoms, and risk factors of breast cancer. It also outlines several treatment methods for breast cancer including nutritional/natural methods, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Each treatment method is described along with its goals and potential side effects. Improving lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and avoiding smoking can help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
1) The document discusses benign and malignant breast tumors. Benign tumors include fibrocystic changes, galactocele, and fibroadenoma. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.
2) Risk factors for breast cancer include genetic, hormonal, environmental factors as well as increasing age. Clinical manifestations may include breast lumps, nipple discharge, and enlarged lymph nodes.
3) Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, biopsy and laboratory tests to detect metastasis. Treatment involves surgery such as lumpectomy or mastectomy followed by radiation, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy.
Breast cancer is a disease that primarily affects women and can develop in the lobules or ducts of the breast. The presentation discussed types of breast cancer, including ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive lobular carcinoma, as well as risk factors like family history, menstrual history, radiation exposure, and lifestyle. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery to remove cancerous tissue, which may be lumpectomy or mastectomy, as well as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Nursing care focuses on pre-operative teaching, postoperative wound care, managing side effects and providing psychosocial support.
Breast disorder & Mastectomy -a7med mo7ameda7med mo7amed
The document discusses breast disorders and mastectomy. It defines mastectomy as the surgical removal of all or part of the breast tissue. There are different types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Risk factors for breast cancer are discussed, as well as signs and symptoms. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and adjuvant therapies. Nursing care involves managing pain, promoting positive body image, and providing education and support before and after surgery.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Indian women, accounting for over 25% of female cancers in major cities. Early detection and diagnosis is low in India, with over 50% of cases presenting at late stages with poor survival rates. Physiotherapy can help breast cancer patients with common issues like pain, shoulder dysfunction, breathing problems, fatigue, osteoporosis, lymphedema, and axillary web syndrome. Treatments include exercises, manual therapy, electrotherapy, and education on lifstyle changes to improve quality of life during and after cancer treatment.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It arises from breast tissue which contains lobules, ducts, fat and connective tissue. Risk factors include genetic mutations, family history, age and lifestyle factors. Clinical presentation includes lumps, nipple discharge or changes. Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography, biopsy and assessing tumor markers. Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy based on cancer type and stage. Prevention emphasizes early detection through screening and modifying risk factors.
medical and surgical treatment of uterine fibroidsHabibaIsah
This document discusses the medical and surgical treatment options for uterine fibroids. It begins with an introduction to fibroids and their prevalence. Expectant management is recommended for small, asymptomatic fibroids. Medical treatment includes GnRH analogues, antiprogestins, androgens, and LNG-IUS to reduce fibroid size and symptoms. Surgical options are hysterectomy, which eliminates symptoms but removes the uterus, and myomectomy, which removes only the fibroids to preserve fertility. Other minimally invasive treatments discussed are myolysis, uterine artery embolization (UAE), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
management of benign and malignant disease of breast.pptxBedrumohammed2
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally. Screening and diagnostic modalities include clinical breast exam, mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Staging involves assessing the primary tumor size and spread to lymph nodes and distant organs. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage, and may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. Benign breast lesions are also common and their diagnosis and management are considered.
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST for mbbs 600L studentsIgbashio
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- It is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive factors, and lifestyle.
- Types include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Signs and symptoms include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge or retraction, and potential metastases.
- Staging uses TNM and Manchester systems and involves investigations like biopsy, imaging and blood tests.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and other targeted approaches.
This document discusses breast cancer, including its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, stages, types, and treatment options. Breast cancer begins when cells in the breast undergo genetic mutations causing uncontrolled growth. It is diagnosed through mammograms, ultrasounds, MRI and biopsy. There are two main types - ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) where cancer is confined to ducts, and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) where it has spread. Cancer is staged based on tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis to determine prognosis and the most effective treatment. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapies.
This document discusses endometrial and ovarian cancers. It covers the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, stages/types, and treatment options for each cancer. For endometrial cancer, it describes how it often affects postmenopausal women and can be caused by obesity, infertility and other factors. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding and diagnosis involves scans and biopsies. Treatment involves surgery along with possible chemotherapy, radiation or hormone therapy. For ovarian cancer, it identifies risk factors like family history and notes vague symptoms. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging and biopsy. Treatment may involve surgery and chemotherapy, with the goal of removing all cancer if possible. Nursing care focuses on education, symptom relief and support.
This document provides a summary of common reproductive disorders including uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. For uterine fibroids in a woman who wants to have children, a myomectomy surgery to remove the fibroids may be the treatment of choice. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder causing irregular periods and excess hair growth that is diagnosed via ultrasound and treated with oral contraceptives or medications. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are generally diagnosed via biopsy and treated with surgery such as hysterectomy along with possible chemotherapy or radiation.
cancer of rectum is the abnormal proliferation of the rectal cells this ppt will help the nursing students to know the disease process and its management and also this help the students to apply these in their clinical practice and to improve their academic performance
1) Endometrial carcinoma arises from the epithelial lining of the endometrium and is the most common female pelvic malignancy.
2) Risk factors include increasing age, nulliparity, obesity, diabetes, hormone replacement therapy using estrogen alone, and endometrial hyperplasia.
3) Diagnosis involves investigation of postmenopausal bleeding with ultrasound and biopsy showing adenocarcinoma in 90% of cases. Treatment is usually hysterectomy with radiation or chemotherapy for advanced stages.
Approach to breast lump pain, nipple dischargeطالبه جامعيه
The document provides guidance on evaluating breast lumps, pain, and nipple discharge. It discusses:
1) Defining breast lumps and assessing risk factors for breast cancer through history, physical exam, imaging and tissue sampling.
2) Evaluating breast pain by differentiating cyclical from non-cyclical pain and considering extramammary sources through history and physical exam.
3) Distinguishing benign from suspicious nipple discharge based on characteristics like spontaneity, color, presence of a mass and laterality obtained through history and physical exam.
This document discusses rehabilitation for cancer patients. It describes how physical medicine and rehabilitation aims to restore and maintain function and quality of life for cancer patients and survivors. The rehabilitation team typically includes a physiatrist and physical or occupational therapists. Complications from cancer and its treatment that rehabilitation addresses include issues affecting the neuromuscular, skeletal, and lymphatic systems. Rehabilitation interventions can include therapeutic exercise, modalities like heat and cold therapy, orthotics, non-pharmacological pain management, and assistive devices. The overall goal is to improve patients' physical and functional abilities and independence.
Palliative care in metastatic carcinoma breastruparnakhurana
Mrs. Sundari is a 33-year-old homemaker from Bihar who was diagnosed with breast cancer while pregnant with her third child. The cancer had advanced to stage 4 by the time of diagnosis. While undergoing radiation therapy, she developed severe pain in her left shoulder and imaging found widespread metastases. She now presents with lymphedema in her left arm, a fungating wound on her left breast, and psychological distress including anxiety and depression. Her case requires a multidisciplinary palliative approach including wound care, pain management, lymphedema therapy, and treatment of psychological symptoms.
Breast carcinoma is the most common cause of cancer death in middle-aged women in western countries. Risk factors include geographical location, age, gender, diet, genetics, hormone exposure, and family history. The disease spreads locally through the breast and lymph nodes, and can metastasize to other organs. Symptoms include a painless breast mass or skin changes. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor with or without the breast, lymph node assessment, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy for hormone receptor-positive cancers for 5 years. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, grade, size, and receptor status.
This document provides information on the anatomy, investigations, and various benign breast conditions including:
- The breast anatomy includes lobes, ducts, blood and lymphatic supply. Mammography, ultrasound and MRI are important investigations.
- Fibroadenomas are benign tumors that present as smooth, movable lumps and are easily removed surgically if large.
- Diffuse hypertrophy causes overgrowth of breast tissue during puberty or pregnancy and may require reduction mammoplasty.
- Cyclical mastalgia involves painful breast swelling with menstruation and can be treated with pain medications or hormonal therapies. Cyclical mastalgia with nodularity adds the presence of multiple small cysts.
1) Endometrial hyperplasia is an overgrowth of the endometrium that can progress to cancer. It is classified based on architectural features and presence of atypia into simple, complex, and atypical types with increasing cancer risk.
2) Endometrial carcinoma is most common in postmenopausal women and is diagnosed by endometrial biopsy. Treatment involves surgery with chemotherapy and radiation for advanced stages. Prognosis depends on stage, grade, and extent of spread.
3) Uterine sarcomas are rare aggressive tumors that start in the muscles and tissues of the uterus. They include leiomyosarcomas and are treated surgically but have poor prognosis.
This document provides information on oncology nursing objectives and cancer pathophysiology. It defines key terms like neoplasia, tumors, and cancer. It describes the biological process of oncogenesis and carcinogenesis. It discusses cancer cell proliferation patterns and etiology factors like viruses, chemicals, genetics, diet, and hormones. It also covers cancer detection, diagnosis, staging, grading, and primary treatment methods including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common histological type is invasive ductal carcinoma, which usually presents as a painless lump in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, genetic factors, reproductive factors and lifestyle factors. Staging involves the TNM system, with treatment depending on stage - ranging from surgery such as mastectomy for early stages to chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and radiation for advanced stages.
Chemotherapy can cause mucositis, inflammation of the mucous membranes throughout the body. Oral mucositis specifically causes sores and ulcers in the mouth. It is a common side effect, affecting 40% of patients on standard chemotherapy and up to 80% of patients receiving radiation or stem cell transplants. Mucositis causes pain and difficulty eating or drinking, and can lead to hospitalization or dose reductions. Nurses monitor for mucositis and teach oral care techniques to prevent infections and promote healing. Physicians assess mucositis severity and may adjust chemotherapy doses accordingly.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new
cases in 2012.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
management of benign and malignant disease of breast.pptxBedrumohammed2
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally. Screening and diagnostic modalities include clinical breast exam, mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Staging involves assessing the primary tumor size and spread to lymph nodes and distant organs. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage, and may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. Benign breast lesions are also common and their diagnosis and management are considered.
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST for mbbs 600L studentsIgbashio
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- It is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive factors, and lifestyle.
- Types include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Signs and symptoms include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge or retraction, and potential metastases.
- Staging uses TNM and Manchester systems and involves investigations like biopsy, imaging and blood tests.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and other targeted approaches.
This document discusses breast cancer, including its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, stages, types, and treatment options. Breast cancer begins when cells in the breast undergo genetic mutations causing uncontrolled growth. It is diagnosed through mammograms, ultrasounds, MRI and biopsy. There are two main types - ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) where cancer is confined to ducts, and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) where it has spread. Cancer is staged based on tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis to determine prognosis and the most effective treatment. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapies.
This document discusses endometrial and ovarian cancers. It covers the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, stages/types, and treatment options for each cancer. For endometrial cancer, it describes how it often affects postmenopausal women and can be caused by obesity, infertility and other factors. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding and diagnosis involves scans and biopsies. Treatment involves surgery along with possible chemotherapy, radiation or hormone therapy. For ovarian cancer, it identifies risk factors like family history and notes vague symptoms. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging and biopsy. Treatment may involve surgery and chemotherapy, with the goal of removing all cancer if possible. Nursing care focuses on education, symptom relief and support.
This document provides a summary of common reproductive disorders including uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. For uterine fibroids in a woman who wants to have children, a myomectomy surgery to remove the fibroids may be the treatment of choice. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder causing irregular periods and excess hair growth that is diagnosed via ultrasound and treated with oral contraceptives or medications. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are generally diagnosed via biopsy and treated with surgery such as hysterectomy along with possible chemotherapy or radiation.
cancer of rectum is the abnormal proliferation of the rectal cells this ppt will help the nursing students to know the disease process and its management and also this help the students to apply these in their clinical practice and to improve their academic performance
1) Endometrial carcinoma arises from the epithelial lining of the endometrium and is the most common female pelvic malignancy.
2) Risk factors include increasing age, nulliparity, obesity, diabetes, hormone replacement therapy using estrogen alone, and endometrial hyperplasia.
3) Diagnosis involves investigation of postmenopausal bleeding with ultrasound and biopsy showing adenocarcinoma in 90% of cases. Treatment is usually hysterectomy with radiation or chemotherapy for advanced stages.
Approach to breast lump pain, nipple dischargeطالبه جامعيه
The document provides guidance on evaluating breast lumps, pain, and nipple discharge. It discusses:
1) Defining breast lumps and assessing risk factors for breast cancer through history, physical exam, imaging and tissue sampling.
2) Evaluating breast pain by differentiating cyclical from non-cyclical pain and considering extramammary sources through history and physical exam.
3) Distinguishing benign from suspicious nipple discharge based on characteristics like spontaneity, color, presence of a mass and laterality obtained through history and physical exam.
This document discusses rehabilitation for cancer patients. It describes how physical medicine and rehabilitation aims to restore and maintain function and quality of life for cancer patients and survivors. The rehabilitation team typically includes a physiatrist and physical or occupational therapists. Complications from cancer and its treatment that rehabilitation addresses include issues affecting the neuromuscular, skeletal, and lymphatic systems. Rehabilitation interventions can include therapeutic exercise, modalities like heat and cold therapy, orthotics, non-pharmacological pain management, and assistive devices. The overall goal is to improve patients' physical and functional abilities and independence.
Palliative care in metastatic carcinoma breastruparnakhurana
Mrs. Sundari is a 33-year-old homemaker from Bihar who was diagnosed with breast cancer while pregnant with her third child. The cancer had advanced to stage 4 by the time of diagnosis. While undergoing radiation therapy, she developed severe pain in her left shoulder and imaging found widespread metastases. She now presents with lymphedema in her left arm, a fungating wound on her left breast, and psychological distress including anxiety and depression. Her case requires a multidisciplinary palliative approach including wound care, pain management, lymphedema therapy, and treatment of psychological symptoms.
Breast carcinoma is the most common cause of cancer death in middle-aged women in western countries. Risk factors include geographical location, age, gender, diet, genetics, hormone exposure, and family history. The disease spreads locally through the breast and lymph nodes, and can metastasize to other organs. Symptoms include a painless breast mass or skin changes. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor with or without the breast, lymph node assessment, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy for hormone receptor-positive cancers for 5 years. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, grade, size, and receptor status.
This document provides information on the anatomy, investigations, and various benign breast conditions including:
- The breast anatomy includes lobes, ducts, blood and lymphatic supply. Mammography, ultrasound and MRI are important investigations.
- Fibroadenomas are benign tumors that present as smooth, movable lumps and are easily removed surgically if large.
- Diffuse hypertrophy causes overgrowth of breast tissue during puberty or pregnancy and may require reduction mammoplasty.
- Cyclical mastalgia involves painful breast swelling with menstruation and can be treated with pain medications or hormonal therapies. Cyclical mastalgia with nodularity adds the presence of multiple small cysts.
1) Endometrial hyperplasia is an overgrowth of the endometrium that can progress to cancer. It is classified based on architectural features and presence of atypia into simple, complex, and atypical types with increasing cancer risk.
2) Endometrial carcinoma is most common in postmenopausal women and is diagnosed by endometrial biopsy. Treatment involves surgery with chemotherapy and radiation for advanced stages. Prognosis depends on stage, grade, and extent of spread.
3) Uterine sarcomas are rare aggressive tumors that start in the muscles and tissues of the uterus. They include leiomyosarcomas and are treated surgically but have poor prognosis.
This document provides information on oncology nursing objectives and cancer pathophysiology. It defines key terms like neoplasia, tumors, and cancer. It describes the biological process of oncogenesis and carcinogenesis. It discusses cancer cell proliferation patterns and etiology factors like viruses, chemicals, genetics, diet, and hormones. It also covers cancer detection, diagnosis, staging, grading, and primary treatment methods including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The most common histological type is invasive ductal carcinoma, which usually presents as a painless lump in the upper outer quadrant of the breast. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, genetic factors, reproductive factors and lifestyle factors. Staging involves the TNM system, with treatment depending on stage - ranging from surgery such as mastectomy for early stages to chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and radiation for advanced stages.
Chemotherapy can cause mucositis, inflammation of the mucous membranes throughout the body. Oral mucositis specifically causes sores and ulcers in the mouth. It is a common side effect, affecting 40% of patients on standard chemotherapy and up to 80% of patients receiving radiation or stem cell transplants. Mucositis causes pain and difficulty eating or drinking, and can lead to hospitalization or dose reductions. Nurses monitor for mucositis and teach oral care techniques to prevent infections and promote healing. Physicians assess mucositis severity and may adjust chemotherapy doses accordingly.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new
cases in 2012.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
BREAST CANCER (PHN).pptx
1. COURSE TITLE: SRGICAL NURSING I
COURSE CODE: SPHN 305
TOPICS: BREAST CANCER
LEVEL 300: PHN (SANDWITCH)
BY
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 1
2. OBJECTIVES
• By the end of the topic, students will be able
to:
• Define breast cancer
• State the types of breast cancer
• List the risk factors of breast cancer
• Pathophysiology of breast cancer
• Signs and symptoms of breast cancer
• Complications of breast cancer
• Diagnostic investigations
• Treatment of breast cancer
• Nursing care of patient with breast cancer
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 2
6. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE BREAST
• Mastitis
• Breast abscess
• Benign tumours/disorders of breast (fibro
adenoma, fibrocystic breast disease, ductal
ectasia, intraductal ectasis, gynaecomastia)
• Malignanat tumours of breast-breast
cancer
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 6
7. Definition of breast cancer
Breast cancer is a disease that is
characterized by uncontrolled and
unregulated growth of cells in the breast.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 7
8. TYPES OF BREAST CANCERS
1. Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
2. Invasive Cancer
3. Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
4. Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma
5. Medullary Carcinoma
6. Mucinous Carcinoma
7. Tubular Ductal Carcinoma
8. Inflammatory Breast Carcinoma
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 8
9. RISK FACTORS
• Gender - female
• Old Age
• Hereditary –family history of breast cancer
• Personal History of Benign Proliferative Breast Disease/breast
cancer
• Hormonal Factors-first child after 30 years
• Nulliparirty
• Radiation Exposure
• Obesity
• High saturated fatty foods, foods with high aflotoxin content, low
fiber diet
• Alcoholism
• Infections
• Drugs (contraceptive pills and some injectables)
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 9
10. GENDER - All
women are
at risk
Age
Family/Personal
History
Reproductive
History
Menstrual
History
Race
Genetic
Factors
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
that cannot be changed
Radiation
Treatment with
DES MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 10
11. All
women are
at risk
Obesity
Breastfeeding
Not having
children
Birth Control
Pills
Alcohol
Hormone
Replacement
Therapy
Exercise
All
women are
at risk
Obesity
Breastfeeding
Not having
children
Birth Control
Pills
Alcohol
Hormone
Replacement
Therapy
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
that can be controlled
Exercise
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 11
12. CLINICAL FEATURES OF BREAST CANCER
• Lump in the breast which may be movable or
fixed
• Dimpling of the breast
• Retracted nipple/nipple inversion
• Enlargement of one breast showing significant
asymmetry
• Discharge from the nipple (bloody)
• Ulceration of breast
• Pain in the breast
• Puckering (wrinkling, crumpling) of the breast
skin
• Orange pale appearance of the skin
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 12
15. COMPLICATIONS OF BREAST CANCER
1. Lymphatic blockage and oedema
2. Orange peel appearance of the skin
3. Enlarged axillary nodes
4. Metastasis :Breast cancer primarily
metastasizes to the bone (MOST COMMON) ,
lungs, regional lymph nodes, skin, liver and
brain
5. Ulceration of skin
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 15
16. PROGNOSIS
The two most important factors when
determining the prognosis of a patient
with breast cancer are:
Tumor size
Whether the tumor has spread to the
lymph nodes under the arm (axilla).
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 16
20. STAGING
• Staging is a means of describing the extent of
cancer growth.
• Breast cancer is 'staged' after diagnosis by
information that is obtained from clinical,
radiological and pathological findings
• Staging helps to predict how an individual will fare
over time.
• Stage 0, I, II and IIIa constitute early breast cancer
• Stages IIIb and IV are referred to as advanced
breast cancer
• Thus the lower the stage, the better the prognosis
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 20
21. STAGING CONT’D
• Another staging classification that describes
the extent of spread in greater detail is the
Tumour- Node- Metastasis (TNM).
• Within the TNM system:
"T" refers to tumour size,
"N" refers to lymph node involvement, and
"M" refers to the extent of metastasis.
The TNM classification is ranked within one of
the following categories.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 21
22. STAGE TNM Classifications
Stage 0: Stage 0: in situ breast cancer -
Tis, N0, M0
Stage I: T1, N0, M0
Stage IIa: T0-1, N1, M0, or T2, N0, M0
Stage IIb: T2, N1, M0, or T3, N0, M0
Stage IIIa: T0-2, N2, M0, or T3, N1-2, M0
Stage IIIb: T4, N (any), M0, or T(any), N3, M0
Stage IV: T(any), N(any), M1
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 22
23. TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Hormonal therapy
• Surgery
• ****(combined therapy)*****
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 23
24. TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER CONT’D
A. local or
B. systemic.
• Local treatments (surgery and radiation therapy)
destroy or control cancer cells in a specific area.
• Systemic treatments (chemotherapy and
hormonal therapy) destroy/control cancer cells
throughout the body
• Depending on the condition, patients may receive
a single treatment or a combination of therapies
given at the same time or in succession
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 24
25. SIDE EFFECTS OF CANCER TREATEMNT
• Depend on the type and extent of the
treatment. Physical side effects include:
• Pain
• changes in body image
• Anaemia
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea or constipation and
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 25
26. SIDE EFFECTS OF CANCER TREATEMNT CONT’D
• Muscle ache
• Tiredness
• Skin reactions
• Hair loss (ALOPECIA)
• Tiredness
• Mouth sore
• Developing secondary cancer
• Vaginal dryness
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 26
27. SIDE EFFECTS OF CANCER TREATEMNT CONT’D
• Lymphoedema
• Immune suppression
• Opportunistic infections
• Delayed blood clotting time
• Hot flashes
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Weight gain
• Insomnia
• Interrupted menstrual periods
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 27
28. SIDE EFFECTS OF CANCER TREATEMNT CONT’D
Psychosocial effects of cancer treatment
include
• Distress
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Fear of the future
• Impotency
• Loss of sexual desire and
• Loss of fertility
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 28
29. SIDE EFFECTS OF CANCER TREATEMNT CONT’D
• Treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy,
hormone therapy, biological therapy and
chemotherapy are used to:
• Control symptoms
• Improve quality of life, and
• Prolong survival
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 29
30. EDUCATION ON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• The patient should be informed about the
systemic action of the drugs that will affect both
cancer and normal cells.
• She should be told of the generalized side effects
and toxicities associated with chemotherapeutic
agents.
• Side effects should be discussed in detail with
patients that the body systems.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 30
31. EDUCATION ON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• Commonly affected include gastrointestinal,
Vascular, skin etc.
• The Gastrointestinal system causing nausea
and vomiting diarrhea and constipation -
changes in taste and appetite.
• Vascular system causing bone marrow
depression leading to leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia and anaemia.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 31
32. • EDUCATION ON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• The skin causing hair loss (alopecia)
• Mucositis – leading to inflammation of mucous
lining of cavities eg. Gastrointestinal.
• Fatigue which may affect one’s output of work,
she should be advised to exercise
• Daily and take naps early to prevent sleeplessness
at night.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 32
33. • EDUCATION ON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• She should be informed on how to manage side effects of
therapy like hair loss by putting on artificial wigs to avoid
body image disturbance, cut the hair short -
• should put a towel on pillow to collect hairs that are
shed.
• She should be informed that the side effects will be
managed by the physician
• During follow up clinic where medications would be
prescribed to alleviate the problems.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 33
34. • EDUCATION ON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• Fever and infections are likely to occur due to
suppression of the bone marrow and she should
report fever and chills to physician.
• Nutrition - patient should take plenty of water,
eat small and light meal and avoid unpleasant
environment.
• Patient should see a dietician if side effects
affects her nutrition
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 34
35. EDUCATION ON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• Drink plenty of water, take stool softeners,
exercise to reduce constipation and take
high fibre diet.
• For Diarrheoa provide - fluid replacement
and apply soothing cream at the anus and
buttocks.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 35
36. • EDUCATION ON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
• or Mouth sores (mucositis)-Rinse mouth with
mouth wash that are non-irritating
• For Neuropathy - she should wear soft loose
padded shoes, wash feet & nails frequently &
massage
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 36
37. SURGERY
• Types of breast surgery includes:
1. Lumpectomy- Lump alone or with lymph node is
removed
2. Simple mastectomy-breast tissues are removed
but lymph nodes may be kept intact
3. Radical mastectomy-breast tissues, nipples,
underlying muscles and lymph nodes are removed
4. Modified radical mastectomy-breast tissues and
lymph nodes are removed but muscles are left
intact
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 37
39. POST OPERATIVE CARE
• NUTRTION
• WOUND CARE
• PAIN RELIEVE
• PERSONAL HYGIENE
• OBSERVATION
• EDUCATION
• PSYCHOLOGICAL (BODY IMMAGE & STIGMA)
• OTHERS
• RESTORATION OF BREAST SHAPE (Breast
prosthesis AND Breast reconstruction)
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 39
40. COPING WITH CANCER
• Educate client on the condition and
its management.
• Provide information on side effects of
treatment and its management.
• Reassure patient and family of
competence of health team.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 40
41. • Provide atmosphere for patient to
express anxiety and fears.
• Provide emotional support for patient
and family.
• Involve family /spouse in management
of patient.
• Provide physical support for pain and
symptoms of side effects of treatments
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 41
42. • Assist and provide support for client to
go through grieving and loss and
development of coping strategies.
• Provide needed information on joining
cancer associations available counseling
services and materials on coping with
cancer eg. Books etc.
• Refer patient and family for spiritual
support from religious leaders.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 42
43. • Discuss sexual and reproductive changes
and information on how to enjoy sex life.
• Provide information on how to cope with
financial stress through fund raising
activities, donations, volunteers.
• Introduce patient to cancer survivors to
share their experience.
• Encourage patient to seek professional
advice and follow up.
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 43
45. REFERENCES
Bloom, A. & S.R., Toohey’s Medicine for Nurses, London: Churchill
Livingstone.
Bucher et al. (2005). Medical-Surgical Nursing, assessment and management
of clinical problems (7th edition). Mosby Elsevier. USA.
Brunner, L.S. & Suddarth, D. S. (2008). Textbook of medical and surgical
nursing. 11th ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
Daniels N. N. (2007). Contemporary Medical- Surgical Nursing (vol. 1 &2).
Thompson Corporation. USA.
Ignatavicius, D. (2002). Critical thinking study guide for medical-surgical
nursing. Critical thinking for collaborative care, 4th ed. St Louis: Saunders.
Watson, J.E., Watson’s Medical-Surgical Nursing and Related Philosophy,
London: Bailliere Tindall
MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 45