Botnet takeover
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Botnets are networks of malware-infected machines controlled remotely. This document analyzes a takeover of the Torpig botnet. It describes how botnets use command and control channels like IRC to issue commands. The Mebroot rootkit was spread via drive-by downloads on websites and used to take over machines. The botnet authors registered domain names to use for command and control but researchers took over after observing the domain algorithm and were able to run the botnet for 10 days. Analyzing the botnet traffic showed the true size was much smaller than estimated by IP addresses alone. Better security practices and education are needed to address the cultural problems that enable these botnets.
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- 1. Analysis of a Botnet Takeover Harry Kim
- 2. Terminology Bot • An application that performs some action or set of actions on behalf of a remote controller Botnet •Networks of malware-infected machines controlled by an adversary Command and Control (C&C) Channel •Used to send commands to bots, and obtain results and status messages •IRC, HTTP, HTTPs, Peer to Peer
- 3. Botnet? Why it is important? •Root cause of security problem How to investigate? •Running Torpig Botnet
- 4. Torpig
- 5. Mebroot • It is used as a “platform” in Botnet • Rootkit distributed by Neosploit exploit kit • Spread via drive-by-downloads: hidden iframe on website executes obfuscated JavaScript to download Mebroot on victim’s machine •Mebroot overwrites the master boot record of the machine, circumventing most anti-virus tools (back then)
- 7. Botnet Takeover • Domain flux Botnet authors have identified several ways to make these schemes more flexible an d robust against take-down actions, e.g., by using fast-flux techniques However, fast-flux uses only a single domain name, which constitutes a single point of failure • Authors registered the .com and .net domains that were to be used by the bo tnet from January 25th, 2009 to February 15th, 2009. • However, on February 4th, 2009, the Mebroot controllers distributed a new Torpig binary that updated the domain algorithm – Worked for 10 days!
- 8. Botnet Data
- 9. Conclusion • First, a naïve evaluation of botnet size based on the count of distinct IPs yields grossly overestimated results. • Cultural Problem? The victims of botnets are often users with poorly maint ained machines that choose easily guessable passwords to protect access to sensitive sites. Education or better Social Engineering? • Ethics and Law issues interacting with registrars, hosting facilities, victim inst itutions, and law enforcement is a rather complicated pr ocess.