The current distribution of the endangered Mexican beech [ Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana (Martinez) Little] is restricted to
relict isolated populations in small remnants of montane cloud forest in northeastern Mexico, and little is known about its associated
biota. We sampled bolete diversity in two of these monospecifi c forests in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We compared alpha
diversity, including species richness and ensemble structure, and analyzed beta diversity (dissimilarity in species composition)
between forests. We found 26 bolete species, fi ve of which are probably new. Species diversity and evenness were similar between
forests. Beta diversity was low, and the similarities of bolete samples from within and between forests were not signifi cantly different.
These results support the idea that the two forests share a single bolete ensemble with a common history. In contrast,
cumulative species richness differed between the forests, implying that factors other than the mere presence of the host species
have contributed to shaping the biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in relict Mexican beech forests.
Key words: beta diversity; Boletaceae; community ecology; conservation; Fagaceae; Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana ; Hidalgo;
Mexico; montane cloud forest; species richness.
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
Characterised with its immense biodiversity and high levels of endemism, the Atlantic Tropical Forest has been facing serious anthropogenic threats over the last several decades, demanding for such activities and their effects to be closely studied and monitored as part of the forest dynamics.
Cattle farming, expanding agricultural land areas and mining have reduced the Atlantic Forest to many small patches of vegetation. As a result, important ecosystem services, such as carbon stock, are steadily diminishing as the biomass decreases.
Brazilian researchers, led by Dr. Écio Souza Diniz, Federal University of Viçosa, spent a decade monitoring a semi-deciduous forest located in an ecological park in Southeast Brazil. Their observations are published in the open access Biodiversity Data Journal.
The team surveyed two stands within the forest to present variations in the structure and diversity of the plants over time, along with their dynamics, including mortality and establishment rates. They based their findings on the most abundant tree species occurring within each stand.
At the forest stands, the most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation are concluded to be trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, which characterise advanced successional stage within the forest.
"It is fundamental that opportunities to monitor conserved sites of the Atlantic Forest are taken, so that studies about their dynamics are conducted in order to better understand how they work," note the scientists.
"The information from such surveys could improve the knowledge about the dynamics at anthropised and fragmented sites compared with protected areas."
Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-08-decade-dynamics-atlantic-tropical-forest.html#jCp
First record of Euphorbia golondrina L. C. Wheeler (Euphorbiaceae) in CameroonInnspub Net
New record of Euphorbia golondrina L.C. Wheeler, a species previously recorded as endemic for Mexico and the United States of America during the late 1930s and subsequently considered extirpated is presented for Cameroon and Africa. The present record obtained from a phytodiversity inventory carried out in Wabane sub division of the mount Bambouto Caldera and other sites in Cameroon, extends the distribution of E. golondrina to the southwest region of Cameroon and adds new marginal occurrence sites for this species. This study presents taxonomic comments, distribution maps and pictures of the species. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Chamaesyce’s subgenus of the genus Euphorbia is indicated. The current status of the species in Cameroon is elucidated, and recommendations for its conservation are offered.
Agroforestry systems restoration of semiaridCharlieSC4
Se revisó información ecológica y etnobotánica sobre bosques y sistemas agroforestales del Valle de Tehuacán, en el
centro de México, con el fin de analizar la utilidad de las técnicas de manejo tradicional para la restauración de zonas
semiáridas de México. Los sistemas agroforestales de la región involucran el uso de múltiples recursos vegetales por la
gente del área, promoviendo la conservación de la diversidad biológica en los sistemas agrícolas. Estimamos que estos
sistemas mantienen en promedio 57% de las especies presentes en las comunidades de cactáceas columnares, y cerca
del 94% de la diversidad genética de las especies de cactáceas columnares dominantes. Entre las especies mantenidas en
estos sistemas se incluyen algunas especies de árboles y arbustos de valor cultural y económico, los cuales son además
reconocidos por ecólogos como plantas nodrizas cruciales para el reclutamiento de plántulas de numerosas especies de
plantas nativas. El mantenimiento de elementos nativos de la vegetación en general y de plantas nodrizas en particular
favorece la conservación de la biodiversidad y de interacciones bióticas importantes para la restauración de la vegetación
y de la fertilidad del suelo tanto en ecosistemas naturales como transformados a nivel de paisaje.
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
Characterised with its immense biodiversity and high levels of endemism, the Atlantic Tropical Forest has been facing serious anthropogenic threats over the last several decades, demanding for such activities and their effects to be closely studied and monitored as part of the forest dynamics.
Cattle farming, expanding agricultural land areas and mining have reduced the Atlantic Forest to many small patches of vegetation. As a result, important ecosystem services, such as carbon stock, are steadily diminishing as the biomass decreases.
Brazilian researchers, led by Dr. Écio Souza Diniz, Federal University of Viçosa, spent a decade monitoring a semi-deciduous forest located in an ecological park in Southeast Brazil. Their observations are published in the open access Biodiversity Data Journal.
The team surveyed two stands within the forest to present variations in the structure and diversity of the plants over time, along with their dynamics, including mortality and establishment rates. They based their findings on the most abundant tree species occurring within each stand.
At the forest stands, the most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation are concluded to be trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, which characterise advanced successional stage within the forest.
"It is fundamental that opportunities to monitor conserved sites of the Atlantic Forest are taken, so that studies about their dynamics are conducted in order to better understand how they work," note the scientists.
"The information from such surveys could improve the knowledge about the dynamics at anthropised and fragmented sites compared with protected areas."
Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-08-decade-dynamics-atlantic-tropical-forest.html#jCp
First record of Euphorbia golondrina L. C. Wheeler (Euphorbiaceae) in CameroonInnspub Net
New record of Euphorbia golondrina L.C. Wheeler, a species previously recorded as endemic for Mexico and the United States of America during the late 1930s and subsequently considered extirpated is presented for Cameroon and Africa. The present record obtained from a phytodiversity inventory carried out in Wabane sub division of the mount Bambouto Caldera and other sites in Cameroon, extends the distribution of E. golondrina to the southwest region of Cameroon and adds new marginal occurrence sites for this species. This study presents taxonomic comments, distribution maps and pictures of the species. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Chamaesyce’s subgenus of the genus Euphorbia is indicated. The current status of the species in Cameroon is elucidated, and recommendations for its conservation are offered.
Agroforestry systems restoration of semiaridCharlieSC4
Se revisó información ecológica y etnobotánica sobre bosques y sistemas agroforestales del Valle de Tehuacán, en el
centro de México, con el fin de analizar la utilidad de las técnicas de manejo tradicional para la restauración de zonas
semiáridas de México. Los sistemas agroforestales de la región involucran el uso de múltiples recursos vegetales por la
gente del área, promoviendo la conservación de la diversidad biológica en los sistemas agrícolas. Estimamos que estos
sistemas mantienen en promedio 57% de las especies presentes en las comunidades de cactáceas columnares, y cerca
del 94% de la diversidad genética de las especies de cactáceas columnares dominantes. Entre las especies mantenidas en
estos sistemas se incluyen algunas especies de árboles y arbustos de valor cultural y económico, los cuales son además
reconocidos por ecólogos como plantas nodrizas cruciales para el reclutamiento de plántulas de numerosas especies de
plantas nativas. El mantenimiento de elementos nativos de la vegetación en general y de plantas nodrizas en particular
favorece la conservación de la biodiversidad y de interacciones bióticas importantes para la restauración de la vegetación
y de la fertilidad del suelo tanto en ecosistemas naturales como transformados a nivel de paisaje.
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
A ‘Mildly Interdependent Relationship' between Local People and a Protected ...CIFOR-ICRAF
The protected Moluccan cockatoo, a flagship species of the Manusela National Park, is often found in the human-modified forests surrounding the national park where local people practice ‘arboriculture’: modifying forests to cultivate and protect useful arboreal plants. The Moluccan cockatoo also finds these plants useful as forage and shelter. The villagers, in turn, occasionally trap the cockatoo for sale, particularly in times of hardship. The question is, what exactly is the nature of the relationship between the parrots, the people, and the human-modified forests? Are other species also benefiting from human-modified forests? And what role could human-modified forests then play in increasing conservation of biodiversity? CIFOR postdoc research fellow Masatoshi Sasaoka, CIFOR/CIRAD scientist Yves Laumonier, and CIFOR/FFPRI scientist Ken Sugimura gave this presentation at the 13th Congress of the International Society of Ethnobiology, held in Montpellier (France) on 20-25 May 2012.
The current distribution of the endangered Mexican beech [ Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana (Martinez) Little] is restricted to
relict isolated populations in small remnants of montane cloud forest in northeastern Mexico, and little is known about its associated
biota. We sampled bolete diversity in two of these monospecifi c forests in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We compared alpha
diversity, including species richness and ensemble structure, and analyzed beta diversity (dissimilarity in species composition)
between forests. We found 26 bolete species, fi ve of which are probably new. Species diversity and evenness were similar between
forests. Beta diversity was low, and the similarities of bolete samples from within and between forests were not signifi cantly different.
These results support the idea that the two forests share a single bolete ensemble with a common history. In contrast,
cumulative species richness differed between the forests, implying that factors other than the mere presence of the host species
have contributed to shaping the biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in relict Mexican beech forests.
Key words: beta diversity; Boletaceae; community ecology; conservation; Fagaceae; Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana ; Hidalgo;
Mexico; montane cloud forest; species richness.
F. Jafari *, A. Eslami **, M. Hasani*** and S.A. Hashemi***Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Whereas in seed origin forests and in close-to-nature silviculture, the future of forests depends on the stable establishment of saplings planted in the gaps; hence, the current study was done by selection sampling method with the aim of qualitative and quantitative investigation of natural regeneration based on the gap area in two different beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests: pure beech forest and beech with other species, in three areas of 0.5-1, 1.5-3 and 4-6 R, totally amounting to 60 gaps for two different beech types(30 gaps per type) in Sourdar Anarestan forest management plan, Mazandaran province, North of Iran. For sampling, five plots 4×4 and five micro plots 1×1 were used per each gap and regeneration in them was counted, measured and statistically analyzed. Number of saplings in different gaps was significantly different at 0.01for both types. The number of saplings in small and medium area gaps was higher, whereas that of the larger ones was lower. Concerning the mean area of gap with beech forest types, there was significant difference at 0.01.The area of gaps created in the mixed beech stand was more than that in the pure beech forest and according to Duncan's test, maximum gap area was aspect east and then aspect eastern north and west. Also, results showed that as the gap area increased, the number of saplings and their quality decreased for each type. Therefore, maximum the best gap area of 5to6 R can be suggested to secure the future of the planted saplings.
The latest statistics from WeChat place its monthly active users (MAU) at 700million, with audiences visiting the application upwards of 30 times per day.
While follower numbers for most brands continue to grow, the honeymoon appears to be over. Signs are starting to emerge that follower growth rates for brand accounts are slowing.
At the same time, the government has started to apply pressure to regulate H5 apps built onto WeChat. And Tencent itself is applying greater control over brand activities.
Brands will have to employ more effective content strategies on WeChat moving forward. In this presentation we share our tips to help brands continue to grow by attracting/retaining audiences on WeChat.
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
A ‘Mildly Interdependent Relationship' between Local People and a Protected ...CIFOR-ICRAF
The protected Moluccan cockatoo, a flagship species of the Manusela National Park, is often found in the human-modified forests surrounding the national park where local people practice ‘arboriculture’: modifying forests to cultivate and protect useful arboreal plants. The Moluccan cockatoo also finds these plants useful as forage and shelter. The villagers, in turn, occasionally trap the cockatoo for sale, particularly in times of hardship. The question is, what exactly is the nature of the relationship between the parrots, the people, and the human-modified forests? Are other species also benefiting from human-modified forests? And what role could human-modified forests then play in increasing conservation of biodiversity? CIFOR postdoc research fellow Masatoshi Sasaoka, CIFOR/CIRAD scientist Yves Laumonier, and CIFOR/FFPRI scientist Ken Sugimura gave this presentation at the 13th Congress of the International Society of Ethnobiology, held in Montpellier (France) on 20-25 May 2012.
The current distribution of the endangered Mexican beech [ Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana (Martinez) Little] is restricted to
relict isolated populations in small remnants of montane cloud forest in northeastern Mexico, and little is known about its associated
biota. We sampled bolete diversity in two of these monospecifi c forests in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We compared alpha
diversity, including species richness and ensemble structure, and analyzed beta diversity (dissimilarity in species composition)
between forests. We found 26 bolete species, fi ve of which are probably new. Species diversity and evenness were similar between
forests. Beta diversity was low, and the similarities of bolete samples from within and between forests were not signifi cantly different.
These results support the idea that the two forests share a single bolete ensemble with a common history. In contrast,
cumulative species richness differed between the forests, implying that factors other than the mere presence of the host species
have contributed to shaping the biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in relict Mexican beech forests.
Key words: beta diversity; Boletaceae; community ecology; conservation; Fagaceae; Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana ; Hidalgo;
Mexico; montane cloud forest; species richness.
F. Jafari *, A. Eslami **, M. Hasani*** and S.A. Hashemi***Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Whereas in seed origin forests and in close-to-nature silviculture, the future of forests depends on the stable establishment of saplings planted in the gaps; hence, the current study was done by selection sampling method with the aim of qualitative and quantitative investigation of natural regeneration based on the gap area in two different beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests: pure beech forest and beech with other species, in three areas of 0.5-1, 1.5-3 and 4-6 R, totally amounting to 60 gaps for two different beech types(30 gaps per type) in Sourdar Anarestan forest management plan, Mazandaran province, North of Iran. For sampling, five plots 4×4 and five micro plots 1×1 were used per each gap and regeneration in them was counted, measured and statistically analyzed. Number of saplings in different gaps was significantly different at 0.01for both types. The number of saplings in small and medium area gaps was higher, whereas that of the larger ones was lower. Concerning the mean area of gap with beech forest types, there was significant difference at 0.01.The area of gaps created in the mixed beech stand was more than that in the pure beech forest and according to Duncan's test, maximum gap area was aspect east and then aspect eastern north and west. Also, results showed that as the gap area increased, the number of saplings and their quality decreased for each type. Therefore, maximum the best gap area of 5to6 R can be suggested to secure the future of the planted saplings.
The latest statistics from WeChat place its monthly active users (MAU) at 700million, with audiences visiting the application upwards of 30 times per day.
While follower numbers for most brands continue to grow, the honeymoon appears to be over. Signs are starting to emerge that follower growth rates for brand accounts are slowing.
At the same time, the government has started to apply pressure to regulate H5 apps built onto WeChat. And Tencent itself is applying greater control over brand activities.
Brands will have to employ more effective content strategies on WeChat moving forward. In this presentation we share our tips to help brands continue to grow by attracting/retaining audiences on WeChat.
It’s not enough that you drink water every day. You have to make sure it’s the adequate amount and it’s absolutely safe and clean. To be guaranteed about your everyday drinking water, it would be a good idea buy water filter here in Singapore or anywhere you might be in the world.
20 Ideas for your Website Homepage ContentBarry Feldman
Perplexed about what to put on your website home? Every company deals with this tough challenge. The 20 ideas in this presentation should give you a strong starting point.
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICSEucalyptus Edge Effect on QEvonCanales257
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS
Eucalyptus Edge Effect on Quercus-Herbivore Interactions
in a Neotropical Temperate Forest
C HERNÁNDEZ-SANTIN1, M CUAUTLE1 , M DE LAS N BARRANCO-LEÓN2, J GARCÍA-GUZMÁN1, El BADANO2,
F LUNA-CASTELLANOS1
1Depto de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
2División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
AbstractKeywords
Quercus , herbivory, edge effect,
Lepidoptera caterpillars
Correspondence
M Cuautle, Depto de Ciencias Químico
Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla,
Cholula, Puebla, Mexico; [email protected]
hotmail.com
Edited by Martin F Pareja – UNICAMP
Received 18 June 2018 and accepted 26
April 2019
* Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2019
Fragmentation leads to the formation of edges between habitats, which in
turn changes biotic and abiotic factors that might influence herbivory or
plant-herbivory interactions. The aims of this study were to describe the
herbivory community associated with oak (Quercus) and to determine the
effects of proximity to a Eucalyptus edge and season on insect herbivory.
We selected three forest sites that were subsequently divided into three
quadrants located at different distances from the Eucalyptus edge: edge
(0 m), intermediate (30 m), and oak forest interior (60 m). We randomly
selected 10 oak trees per quadrant and conducted monthly surveys, during
the dry and rainy season (from February to October 2010), where we
quantified leaf area and the percentage of herbivory. These were analyzed
using linear mixed models, with distance and season as fixed factors and
individual and site as random factors. The primary oak herbivores were
Lepidoptera caterpillars. We found that herbivory increased away from
the edge but just during the rainy season, although higher herbivory levels
were found during the dry season. These results seem to be related to a
specialist community of herbivorous associated to the Quercus. This study
emphasizes the importance of considering border effect, especially within
Natural Protected Areas to establish strategies to improve and maintain
native oak forest and the biodiversity of its Lepidoptera herbivorous
community.
Introduction
Landscape modification due to anthropogenic activities (e.g.,
land conversion to agricultural or livestock) has resulted in
habitat fragmentation, one of the major threats for forest
conservation (Buckley 2000, Franklin et al 2002).
Fragmentation is defined as the disruption or breakdown of
large vegetation patches into smaller ones resulting in a dis-
continuity of resource distribution that affects species occu-
pancy, reproduction, and/or survival (Franklin et al 2002).
One of the important features of this phenomenon is an
increase in edge length relative to the forest area, particular-
ly in small habitat fragments (Laurance 1991, Laurance &
Yensen 1991, Murcia 1995, Laurance et al 2007, De
Carvalho ...
A High Grassland Bee Community in Southern Brazil: Survey and Annotated Check...Label-ha
Author(s): Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga and Paulo Nogueira Neto
http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.295
http://label-univille.blogspot.com.br/2013/09/a-high-grassland-bee-community-in.html
A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a Pinus wallichiana ...Innspub Net
The present investigation describes the structure and vegetation composition of the forest located in Murree Hills, Punjab, Pakistan. The study area is a part of Himalayans moist temperate forest. The vegetation zone entirely consists of shrubs or medium size trees. The plants give the appearance of a vast flower bed, composed principally of herbaceous species. These species are adapted to withstand the extremes of cold and desiccation. Study area range in altitude from 2100m-2300 m (A.S.L.). A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39 families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms contributed a major share while Pteridophytes contributed little to the floristic richness of the area. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics including Cluster Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and correlation co-efficient to detect the relations between altitudinal and some environmental factors with composition and structure of the plant communities. DCA axis 1 and axis 2 were used to interpret the data. Four vegetation types were delineated by Cluster Analysis which was then plotted on the first two axes a scattered diagram. The outcome of the cluster was confirmed by using DCA. There were significant differences in the flora composition as well as the edaphic factors along the altitudinal gradient. The results of the present investigation suggest a direct altitudinal and soil chemical factors pH, EC, cations and anions on the vegetation variation. Topography predicts species composition of the study area.
Population Structure and Threats to Sustainable Management of Woody Plant Spe...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess population structure and threat to the sustainable management of woody species in the various ago-ecosystems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) Katsina State, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 21 randomly demarcated 100m × 100m sample plots. All woody plant species found in the sample plots with stem diameter >2 cm at 20cm above ground, were recorded. Population structure was summarized by diameter classes. For the identification of threats, field and questionnaire surveys were used. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed at ten questionnaires per ward in five out of the 11 wards in the LGA. The highest numbers (350) of small diameter trees (0.1-1.0cm) were recorded in the agrosilvopastoral system. This was followed by silvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems with 89 and 85, respectively. However, the highest number of large diameter woody tree species was recorded in the silvopastoral system followed by agrosilvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems. The regular reverse J-shaped and fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral respectively, suggest a recuperating population. Over exploitation, debarking, de-branching, root- digging, leaf harvesting, seed harvesting, poor regeneration, slow rate of growth, wind effect and bush burning were the major threats to sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area are discussed and recommendations made.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
2. 894 American Journal of Botany [Vol. 97
Fig. 1. Location of the two Mexican beech forests sampled in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Distributions of Fagus grandifolia and F. grandifolia var.
mexicana were drawn from biodiversity occurrence data obtained from 42 databases accessed through GBIF Data Portal (http://www.gbif.net, 2009-
11-14). The current distribution of the cloud forest in Hidalgo was drawn from Velázquez et al. (2002).
In isolation, the two beech forests may have independently ac- in mean slope (t = −3.88, df =38, P ≤ 0.001), median arboreal cover (U = 285,
cumulated different bolete species, leading to differences in N = 20, P = 0.02) and the dbh of the nearest tree (U = 125, N = 20, P = 0.04).
Slope is steeper and there is more cover in La Mojonera than in Medio Monte,
alpha diversity and high beta diversity between forests. Alter- and dbh is greater in Medio Monte than in La Mojonera. Median litter depth (U =
natively, the bolete communities may have uniform alpha 207.5, N = 20, P = 0.850) and mean distance to the nearest tree (t = −0.242,
diversity and low beta diversity, reflecting the shared environ- df = 38, P = 0.810) are not statistically different between the two forests.
mental conditions or common historical origins of the relict
beech forests. Understanding the patterns of diversity among Field sampling—Bolete fruit bodies were collected once every 15 d over
ectomycorrhizal fungi will permit us to make conservation rec- 5 mo in the rainy season of 2007 (from July to November), for a total of 22
ommendations that take into account not only the trees, but also samples, 11 in each forest. No fruit bodies were found during four of those 11
sampling forays (July and late November in La Mojonera; July, late October,
the microbial environment upon which the trees depend. and early November in Medio Monte), resulting in seven successful samplings
at each forest.
We followed two sampling procedures: sampling in permanent plots and
MATERIALS AND METHODS opportunistic sampling (Mueller et al., 2004). Permanent plots of 100 × 100 m2
were set up in representative areas of each forest, as far as possible from human
Study areas—The study was carried out in two well-conserved, isolated settlements and roads. In each plot, we set 10 transects, 100 m in length and
forests where Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana is monodominant in the state of 10 m apart. We marked 20 sampling sites in each transect, each separated by
Hidalgo, Mexico (Fig. 1). One forest is La Mojonera, in the Zacualtipan mu- 5 m, for a total 200 sites in the plot. At each site, all bolete fruit bodies were
nicipality, located ca. 20°37′40″N and 98°37′15″W, at 1958 to 1991 m a.s.l. collected in a circular, 5-m2 subplot around the point, for a total sampling area
The other forest is Medio Monte in the municipality of San Bartolo Tutotepec, of 0.1 ha in each forest, resampled 11 times. During each sampling, opportunis-
located ca. 20°24′50″N and 98°14′24″W, at 1800 to 1944 m a.s.l. In both for- tic sampling was conducted by two people who directly searched for fruit bod-
ests, the soil type is Andisol, suborder Vitrands (nomenclature follows the U.S. ies for 2 h outside the permanent plot.
Soil Taxonomy of the United States Department of Agriculture) with the clear
presence of organic matter. The linear distance between forests is ca. 50 km, Taxonomic identification—All the fruit bodies encountered in the field
and both are surrounded by a matrix of montane cloud forest, with some patches were photographed and put into waxed paper bags for transport to the labora-
of cattle pastures. We did not find any other potential ectomycorrhizal hosts, tory. Taxonomic identification was based on macroscopic morphological
either within or surrounding the permanent sampling plots of either forest. descriptions and color changes with chemical reagents (KOH 3–10%, FeSO4
To characterize any environmental differences between the two forests, we 10%, and NH4OH 3–70%). Also, microscopic samples of dehydrated material
assessed five variables at 20 randomly selected sampling sites in the permanent were examined to characterize the size (length and width) and shape of micro-
plots (see below) where boletes were sampled: arboreal cover, distance to the scopic structures such as basidiospores, basidia, and cystidia. All this informa-
nearest tree, diameter at breast height (dbh) of the nearest tree, slope, and litter tion was used to identify specimens with the taxonomic keys available and
depth. At each sampling site, these variables were measured four times, once in expert opinion. Dehydrated specimens were deposited in the Mycological Col-
the direction of each cardinal point, and the mean value was calculated at each lection of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (M-UAEH), and
point for each variable. The two forests have statistically significant differences voucher information is provided in Appendix 1. A taxonomic description of
3. May 2010] Rodríguez-Ramírez and Moreno—Boletes in Mexican beech forests 895
each species and a dichotomous taxonomic key is available in Rodríguez- Table 1. Boletaceae species collected in two Mexican beech forests in the
Ramírez (2009). state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Key codes indicate fruit body abundance,
shown in Fig. 3.
Data analysis—To include only standardized samples for the alpha diver-
sity analyses, we used only data collected in the permanent plots, but for the Species Key
beta diversity analysis, we used data collected with both procedures (permanent
Boletellus russellii (Frost) E. J. Gilbert (1931) O
plots and opportunistic sampling).
Boletus hypocarycinus Singer (1945) R
Before analyzing alpha diversity, we assessed the completeness of the
Boletus miniato-olivaceus Frost (1874) S
bolete inventories in each forest as the proportion of observed species richness
Boletus rubropunctus Peck (1904) A
relative to maximum expected richness. Expected richness was calculated using
Boletus sp. 1 Q
two nonparametric richness estimators, ICE and ACE, which are based on inci-
Leccinum albellum (Peck) Singer (1945) T
dence and abundance data, respectively (Colwell, 2006). These estimators were
Leccinum eximium (Peck) Singer (1973) D
calculated with the program EstimateS version 8.0.0 (Colwell, 2006). Given
that total number of fruit bodies collected in each forest was markedly different, Leccinum rugosiceps (Peck) Singer (1905) P
we compared cumulative species richness using rarefaction to standardize sam- Leccinum sp. 1 N
ples. Rarefaction curves based on the number of fruit bodies collected, with Leccinum tablense Halling & G. M. Mueller (2003) H
standard errors, were calculated with the software Species Diversity and Rich- Phlebopus sp. 1 L
ness version 3.0.2 (Henderson and Seaby, 2002). Species abundance structure Phylloporus leucomycellinus Singer & M. H. Ivory (1978) V
was plotted in rank–abundance graphs. The Shannon diversity and Pielou even- Phylloporus sp. 1 K
ness indexes were calculated with 95% confidence intervals obtained by boot- Pulveroboletus cramesinus (Secr. ex Watling) M. M. Moser ex Singer M
strap resampling using the Species Diversity and Richness software (Henderson (1966)
and Seaby, 2002). Retiboletus retipes (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Manfr. Binder & Bresinsky I
To assess beta diversity between the two sampled forests, we drew Venn (2002)
diagrams with the number of species and genera in three groups: those present Strobilomyces confusus Singer (1945) U
only in La Mojonera, those present only in Medio Monte, and those shared by Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karsten (1818) G
both forests. As a measure of beta diversity, we calculated the complementarity Tylopilus rubrobrunneus Mazzer & A. H. Smith (1976) B
of the two forests, using the index described by Colwell and Coddington (1994), Tylopilus tabacinus (Peck) Singer (1896) E
at the genus and species levels. Then, to test statistical differences in similarity Tylopilus vinosobrunneus Hongo (1979) J
between the two forests, we performed a nonparametric one-way analysis of Xanthoconium separans (Peck) Halling & Both (1998) F
similarity (ANOSIM; Clarke and Warwick, 1994). The null hypothesis of the Xerocomus sp. 1 C
ANOSIM was that there are no statistical differences in species composition Pulveroboletus ravenelii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Murrill (1909)a
between the two forests, i.e., mean similarity between pairs of samples within a Boletellus betula (Schwein.) E. J. Gilbert (1931)a
forest is not different from the similarity between pairs of samples from differ- Boletus pallidus Frost (1874)a
ent forests. Then, to search for temporal or spatial groups of samples according Boletus roseolateritius Bessette, Both & Dunaway (2003)a
to their similarity in species composition, we constructed single linkage cluster a Species collected only during opportunistic sampling outside permanent
dendrograms. To see the influence of using presence/absence or fruit body sampling plots (see Materials and Methods).
abundance data, we calculated both the ANOSIM and cluster analysis using
two similarity measures: qualitative and quantitative Sørensen coefficients.
These two analyses were performed using the PRIMER ver. 5.0 program (H′ = 2.269, J′ =0.734), but not significantly so, given that their
(Clarke and Gorley, 2001). 95% confidence intervals overlap. Thus, the rank–abundance
graphs are similar for the permanent plots of both forests
(Fig. 3), where the most abundant species is Boletus rubropunc-
RESULTS tus, which accounted for 35.79% of the total fruit bodies in
La Mojonera and 24.64% in Medio Monte. Tylopilus rubrob-
We found 484 fruit bodies from 26 bolete species in the runneus was also very abundant at both sites, while T. tabaci-
Mexican beech forests sampled (Table 1), five of which are nus was abundant at La Mojonera but rare at Medio Monte. The
probably new species, and thus new records for Mexico (to be
described elsewhere). Within the permanent plots, we found
333 fruit bodies from 20 bolete species in La Mojonera forest
and 144 fruit bodies from 14 species in Medio Monte. With op-
portunistic sampling, we found four additional species repre-
sented by seven fruit bodies, along with many species that we
had also found in the permanent plots (Table 1). For the perma-
nent plots of both forests, the ICE richness estimator predicted
a higher maximum number of species (26 species for La
Mojonera and 16.26 species for Medio Monte) than the ACE
estimator (21 and 14.64 species for La Mojonera and Medio
Monte, respectively). Thus, according to the incidence-based
estimator, the species inventory within the permanent plot at
La Mojonera is 77% complete, and the inventory of Medio
Monte is 86% complete; while for the abundance-based estima-
tors both inventories are >95% complete.
Even after we standardized the sampling effort to a total of
144 fruit bodies per forest, rarefaction curves showed a signifi-
cantly higher cumulative richness in the permanent plot at
La Mojonera (20 species) than at Medio Monte (14 species, Fig. 2. Rarefaction curves for boletes in the two Mexican beech
Fig. 2). Ecological diversity and evenness at La Mojonera forests studied, for the species collected in permanent plots. The bars are
are also higher (H′ = 2.328, J′ = 0.753) than at Medio Monte standard errors.
4. 896 American Journal of Botany [Vol. 97
DISCUSSION
At present, Mexican beech is restricted to isolated popula-
tions in the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, probably
because of historical events such as the retreat and expansion of
its distribution during glacial and interglacial periods in the
Pliocene and Pleistocene (Williams-Linera et al., 2003). These
events may have shaped the biodiversity associated with these
relicts of Mexican beech forests, including that of the ectomyc-
Fig. 3. Rank–abundance plots of bolete ensembles collected in perma- orrhizal fungi. Our results support the idea that independent of
nent plots in the two Mexican beech forests studied. Species codes are the isolation of forests, there is a single bolete ensemble with a
given in Table 1. Relative species abundance (ni/N) was plotted on a loga- common history in the two forests studied.
rithmic scale against the species-rank ordered by species from those with The community structure of the boletes is similar in the two
the most fruit bodies to those with the fewest.
forests in terms of diversity and evenness, with Boletus rubro-
punctus and Tylopilus rubrobrunneus the most abundant spe-
rarest species at both sites was Strobilomyces confusus, with cies. Beta diversity was low, and ANOSIM detected no
only one fruit body in each forest. significant difference in sample similarity within and between
For beta diversity between forests, the complementarity forests. This result can be considered robust given that the com-
index is only 9% at the genus level (Fig. 4), given that 10 genera pleteness of our bolete inventories is high, whereas undersam-
were shared and only one genus was exclusive to La Mojonera pling would result in lower observed similarity values compared
(Xerocomus). At the species level, the complementarity value with the true similarity values from complete species invento-
reaches 42.30% (Fig. 4) because 15 species were shared be- ries (Chao et al., 2005). However, time intervals between sam-
tween the two forests, nine of which (Boletus hypocarycinus, pling events, as well as environmental and phenological
Boletus sp. 1., B. betula, B. pallidus, B. pallidoroseus, Lecci- conditions may influence fruit body detectability in samples
num tablense, Leccinum sp. 1., Tylopilus vinosobrunneus, and (Unterseher et al., 2005; Osono and Takeda, 2006).
Xerocomus sp. 1) were found exclusively at La Mojonera and Baselga et al. (2007; Baselga, 2010) explained how beta
two (L. eximium and Phylloporus leucomycellinus) at Medio diversity may be caused by two different phenomena: true spe-
Monte only. cies turnover and nestedness. Nestedness occurs when the biota
Bolete samples from within the same forest were not signifi- of sites with smaller numbers of species are subsets of the biota
cantly more similar than samples from between forests based at richer sites, reflecting a nonrandom process of species loss.
on either the abundance data (ANOSIM: R = 0.15; P = 0.052) In contrast, spatial turnover implies the replacement of some
or the incidence data (R = 0.15; P = 0.051). Neither the cluster species by others as a consequence of environmental sorting or
analysis from the indexes of similarity nor the abundance of spatial and historical constraints (Baselga, 2010 and references
boletes revealed clear temporal or spatial groupings of therein). In this study, though low, the beta diversity of boletes
samples. that we found resulted from the rate of species turnover, be-
cause some species were replaced by different species in both
forests, so the forest’s species compositions are not subsets of
each other. La Mojonera forest clearly harbors more bolete spe-
cies richness than Medio Monte does. This richness may be
related to the current environmental conditions at La Mojonera.
Bolete diversity might be responding to the steeper slope and
greater degree of arboreal cover than recorded for Medio Monte.
However, more research on the particular responses of ectomy-
corrhizal fungi to forest structure and microclimate are needed
to understand the symbiosis. For example, ectomycorrhizal
species richness may be positively related to forest size
(Newton and Haigh, 1998; Peay et al., 2007) and soil type
(Gehring et al., 1998). In La Mojonera, the forest is considered
one of the most important populations of Mexican beech in
terms of its conservation status because it is structurally well
developed and regenerating, as indicated by its seedling and
sapling densities (Williams-Linera et al., 2003). This Fagus
population at La Mojonera is probably the largest and most ge-
netically heterogeneous population in Mexico (Pérez, 1999).
Plant and landscape ecology studies are needed to characterize
the current status of the relict Mexican beech forests. Also, an
assessment of the threats to its conservation is needed, given
that at present there are no laws or programs to protect Fagus
Fig. 4. Venn diagrams with a schematic representation of bolete beta
diversity components: the total number of taxa (genera and species) found
and the species associated with it.
in only one of the two forests (exclusive) and the number of species shared Although a significant proportion of ectomycorrhizal fungi
by both Mexican beech forests. The percentage of complementarity in might exhibit host specificity (Newton and Haigh, 1998; Ishida
species composition between forests was calculated using the index de- et al., 2007), fortunately from a conservation perspective, sev-
scribed by Colwell and Coddington (1994). eral of the bolete species that we report in this study have other
5. May 2010] Rodríguez-Ramírez and Moreno—Boletes in Mexican beech forests 897
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Appendix 1. Voucher information of Boletaceae species collected at two Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana forest in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. All dehydrated
specimens are deposited in the Mycological Collection of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mexico.
Taxon; Voucher specimen; Collection locale.
Boletellus russellii (Frost) E. J. Gilbert (1931); M-UAEH749, M-UAEH782, Tutotepec. Pulveroboletus cramesinus (Secr. ex Watling) M.M. Moser
M-UAEH783; La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. Boletus hypo- ex Singer (1966); M-UAEH779, M-UAEH780; La Mojonera, Zacualtipán
carycinus Singer (1945); M-UAEH754; La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de de Ángeles. Retiboletus retipes (Berk. y M.A. Curtis) Manfr. Binder y
Ángeles. B. miniato-olivaceus Frost (1874); M-UAEH781; La Mojonera, Bresinsky (2002); M-UAEH769, M-UAEH770; Medio Monte, San Bartolo
Zacualtipán de Ángeles. B. rubropunctum Peck; M-UAEH751, Tutotepec, and La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. Strobilomyces
M-UAEH762; Medio Monte, San Bartolo Tutotepec, and La Mojonera, confusus Singer (1945); M-UAEH169; Medio Monte, San Bartolo
Zacualtipán de Ángeles. Boletus sp. 1; M-UAEH752; La Mojonera, Tutotepec. Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karsten (1818); M-UAEH760;
Zacualtipán de Ángeles. Leccinum albellum (Peck) Singer (1945); La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. T. rubrobrunneus Mazzer y A. H.
M-UAEH766; Medio Monte, San Bartolo Tutotepec. L. eximium Smith (1976); M-UAEH745, M-UAEH746, M-UAEH755, M-UAEH756,
(Peck) Singer (1973); M-UAEH767, M-UAEH768; Medio Monte, San M-UAEH757, M-UAEH758, M-UAEH759; Medio Monte, San Bartolo
Bartolo Tutotepec. L. rugosiceps (Peck) Singer (1905); M-UAEH771, Tutotepec, and La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. T. tabacinus (Peck)
M-UAEH772; La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. L. sp.1; Singer (1896); M-UAEH742, M-UAEH743, M-UAEH784, M-UAEH785;
M-UAEH753; La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. L. tablense Halling La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles, and Medio Monte, San Bartolo
y G. M. Mueller (2003); M-UAEH750, M-UAEH761; La Mojonera, Tutotepec. T. vinosobrunneus Hongo (1979); M-UAEH774, M-UAEH775,
Zacualtipán de Ángeles. Phlebopus sp.1; M-UAEH763, M-UAEH764; M-UAEH776; La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. Xanthoconium
La Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles. Phylloporus leucomycellinus separans (Peck) Halling y Both (1998); M-UAEH777, M-UAEH778;
Singer y M.H. Ivory (1978); M-UAEH748; Medio Monte, San Bartolo Medio Monte, San Bartolo Tutotepec. Xerocomus sp.1; M-UAEH744; La
Tutotepec. Phylloporus sp.1; M-UAEH773; Medio Monte, San Bartolo Mojonera, Zacualtipán de Ángeles.