Over the past 300 years, educators have consistently expressed concern that students rely too heavily on new technologies for writing and calculation. Early educators worried that students could not write without slate or make their own ink. Later critics argued students did not know how to sharpen pencils or write with quill pens. In the 20th century, concerns shifted to ballpoint pens, handheld calculators, and eventually computers. However, technologies that were once seen as luxuries or detrimental to learning are now commonly used in modern education.