The document summarizes the disproportionate impact of the recession on black men's employment. It finds that black men have faced high unemployment rates and limited job prospects. The recession has exacerbated these issues, with black male unemployment reaching 15.4% in March 2009, more than double the white male rate. The document recommends policies to promote equal opportunity, such as combating discrimination, unemployment insurance reform, and supporting unions. It also recommends job training programs and reentry services to expand employment opportunities for black men.
The modern era of “workforce development” can trace its roots back to the Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA) of the 1960s and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) of the 1970s. Notable legislative milestones that followed included the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of the 1980s that established a stronger role for employers via “private industry councils”, and then the Workforce Investment Act in the 1990s that emphasized service/funding coordination via “one stop centers.” It seems apparent that we are desperately in need of another transition as the Workforce Investment Act (WIA), passed in 1998 as a 5-year law continues to operate on year-to-year extensions combined with funding reductions. This session will discuss the needs and demands of the current workforce system and future policy course.
The Estonian Economy, No. 1, 10 March 2011Swedbank
The unemployment rate in Estonia fell to 13.6% in the fourth quarter of 2010, down from a peak of 19.8% in early 2009, as employment grew by 2.1%. However, further rapid improvement in unemployment is limited by structural imbalances in the labor market such as a mismatch of skills and lack of mobility. While unemployment is decreasing, long-term unemployment is still rising annually, increasing social costs. Employment increased the most in sectors such as transportation, construction, and domestic trade.
We share the National Report of the social, economic and labor situation for Colombia in 2010, a study traditionally launched by the 1st of may by the ENS.
In this version of the study, is remarkable the increase for the child work, informal work and the lack of generation of new jobs, despite the economic growth lived by Colombia, specially given due the Increase of Diretc Foreign Investment.
Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)Monika Sosnowska
The document analyzes the income earning gap between men and women in Canada from 2006 to 2012. It finds that the gap narrowed over this period. Several key factors contributed to the decreasing gap, including women obtaining more education degrees and pursuing higher-paying careers. While family responsibilities still correlate with lower incomes for women, the effect of having children on earnings is smaller than in the past. Overall, women saw faster wage growth and greater representation in higher-income brackets and fields between 2006-2012 compared to men.
Brazil and the talent war (notes included)Rob Brouwer
This document discusses Brazil's growing economy and talent gap challenges. It notes that while Brazil has experienced significant economic growth and an expanding middle class, its education system has not kept pace, resulting in a shortage of skilled professionals. This talent gap presents difficulties for companies in hiring qualified workers and retaining top talent. The document advocates adopting an integrated, brand-focused approach to recruitment with targeted messaging to attract and engage potential job candidates across different media and throughout the entire hiring process.
Workforce Analysis and Education Alignment Strategyoiiannie
This document provides a workforce analysis and education alignment strategy for strengthening the Tulsa region. It analyzes labor market, economic, demographic, and educational trends for the Tulsa region and three target neighborhoods - West Tulsa, North Tulsa, and East Tulsa. The analysis found differing economic conditions and demographic characteristics between the neighborhoods. It also identified gaps between the skills of local residents and needs of growing industries like manufacturing. The document makes recommendations to better connect residents to local job opportunities through improved education, communication, collaboration, and capacity.
Employment continued to edge up in June (+80,000), and the
unemployment rate was unchanged at 8.2 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Professional and business services added jobs,
and employment in other major industries changed little over the month.
2014 Charting international labor comparisonsRichard Han
The document provides charts comparing key labor market indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, compensation costs, productivity, and inflation across various countries from 1970-2012. It finds that while unemployment increased in most countries after the 2008 recession, labor markets have shown signs of recovery in North America and parts of Asia. Youth unemployment remains high in Southern Europe. The share of employment in agriculture and manufacturing has declined almost everywhere as services employment has increased. Labor force participation of women has grown globally but remains lower than men's in most countries. Compensation costs have increased the most in emerging economies but remain far lower than in developed nations.
The modern era of “workforce development” can trace its roots back to the Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA) of the 1960s and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) of the 1970s. Notable legislative milestones that followed included the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of the 1980s that established a stronger role for employers via “private industry councils”, and then the Workforce Investment Act in the 1990s that emphasized service/funding coordination via “one stop centers.” It seems apparent that we are desperately in need of another transition as the Workforce Investment Act (WIA), passed in 1998 as a 5-year law continues to operate on year-to-year extensions combined with funding reductions. This session will discuss the needs and demands of the current workforce system and future policy course.
The Estonian Economy, No. 1, 10 March 2011Swedbank
The unemployment rate in Estonia fell to 13.6% in the fourth quarter of 2010, down from a peak of 19.8% in early 2009, as employment grew by 2.1%. However, further rapid improvement in unemployment is limited by structural imbalances in the labor market such as a mismatch of skills and lack of mobility. While unemployment is decreasing, long-term unemployment is still rising annually, increasing social costs. Employment increased the most in sectors such as transportation, construction, and domestic trade.
We share the National Report of the social, economic and labor situation for Colombia in 2010, a study traditionally launched by the 1st of may by the ENS.
In this version of the study, is remarkable the increase for the child work, informal work and the lack of generation of new jobs, despite the economic growth lived by Colombia, specially given due the Increase of Diretc Foreign Investment.
Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)Monika Sosnowska
The document analyzes the income earning gap between men and women in Canada from 2006 to 2012. It finds that the gap narrowed over this period. Several key factors contributed to the decreasing gap, including women obtaining more education degrees and pursuing higher-paying careers. While family responsibilities still correlate with lower incomes for women, the effect of having children on earnings is smaller than in the past. Overall, women saw faster wage growth and greater representation in higher-income brackets and fields between 2006-2012 compared to men.
Brazil and the talent war (notes included)Rob Brouwer
This document discusses Brazil's growing economy and talent gap challenges. It notes that while Brazil has experienced significant economic growth and an expanding middle class, its education system has not kept pace, resulting in a shortage of skilled professionals. This talent gap presents difficulties for companies in hiring qualified workers and retaining top talent. The document advocates adopting an integrated, brand-focused approach to recruitment with targeted messaging to attract and engage potential job candidates across different media and throughout the entire hiring process.
Workforce Analysis and Education Alignment Strategyoiiannie
This document provides a workforce analysis and education alignment strategy for strengthening the Tulsa region. It analyzes labor market, economic, demographic, and educational trends for the Tulsa region and three target neighborhoods - West Tulsa, North Tulsa, and East Tulsa. The analysis found differing economic conditions and demographic characteristics between the neighborhoods. It also identified gaps between the skills of local residents and needs of growing industries like manufacturing. The document makes recommendations to better connect residents to local job opportunities through improved education, communication, collaboration, and capacity.
Employment continued to edge up in June (+80,000), and the
unemployment rate was unchanged at 8.2 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. Professional and business services added jobs,
and employment in other major industries changed little over the month.
2014 Charting international labor comparisonsRichard Han
The document provides charts comparing key labor market indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, compensation costs, productivity, and inflation across various countries from 1970-2012. It finds that while unemployment increased in most countries after the 2008 recession, labor markets have shown signs of recovery in North America and parts of Asia. Youth unemployment remains high in Southern Europe. The share of employment in agriculture and manufacturing has declined almost everywhere as services employment has increased. Labor force participation of women has grown globally but remains lower than men's in most countries. Compensation costs have increased the most in emerging economies but remain far lower than in developed nations.
The document analyzes employment trends in the Canadian federal public service between 1995 and 2006. Some key findings include:
- The number of federal employees declined slightly over this period, falling from nearly 382,000 in 1995 to just over 380,700 in 2006. The sharpest decline occurred between 1995 and 1999.
- Since 1999, federal employment has increased by over 54,000, an average annual growth rate of 2.2%, as the numbers have rebounded from a low in 1999.
- Knowledge-based workers, such as scientists, professionals, computer specialists and analysts, increased their share of the federal workforce. They represented 58% of core federal employees in 2006, up from 41% in 1995
The following fact sheet distills some of the more problematic indicators of young adults are faring today, including employment & earnings, post-secondary education, as well as the accumulation of debt & assets.
The impact of globalisation on the informal sector in africaDr Lendy Spires
The informal sector plays a dominant role in African economies, accounting for around three-quarters of non-agricultural employment. Globalization and economic reforms have contributed to growth of the informal sector and a decline in formal sector jobs over recent decades. This poses a challenge for policymakers who seek to promote growth while improving conditions for informal workers. The paper aims to further understanding of the informal sector in Africa and how globalization impacts it, in order to recommend appropriate policy responses.
Skills gap: reality or myth?
The presumed mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the needs of employers, commonly referred to as the “skills gap,” has garnered the attention of politicians, employers, economic developers, and professionals in workforce and education. A number of authoritative sources—Manpower, Deloitte, McKinsey—point to statistics which show that, despite relatively high levels of unemployment, a number of jobs are going unfilled because employers can’t find candidates with the skills they want. This issue will be the subject of discussion led by TIP’s president and CEO, Tom Stellman, at the Texas Economic Development Council’s 2013 Legislative Conference this week. Get a preview of his slides here.
Several factors are contributing to this gap, including an aging workforce, an education system focused on 4-year degrees, the growing use of automation, and distortions caused by the labor demands of the energy sector. Yet some argue the current situation is less of a “skills” gap than a “wage” gap. Manufacturing wages have stagnated as the value of goods produced per worker has soared. This lackluster performance can make it even harder to attract young workers to manufacturing careers, particularly in a culture that often perceives the industry as a less–than-desirable option for its children.
Even if we could agree on its existence, the question of how best to fill it remains. Focusing on education is at the heart of many initiatives. Yet even if education is the answer, the challenges of timing the flow of workers with the needs of industry remains. Trying to predict which skills will be in demand can result in well-meaning training programs that produce a number of workers in a particular industry only to find that the economy has moved on and left these newly minted skills in the dust.
So, reality or myth? Maybe, like many of life’s questions, the answer is a little of both.
NOTE: The Geography of Jobs slide is a data visualization- go to http://tipstrategies.com/geography-of-jobs/ to see the animation.
Employment Trends of the Young (Age 25-34) in Metro AtlantaARCResearch
Looks at employment trends by age cohort in metro Atlanta, focusing on the how the important demographic of the 25-34 year old age cohort has fared since the Great Recession.
Best Practices for Recruiting and Retaining Millennial Employees to Organizat...Will Johnson
This document summarizes research on best practices for recruiting and retaining millennial employees in Iowa. It examines Iowa businesses' current efforts to recruit and retain millennials and assesses their effectiveness through a literature review, survey, and interviews. The results provide a framework for measuring Iowa business practices against millennial preferences and outlines best practices organizations can adopt. Millennials seek purpose, pay, and professional development. They expect flexible schedules, mentorship, collaborative cultures, and work-life integration. Iowa faces challenges like lower wages and brain drain that make retaining millennial talent difficult. Effective onboarding programs are important for aligning new employees, especially millennials, with an organization's mission from the start.
This document discusses the impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth. It finds that gender gaps in both education and employment considerably reduce economic growth. Specifically:
- Gender gaps in education reduce human capital accumulation and have negative externalities by increasing fertility and lowering education levels of future generations.
- Gender gaps in employment also distort economies and reduce competitiveness by depriving countries of relatively cheap female labor. They can increase fertility and lower economic growth.
- The costs of gender gaps in education and employment in regions like the Middle East and North Africa and South Asia have amounted to 0.1-1.7 percentage points lower annual growth compared to East Asia. While gender gaps in education have large negative effects
This document discusses analyzing the gender income gap in Canada using data from the 2011 National Household Survey. It hypothesizes that the gap may be explained by differences in human capital, occupational segregation, and sociological factors. Tables from the survey data show women are underrepresented in high-paying management jobs and have lower incomes than men even with the same education and work in the same industries. The document proposes using an Oaxaca decomposition model to identify how much of the income gap can be explained by differences in individual characteristics versus unexplained discrimination.
This report examines the links between employment, gender, and poverty. It finds that informal employment makes up 50-80% of total non-agricultural employment in developing countries. When agricultural workers are included, the percentage is even higher. Over 60% of working women in developing countries outside of agriculture are in informal employment. Women workers are not only concentrated in the informal economy, but in more precarious forms with unreliable and meagre earnings. The report argues that promoting decent work for women in the informal economy and strengthening organizations of informal workers are vital for effective poverty reduction policies and gender equality.
The document discusses social stratification and systems of stratification including open and closed systems. It provides data on income, wealth, socioeconomic status, prestige ratings for different occupations, poverty rates by race/ethnicity, education levels and age groups. It also discusses the working poor, distributions of household income and rates of health insurance coverage.
1) Infrastructure investment is key to driving economic growth in India. It not only improves productivity but also the marginal productivity of land, labor, and capital.
2) India needs to significantly scale up infrastructure investment to sustain high growth. The 12th five-year plan projects doubling infrastructure investment to $1025 billion, or 9.9% of GDP.
3) Financing this investment will require larger public sector outlays coupled with disproportionately higher private investment, which will need to increase to 50% by the 12th plan. Both domestic and international financial institutions must play a role in funding infrastructure.
The document discusses developing a business plan for a mobile PC company. It outlines the executive summary, table of contents, business description, operations, financial planning, and supporting documents. The plan is to build a company that develops compact, high-performance mobile PCs to meet user needs for portable computing.
The document provides guidelines for writing effective business emails. It discusses how business emails should be concise, polite, and free of grammatical errors. Common tips include using a clear subject line, brief messages, and signing off professionally. Mistakes to avoid are sending emails without proofreading or including the recipient. Overall, business emails require a formal tone and style different from personal emails.
Terry Allen is a sales executive with over 15 years of experience achieving sales targets and building client relationships. He has a track record of success, including multiple awards for top sales performance. References provide positive feedback, praising his problem-solving skills, work ethic, customer service, and ability to consistently exceed sales goals.
The Japanese yen has strengthened despite Japan suffering an earthquake disaster and stock market decline. This is because companies are selling overseas assets and repatriating funds to Japan in yen due to increased risk aversion and need for cash domestically to deal with the aftermath. A strong yen harms Japan's export-driven economy by making Japanese goods more expensive overseas and reducing tourism. The government may intervene to weaken the yen if its strength continues and hinders an economic recovery.
The document discusses increasing unemployment rates and reasons for unemployment. It notes private sector employment has been negative for 10 years, with 8 million jobs lost during the recession. Unemployment duration and rates are at record highs. Reducing unemployment will require stimulating all three engines of the economy - consumers, businesses, and government - as each are currently struggling. The document proposes a non-profit jobs program as a potential "fourth engine" to reduce unemployment.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of the 2009 US job market. It explores the state of the labor market in light of the economic slowdown in 2008 which caused unemployment to rise from 5% to 7% and over 2 million job losses. It examines unemployment rates globally and different industries in the US that were particularly impacted, such as financial services, manufacturing, and construction. It also looks at future job opportunities in areas like healthcare, technology, and green jobs. Overall, the summary analyzes the state of the US job market in 2009 and how the economic crisis transformed the labor landscape.
Full employment and decent work for all regional high lightsDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses employment challenges and highlights across five United Nations regional commissions: ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, and ESCWA. It summarizes key employment statistics and challenges in each region, including issues like jobless growth, high youth unemployment, lack of opportunities for women, and prevalence of low-paying informal work. The commissions play an important role in addressing these regional employment issues through analysis, advocacy, and facilitating cooperation between countries to share best practices.
The document analyzes employment trends in the Canadian federal public service between 1995 and 2006. Some key findings include:
- The number of federal employees declined slightly over this period, falling from nearly 382,000 in 1995 to just over 380,700 in 2006. The sharpest decline occurred between 1995 and 1999.
- Since 1999, federal employment has increased by over 54,000, an average annual growth rate of 2.2%, as the numbers have rebounded from a low in 1999.
- Knowledge-based workers, such as scientists, professionals, computer specialists and analysts, increased their share of the federal workforce. They represented 58% of core federal employees in 2006, up from 41% in 1995
The following fact sheet distills some of the more problematic indicators of young adults are faring today, including employment & earnings, post-secondary education, as well as the accumulation of debt & assets.
The impact of globalisation on the informal sector in africaDr Lendy Spires
The informal sector plays a dominant role in African economies, accounting for around three-quarters of non-agricultural employment. Globalization and economic reforms have contributed to growth of the informal sector and a decline in formal sector jobs over recent decades. This poses a challenge for policymakers who seek to promote growth while improving conditions for informal workers. The paper aims to further understanding of the informal sector in Africa and how globalization impacts it, in order to recommend appropriate policy responses.
Skills gap: reality or myth?
The presumed mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the needs of employers, commonly referred to as the “skills gap,” has garnered the attention of politicians, employers, economic developers, and professionals in workforce and education. A number of authoritative sources—Manpower, Deloitte, McKinsey—point to statistics which show that, despite relatively high levels of unemployment, a number of jobs are going unfilled because employers can’t find candidates with the skills they want. This issue will be the subject of discussion led by TIP’s president and CEO, Tom Stellman, at the Texas Economic Development Council’s 2013 Legislative Conference this week. Get a preview of his slides here.
Several factors are contributing to this gap, including an aging workforce, an education system focused on 4-year degrees, the growing use of automation, and distortions caused by the labor demands of the energy sector. Yet some argue the current situation is less of a “skills” gap than a “wage” gap. Manufacturing wages have stagnated as the value of goods produced per worker has soared. This lackluster performance can make it even harder to attract young workers to manufacturing careers, particularly in a culture that often perceives the industry as a less–than-desirable option for its children.
Even if we could agree on its existence, the question of how best to fill it remains. Focusing on education is at the heart of many initiatives. Yet even if education is the answer, the challenges of timing the flow of workers with the needs of industry remains. Trying to predict which skills will be in demand can result in well-meaning training programs that produce a number of workers in a particular industry only to find that the economy has moved on and left these newly minted skills in the dust.
So, reality or myth? Maybe, like many of life’s questions, the answer is a little of both.
NOTE: The Geography of Jobs slide is a data visualization- go to http://tipstrategies.com/geography-of-jobs/ to see the animation.
Employment Trends of the Young (Age 25-34) in Metro AtlantaARCResearch
Looks at employment trends by age cohort in metro Atlanta, focusing on the how the important demographic of the 25-34 year old age cohort has fared since the Great Recession.
Best Practices for Recruiting and Retaining Millennial Employees to Organizat...Will Johnson
This document summarizes research on best practices for recruiting and retaining millennial employees in Iowa. It examines Iowa businesses' current efforts to recruit and retain millennials and assesses their effectiveness through a literature review, survey, and interviews. The results provide a framework for measuring Iowa business practices against millennial preferences and outlines best practices organizations can adopt. Millennials seek purpose, pay, and professional development. They expect flexible schedules, mentorship, collaborative cultures, and work-life integration. Iowa faces challenges like lower wages and brain drain that make retaining millennial talent difficult. Effective onboarding programs are important for aligning new employees, especially millennials, with an organization's mission from the start.
This document discusses the impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth. It finds that gender gaps in both education and employment considerably reduce economic growth. Specifically:
- Gender gaps in education reduce human capital accumulation and have negative externalities by increasing fertility and lowering education levels of future generations.
- Gender gaps in employment also distort economies and reduce competitiveness by depriving countries of relatively cheap female labor. They can increase fertility and lower economic growth.
- The costs of gender gaps in education and employment in regions like the Middle East and North Africa and South Asia have amounted to 0.1-1.7 percentage points lower annual growth compared to East Asia. While gender gaps in education have large negative effects
This document discusses analyzing the gender income gap in Canada using data from the 2011 National Household Survey. It hypothesizes that the gap may be explained by differences in human capital, occupational segregation, and sociological factors. Tables from the survey data show women are underrepresented in high-paying management jobs and have lower incomes than men even with the same education and work in the same industries. The document proposes using an Oaxaca decomposition model to identify how much of the income gap can be explained by differences in individual characteristics versus unexplained discrimination.
This report examines the links between employment, gender, and poverty. It finds that informal employment makes up 50-80% of total non-agricultural employment in developing countries. When agricultural workers are included, the percentage is even higher. Over 60% of working women in developing countries outside of agriculture are in informal employment. Women workers are not only concentrated in the informal economy, but in more precarious forms with unreliable and meagre earnings. The report argues that promoting decent work for women in the informal economy and strengthening organizations of informal workers are vital for effective poverty reduction policies and gender equality.
The document discusses social stratification and systems of stratification including open and closed systems. It provides data on income, wealth, socioeconomic status, prestige ratings for different occupations, poverty rates by race/ethnicity, education levels and age groups. It also discusses the working poor, distributions of household income and rates of health insurance coverage.
1) Infrastructure investment is key to driving economic growth in India. It not only improves productivity but also the marginal productivity of land, labor, and capital.
2) India needs to significantly scale up infrastructure investment to sustain high growth. The 12th five-year plan projects doubling infrastructure investment to $1025 billion, or 9.9% of GDP.
3) Financing this investment will require larger public sector outlays coupled with disproportionately higher private investment, which will need to increase to 50% by the 12th plan. Both domestic and international financial institutions must play a role in funding infrastructure.
The document discusses developing a business plan for a mobile PC company. It outlines the executive summary, table of contents, business description, operations, financial planning, and supporting documents. The plan is to build a company that develops compact, high-performance mobile PCs to meet user needs for portable computing.
The document provides guidelines for writing effective business emails. It discusses how business emails should be concise, polite, and free of grammatical errors. Common tips include using a clear subject line, brief messages, and signing off professionally. Mistakes to avoid are sending emails without proofreading or including the recipient. Overall, business emails require a formal tone and style different from personal emails.
Terry Allen is a sales executive with over 15 years of experience achieving sales targets and building client relationships. He has a track record of success, including multiple awards for top sales performance. References provide positive feedback, praising his problem-solving skills, work ethic, customer service, and ability to consistently exceed sales goals.
The Japanese yen has strengthened despite Japan suffering an earthquake disaster and stock market decline. This is because companies are selling overseas assets and repatriating funds to Japan in yen due to increased risk aversion and need for cash domestically to deal with the aftermath. A strong yen harms Japan's export-driven economy by making Japanese goods more expensive overseas and reducing tourism. The government may intervene to weaken the yen if its strength continues and hinders an economic recovery.
The document discusses increasing unemployment rates and reasons for unemployment. It notes private sector employment has been negative for 10 years, with 8 million jobs lost during the recession. Unemployment duration and rates are at record highs. Reducing unemployment will require stimulating all three engines of the economy - consumers, businesses, and government - as each are currently struggling. The document proposes a non-profit jobs program as a potential "fourth engine" to reduce unemployment.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of the 2009 US job market. It explores the state of the labor market in light of the economic slowdown in 2008 which caused unemployment to rise from 5% to 7% and over 2 million job losses. It examines unemployment rates globally and different industries in the US that were particularly impacted, such as financial services, manufacturing, and construction. It also looks at future job opportunities in areas like healthcare, technology, and green jobs. Overall, the summary analyzes the state of the US job market in 2009 and how the economic crisis transformed the labor landscape.
Full employment and decent work for all regional high lightsDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses employment challenges and highlights across five United Nations regional commissions: ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, and ESCWA. It summarizes key employment statistics and challenges in each region, including issues like jobless growth, high youth unemployment, lack of opportunities for women, and prevalence of low-paying informal work. The commissions play an important role in addressing these regional employment issues through analysis, advocacy, and facilitating cooperation between countries to share best practices.
Mismatch: Adapting Old-World Career Models to the New-World WorkforceCognizant
To take advantage of all that an inclusive workforce has to offer, organizations need to shift away from a career model that never imagined the working population becoming so diverse.
The document discusses different aspects of unemployment, including definitions of key terms like the labor force participation rate and unemployment rate. It provides historical unemployment rate data for the US and other countries. It also examines different types of unemployment like seasonal, frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment. Reasons for unemployment and impacts on individuals are explored.
Giving Them an Edge? The Effects of Work Experience on the Employment Prospec...The Rockefeller Foundation
This brief summarizes the results of NCLR’s quantitative analysis of the marginal effects of work experience on the employment prospects of millennials. It focuses on Latino young men, offering an overview of the structural barriers, an investigation of whether and to what extent additional work experience gives millennials a competitive edge in today’s hypercompetitive labor market, and recommendations to ensure that they fully leverage their work to maximize their potential in the labor market. In particular, this brief will examine the labor market outcomes of Latinos, the youngest and fastest-growing segment of the American labor force.
This document summarizes trends in US labor force participation rates since the 1960s. It finds that while the overall rate increased steadily until the late 1990s, this masked different trends among demographic groups. Women's participation rose dramatically until leveling off in the 1990s, while prime-age men's participation declined. This decline was largest for less educated men and correlated with changes in manufacturing jobs. Youth participation also fell as more remained in education. The aging of the population also contributed to slowing overall growth in labor force participation.
10619, 7)57 PMComing and going - Free tradePage 1 of 15h.docxaulasnilda
10/6/19, 7)57 PMComing and going - Free trade
Page 1 of 15https://www.economist.com/special-report/2016/09/29/coming-and-going
SPECIAL REPORT: AN OPEN AND SHUT CASE
Free trade
Coming and going
Truth and myth about the e!ects of openness to trade
Current edition Subscribe SearchTopics More Welcome
https://subscription.economist.com/DE/EngCore/Ecom/Masthead
https://www.economist.com/
https://www.economist.com/na/printedition/2019-10-05
https://www.economist.com/search
https://www.economist.com/sections
https://www.economist.com/apps
https://authenticate.economist.com/v2/logout?client=IARGLj7TVzFnBSYoW94mIzZJAe3U5vaq
10/6/19, 7)57 PMComing and going - Free trade
Page 2 of 15https://www.economist.com/special-report/2016/09/29/coming-and-going
Sep 29th 2016
Print edition | Special report
IN MARCH 2000, two months before a crucial vote in America’s Congress on whether to
make normal trading relations with China permanent, Bill Clinton gave a press conference.
In the !rst year of his presidency, 1993, he had made a bold case for the North Atlantic Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and Mexico, claiming it would create 200,000 jobs
in America. Now, in the !nal year of his second term, he was even more bullish about a
trade pact with China, which would allow that country to join the WTO. It would require
China quickly to cut its average import tari" from 24% to 9%, to abolish import quotas and
licences and to open up some industries to American investment. America, for its part,
would not have to do anything. “This is a hundred-to-nothing deal for America when it
https://www.economist.com/sections/special-reports
https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=
http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=
https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=
mailto:?body=
10/6/19, 7)57 PMComing and going - Free trade
Page 3 of 15https://www.economist.com/special-report/2016/09/29/coming-and-going
comes to the economic consequences,” said Mr Clinton.
Sixteen years on the mood is rather di"erent. Job losses in manufacturing states such as
10/6/19, 7)57 PMComing and going - Free trade
Page 4 of 15https://www.economist.com/special-report/2016/09/29/coming-and-going
Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania have made trade a key issue in America’s presidential
election. Donald Trump has risen to prominence in part by promising to impose steep
tari"s on imports from China and Mexico, claiming America’s trade de!cit with both
countries (see chart) shows it is “losing”. Hillary Clinton is no longer supporting the TPP
trade deal she had earlier favoured. The demise of furniture-makers and textile !rms,
unable to compete with low-cost imports, belies the predictions made by her husband.
Bernie Sanders, Mrs Clinton’s opponent in the Democratic Party primaries, said trade deals
had been “a disaster for American workers”. A YouTube clip earlier this year showing the
graceless manner in which bosses of Carrier, a maker of air-conditioners, told its workfo ...
This document summarizes research analyzing the determinants of unemployment rate recoveries in Latin America following recessions from 1990 to 2010. It finds that while GDP growth is linked to falling unemployment per Okun's Law, GDP alone does not fully explain differences between countries. Four additional variables are examined: size of government, share of agriculture/rural population, employment rigidity/firing costs, and exchange rate/openness levels. The research uses panel data from 12 Latin American countries to analyze how unemployment is affected by GDP and these four factors both collectively for Latin America and individually for each country.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the employment impacts of the Great Recession. Some key points:
- The Great Recession resulted in the loss of 8.8 million jobs and widespread unemployment across sectors. Job losses were structural rather than cyclical and many will not return.
- Current employment conditions show slow job growth of around 162,000 per month on average, barely enough to cover population growth. Unemployment rates remain elevated.
- Long-term trends suggest future jobs will require higher skills and specialized training, but there is a growing skills mismatch. If educational achievement does not increase, median wages will continue declining and structural unemployment rising.
- A full recovery of jobs lost during the
This document is a student term paper on youth unemployment in Nigeria. It begins with an introduction discussing global unemployment trends and how some countries have effectively addressed it while others like Nigeria have struggled. It then covers various topics related to unemployment in Nigeria in detail over multiple sections, including: defining unemployment; categorizing types of unemployment; reviewing literature on causes and theories of unemployment; examining unemployment data and trends in Nigeria specifically among youth; implications of high youth unemployment such as increased crime; and factors contributing to unemployment in Nigeria like rapid population growth, low education standards, lack of infrastructure, corruption, and more. The paper aims to explore and analyze the issue of unemployment in Nigeria in great depth.
The document summarizes uncertainties facing Japan's future due to the current global recession. Japan is experiencing its worst recession since WWII, with GDP contracting 5.8% in 2009. Exports have sharply declined due to a weaker global economy and a stronger yen. Unemployment is rising from its typical low levels. Deflation and low consumer confidence also pose risks. Japan also faces a loss of national identity and changing social values, as well as an aging population and a rigid labor market. The country's export-focused economy and banking system lack diversification, leaving Japan vulnerable to external shocks. Overall reforms are still needed to strengthen Japan's economy for long-term growth.
The document discusses how Japan experienced rapid population aging due to declining fertility rates and how the "lost decade" of economic hardship in the 1990s exacerbated this issue. It notes that during this time, deregulation led to a large increase in temporary employment, which had lower marriage rates than regular jobs. As fertility in Japan is primarily within marriage, lower marriage rates likely decreased fertility and accelerated population aging. The document examines how economic changes during the lost decade influenced the labor market, marriage trends, and ultimately fertility rates in Japan.
This document analyzes wage and employment subsidies as a policy tool to increase employment levels in South Africa. It provides background on South Africa's high unemployment rates, particularly among youth. The unemployment is largely structural due to a mismatch between the skills workers have and those required by jobs. The document reviews different types of subsidy programs and their potential economic impacts. It also examines international experiences with subsidies and proposes a youth wage subsidy for South Africa, providing recommendations and conclusions.
Determinants of types of underemployment in the mi da intervention zones of g...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes types of underemployment in Ghana's MiDA intervention zones. It finds that while unemployment is 4.4%, underemployment affects 35.2% of workers through low hours or low wages. Underemployment is more prevalent in rural areas and higher education can exacerbate it. The study uses a labor underutilization framework to investigate time-related and income-related underemployment and their determinants.
MGMT 2016 MU Management Liverpool Local Government Areas Report.docx4934bk
This document provides instructions for a report on demographic profiles, employment status, occupational structure, and income distribution/inequality in local government areas (LGAs) in New South Wales, Australia in 2016. Students must choose one of three pairs of LGAs and write a 1,500 word report analyzing the demographic characteristics and economic outcomes in those areas. The report should include sections on demographic profile, employment status/occupational structure, and income distribution/inequality, using data from sources like TableBuilder. The report is due by May 29, 2020.
Surname 1
Surname 13
Students Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Fixing Youth Unemployment
The Bureau Labor of Statistics (BLS) produces a monthly report concerning unemployment, and it indicates the state and strength of the economy. In October this year, the unemployment rate increased to 3.6% from 3.5% in the previous month (Tradingeconomics.com para 1). America has one of the most prolonged economic recoveries in its history, and despite the continual effort by the government to create jobs, full employment levels have not been reached. Unemployment has adverse consequences on the overall economy, and there is a loss of significant consumer spending. When unemployment levels rise, it can be financially destructive to an economy. Over two million youths are unemployed, and most have given up having permanent employment (Bls.gov para 8-9). Failure to have a stable job in early adulthood can have a significant impact on the lives of individuals. Young people complete college, begin searching for employment, and if they cannot find, they ultimately give up on being employed. Constant rejection and the state of the economy contributes to many unemployed youths in a country. It is, therefore, important for an economy to analyze the root causes of unemployment and fix the problem.
Understanding Youth Unemployment and its Causes
Unemployed people are those who do not have a job, have actively searched for work in the past four weeks, and are currently available for employment (Amadeo, para 1). BLS uses household surveys known as current population surveys to measure unemployment. It is a practice that has been conducted since 1940 when the government was responding to the Great Depression. The survey results help to understand the unemployment rates for different people in society like youths and adults. The unemployment rate among youths refers to the number of unemployed youths between the ages of 15-24 years when it is expressed as a percentage of the youth labor force. Figure 1 shows the fluctuating rates of unemployment from October 2018 to October 2019. In the US from April to June 2019, the unemployment rate rose by 615,000, and this increase was similar to the rise for the same period in 2018 (Bls.gov para 9). In July 2019, the number of unemployed youths was 2.1 million. Thus the government needs to identify causes and solutions to create employment opportunities such that all the youths contribute to the growth of the economy.
Figure 1: Monthly Youth (16-24) unemployment rate in the US from October 2018 to October 2019.
Source: Bureau Labor of Statistics
The graph shows the unemployment rates every month for youths across the US. It shows seasonally adjusted rates, which is a statistical approach to remove the seasonal component of a time series integrated with the analysis of non-seasonal tren ...
The document summarizes the impact of the global economic crisis on employment and labor markets according to the International Labour Organization. It finds that under different scenarios, global unemployment could increase by 29-59 million people with rates rising to 6.5-7.4%. Vulnerable employment making up 48.9-52.8% of the global workforce could increase by 33-103 million. Extreme working poverty below $1.25/day could rise from 624 million to 857-857 million people.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
3. Introduction
The recession is taking a toll on most Americans and has resulted in job losses not seen
in almost 25 years, but black men have felt its effects particularly hard.
Black men have long faced limited employment prospects and disproportionately high
rates of unemployment. Even as the economy thrived and the participation of low-skilled
women in the labor force increased over the last two decades, many black men remained
largely disconnected from the labor market. While the unemployment rate among black
men has declined dramatically over the last few decades, the level of workforce participa-
tion among African-American men has not increased and remains stagnant. The current
degree of job loss among black men is particularly alarming. These losses will likely only
increase as the economic crisis deepens.
To address this crisis, policymakers must address the root causes of black men’s difficulties
in the labor market, including high rates of incarceration, limited education, child support
arrearages, and discrimination. Policymakers can take several steps to ensure that all com-
munities have fair access to jobs, and that particular communities do not suffer more than
others as a result of mounting and widespread job losses. The policies we propose will
reduce inequities and promote equal opportunity in the labor market and promote access
to meaningful employment opportunities for black men.
Racial equity and equal opportunity must be at the forefront of policies that will advance
economic recovery and create jobs. Policymakers should not only assess the actual and
anticipated effects of policies and budgets on disadvantaged communities like low-skilled
black men, but also identify ways to maximize equity and inclusion—especially in the
context of the economic recovery.
1 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
4. Soaring unemployment among black men
In good times and in bad, the African-American
unemployment rate tends to be about double that of Annual unemployment
Figure 1
whites, and in tough economic times, it rises higher
Rate (not seasonally adjusted)
and faster. (See Figure 1) In this recession, as in pre-
25
vious economic downturns, the effects on the labor
force are not evenly distributed among the different 20
demographic groups. In fact, data from the Bureau of
Labor Statistics shows that African Americans had a 15
higher rate of job loss in the fourth quarter of 2008
10
than did whites, Hispanics, or the catch-all category
“other.” (See Figure 2) 5
0
What’s more, the recession overall has hit men much 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
harder than women—so far, four out of every five
Black unemployment rate (ages 16 and up)
jobs lost has been held by a male worker. Black men White unemployment rate (ages 16 and up)
lead the unemployment surge, with an unemploy-
ment rate of 15.4 percent. This comes as a result of a
range of barriers to employment, including dispro-
portionate employment in vulnerable industries
Unemployment has risen dramatically since 2007
Figure 2
and labor market discrimination. Over a third of
young black men ages 16 to 19 in the labor market Rate (seasonally adjusted)
are unemployed. In fact, a recent report found that
16
8 percent of black men have lost their jobs since
14
November 2007. 12
10
March was one of the worst months for layoffs on 8
record. The current recession has been particularly 6
difficult for the manufacturing and construction 4
industries—two industries in which black men are 2
disproportionately employed. Many workplaces 0
Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09
have also implemented hiring freezes, a more
important and less acknowledged contribution Black men White men
Hispanic men (not Asian (data not seasonally
to sharply rising rates of unemployment. Black seasonally adjusted) adjusted or available by sex)
men’s unemployment rate of 15.4 percent in March
2 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
5. 2009 was more than twice that of white men and
Black unemployment rate
Figure 3
up almost 7 percentage points from a year earlier.
(See Figure 3) One recent study called African Men ages 20 and up
Americans’ economic situation “a silent economic Rate (seasonally adjusted)
depression,” in which soaring levels of unemploy- 18
ment impose significant social costs on black fami-
16
lies and entire communities.
14
Unemployment insurance, or UI, helps cushion 12
the impact of the economic downturn for workers 10
and their families, and brings economic stability 8
to entire communities. African Americans are less 6
likely to receive UI than whites when they lose their
4
jobs. Restrictive state UI policies that exclude many
2
part-time and low-wage workers place black work-
ers at a particular disadvantage. And many African 0
Ap 5
Ju 5
Oc 5
Ja 5
Ap 6
Ju 6
Oc 6
Ja 6
Ap 7
Ju 7
Oc 7
Ja 7
Ap 8
Ju 8
Oc 8
Ja 8
09
Americans are still looking for employment long
0
r-0
l-0
t-0
0
r-0
l-0
t-0
0
r-0
l-0
t-0
0
r-0
l-0
t-0
n-
n-
n-
n-
n-
after UI benefits run out. A study from the National Ja
Employment Law Project found that black workers
make up 25 percent of the long-term unemployed.
3 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
6. Black men face exacerbated
labor market turmoil
The current recession is exacerbating long-term trends in black men’s employment.
Black men’s ability to access high-paying jobs in the manufacturing sector played a
significant role in building the black middle class after World War II. Yet those jobs have
steadily declined in the past several decades. A study from the Center for Economic and
Policy Research estimated that the share of African Americans in manufacturing jobs fell
from 23.9 percent in 1979 to 9.8 percent in 2007. Blacks were actually 15 percent less
likely than other groups in 2007 to have a job in manufacturing. These jobs have also
been among the first cut in this recession, accelerating the decline of available positions
with decent pay for black men.
Black men have also been disproportionately affected by the instability in the automo-
tive industry. A study by the Economic Policy Institute found that African Americans
have above average employment and earn much higher wages in auto industry jobs than
in other industries. If one or more domestic automakers were to file for bankruptcy, more
than 3 million jobs could be lost within the next year, a result that would be especially
devastating for African Americans.
Black workers have not only suffered from a severe decline in decent employment oppor-
tunities, but they have also faced decreasing rates of unionization related to the shrinking
manufacturing industry. Unionized African-American workers on average earn higher
wages than nonunion black workers with similar characteristics. From 2004 to 2007, the
median unionized black worker earned about $17.51 per hour, compared to $12.57 per
hour for the median nonunion black worker. Unionized black workers were also more
likely to have health insurance and pension plans than nonunion black workers.
Black men have traditionally held the highest union memberships rates of all demo-
graphic groups. In 2008, 15.9 percent of black men were members of unions, the greatest
participation of all groups and higher than the national average of 12.4 percent. However,
black union membership has been declining at a faster rate than membership among
whites since the 1980s.
The employment rates of African-American men remained stagnant even during the
economic booms in the 1980s and 1990s. The group’s continued high unemployment
rates and inability to achieve prior employment peaks even after many years of a strong
4 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
7. economy are influenced by multiple factors, including high rates of incarceration, limited
education, child support arrearages, and discrimination.
What’s more, persistent racial discrimination has enhanced the effects of various factors that
have limited the employment opportunities available to black men over time. A cross-sec-
tional analysis of employers by Harry J. Holzer of Georgetown University found that employ-
ers are generally more averse to hiring black males than those from any other racial and
gender group, especially in jobs that require social or verbal skills and in service occupations.
Another study from Princeton University of nearly 1,500 employers in New York City
found that black applicants without criminal records are no more likely to get a job than
white applicants just out of prison. The statistics from the study also suggested that
employer discrimination against people of color and ex-offenders has significantly under-
mined the job opportunities for young black men with little education and training.
5 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
8. Social costs of high unemployment
Soaring unemployment rates among black men mean
that increases in the number of black households Black unemployment and poverty rates rise and fall together
Figure 4
in poverty are sure to follow, and poverty will only
40
deepen for those households that are already poor.
Some estimates, such as Mark Zandi’s on Moody’s 35
Economy.com, forecasted a rise in the unemploy- 30
ment rate to upward of 11 percent in 2010, meaning 25
that several million more Americans will be living in 20
poverty in the coming years. (See Figure 4)
15
10
The marginal and faltering ties that many black
men have to the labor market are devastating entire 5
families and communities. Rising unemployment 0
1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
adds to the difficulties already affecting vulnerable
families that live in communities plagued by poor Poverty rate Unemployment rate
educational outcomes, declining neighborhood
quality, and high rates of incarceration. A study
from the Economic Policy Institute found that during the strong economy of the 1990s,
falling crime rates were in part attributable to the decrease in unemployment and rising
underemployment. Some research suggests that many communities are likely to see an
uptick in crime—if they have not already—as joblessness grows.
Incarceration is a factor that is often overlooked in research on employment inequal-
ity, and it is even more important now that incarceration rates have reached record high
levels. When taken into account, it significantly reduces estimated employment rates for
African Americans—especially younger and less educated males. Black men are about
seven times more likely to be incarcerated than white men, and they serve sentences
that are about 10 months longer on average than those of white men. A study from the
National Urban League linked these higher rates of incarceration of young black males to
increasing urban crime rates, and other recent studies have found that by their mid-30s,
6 in 10 black men who had dropped out of high school had spent time in jail.
6 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
9. Now, with many states facing major budget crises, state governments are releasing thou-
sands of prisoners to save taxpayer dollars. The potential surge of ex-offenders re-entering
society in addition to the more than 700,000 who return each year will pose major chal-
lenges not only for communities already lacking sufficient jobs and resources, but also for
cash-strapped government and nonprofit agencies tasked with preventing recidivism. These
ex-offenders, many of whom are low-income men of color, re-enter their communities and
face significant barriers to successful returns. CAP’s Poverty Task Force report observed
that for ex-offenders, “Lower levels of employment before incarceration and lack of job
experience and skills acquisition during incarceration compound employment barriers.”
7 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
10. Recommendations
Black men’s dire employment situation demands a targeted and effective policy inter-
vention to counter the negative trends in workforce opportunities and behaviors that
have developed over time and that are currently on the rise. Policymakers should adopt
a range of policies—many of which are race neutral—that will have disproportionately
positive impacts on black men.
Adopt policies that reduce inequities and promote equal opportunity
in the labor market
Combat racial discrimination by employers
To promote equal opportunity for job seekers, active protections must be in place. These
include vigorous enforcement of antidiscrimination laws, increased support for affirmative
action policies, and tax incentives for employers to promote workplace diversity.
Modernize the Unemployment Insurance system
Removing inappropriately restrictive requirements for UI eligibility will greatly benefit
low-wage and part-time workers, a number of whom are black men. The Unemployment
Insurance Modernization Act is a key portion of the American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act, which became law in February 2009. The UIMA provides $7 billion in financial incen-
tives for states to close the major gaps in the unemployment program that deny benefits to
many working families. Policymakers should also ensure that unemployment benefits can
continue while workers are in appropriate education and workforce training programs and
extend benefits to allow for completing such programs.
Support the Employee Free Choice Act
The Employee Free Choice Act gives workers the choice to organize unions, raises penalties
when the law is violated, and promotes good-faith bargaining so that employees can negoti-
ate a first contract. Strong unions promote income equality and raise wages for all workers.
8 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
11. Adopt policies that promote access to meaningful employment
opportunities for black men
Improve education and early links to the labor market
A broad set of community-based youth development and mentoring efforts targeting teens
and young adults, in addition to high school-based programs that lead more young people
to college or directly into the labor market would improve the work outcomes for young
black men. More importantly, programs like the Harlem Children’s Zone that begin early
in the lives of black children could help counter the achievement gaps that develop early
and follow young men through life.
Support the creation of “green jobs” in low-income communities
It is imperative that black men have access to meaningful employment opportunities in
thriving and sustainable industries. Many jobs in the renewable energy, sustainable agricul-
ture, and green building fields are middle-skill jobs that require more than a high-school
education but less than a four-year degree. And these jobs are well within reach for lower-
skill and low-income workers as long as they have access to effective workforce training
and support programs. Green jobs also pay decent wages and can provide opportunities
for advancement and high-level skill development.
Develop comprehensive re-entry services for ex-offenders
Prisons coupled with high rates of incarceration have actively widened the gap between
poor black men and everyone else. States and local communities must develop policies
and programs across agencies aimed at reintegrating former prisoners into their com-
munities with full-time, consistent employment and developing a continuum of services
and supports from prison to the community. Prisoners also need access to job prepara-
tion and education programs, since research suggests these programs lower recidivism
rates. Employment discrimination and legal barriers against ex-offenders who do not
pose a safety or security threat must be redressed. More importantly, policymakers must
examine ways to break the cycle of incarceration and prevent initial entry of black men
into the criminal justice system.
Recessions hurt us all, but they hurt poor and marginalized populations the most. A
conscious and careful analysis of the actual and anticipated effects of economic and
spending policies on communities of color and low-income families is critical to ensuring
an economic recovery that will “lift all boats” and provide sustained income growth and
employment opportunities for all communities.
9 Center for American Progress | Weathering the Storm
12. The Center for American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute
dedicated to promoting a strong, just and free America that ensures opportunity
for all. We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to
these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies reflect these values.
We work to find progressive and pragmatic solutions to significant domestic and
international problems and develop policy proposals that foster a government that
is “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”
1333 H Street, NW, 10th Floor, Washington, DC 20005 • Tel: 202-682-1611 • Fax: 202-682-1867 • www.americanprogress.org