Calixarenes with bpy N-oxide and methyl-substituted bipyridine substituents have been coordinated to lanthanide and copper metals, respectively Cyclo-sexipyridines are another class of macrocycle and have been prepared with the nitrogen atoms directed either outward (extra-sexipyridine,) or to the center of the molecule (endosexipyridine). Cryptates can also be comprised of bipyridine ligands These systems act as sequestering agents wherein the bipyridine ligands compete for chelation of one metal center Bipyridines have been functionalized with additional coordinating groups to form numerous multidentate structures. Among these systems are bipyridines with additional pyridyl or bipyridyl groups (namely terpyridine and higher order oligopyridines), oxygen chelates , groups, as well as cyclic and other higher order amines. Bipyridines have been functionalized with additional coordinating groups to form numerous multidentate structures. Among these systems are bipyridines with additional pyridyl or bipyridyl groups (namely terpyridine and higher order oligopyridines), oxygen chelates , groups, as well as cyclic and other higher order amines